Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 11  No. 03 ( 2021 ), Article ID: 40891 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2021.113142

118例库欣综合征患者糖代谢临床特点分析

怀宙阳,赵世华,董小慧,李成乾

青岛大学附属医院内分泌科,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2021年2月11日;录用日期:2021年3月1日;发布日期:2021年3月12日

摘要

目的:分析库欣综合征患者的临床资料,了解库欣综合征患者糖代谢的特点。方法:回顾性分析2014-01-01至2019-05-31于青岛大学附属医院诊断为库欣综合征的118例患者的临床资料,以OGTT试验结果分为糖尿病组(DM组)、糖耐量减低组(IGT组)、糖耐量正常组(NGT组),在DM组中根据平均血皮质醇水平(0点、8点、16点血皮质醇平均值)二分位法分为G1组(平均皮质醇水平大于725.3 nmol/L)、G2组(平均皮质醇水平小于725.3 nmol/L)。结果:库欣综合征合并糖尿病43例(36.4%),糖耐量减低17例(14.4%),糖耐量正常58例(49.2%),DM组年龄、病程均高于NGT组(P < 0.05),DM组病程高于IGT组(P < 0.05)。DM组和IGT组的血钙、白蛋白均较NGT组低(P < 0.05),DM组HDL-C较NGT组低(P < 0.05)。G1组年龄、早餐后2 h、午餐后2 h、晚餐后2 h血糖平均值、血糖标准差、血糖变异系数均显著高于G2组(P < 0.05),白蛋白、尿酸均低于G2组(P < 0.05),空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白两组间比较无明显差异(P > 0.05)。G1组较G2组餐后血糖升高更为明显。结论:库欣综合征患者糖代谢异常发生率高,年龄越大、病程越长的患者更容易发生糖代谢异常;皮质醇水平相对更高的糖尿病患者餐后血糖升高更明显,血糖波动更大,应注重餐后血糖的管理,降低血糖波动。

关键词

库欣综合征,皮质醇水平,糖代谢,血糖波动

Analysis of Clinical Characteristics of Glucose Metabolism in 118 Patients with Cushing’s Syndrome

Zhouyang Huai, Shihua Zhao, Xiaohui Dong, Chengqian Li

Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: Feb. 11th, 2021; accepted: Mar. 1st, 2021; published: Mar. 12th, 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective: To analyze the clinical data of Cushing’s syndrome patients and understand the characteristics of glucose metabolism in Cushing’s syndrome patients. Methods: The clinical data of 118 patients with Cushing’s syndrome diagnosed in Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital from January 2014 to May 31, 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. According to OGTT test results, they were divided into the diabetes group (DM group), the impaired glucose tolerance group (IGT group) and the normal glucose tolerance group (NGT group)., According to the average cortisol level (0, 8, 16 point blood cortisol average) dichotomy, DM group was divided into G1 group (average cortisol level greater than 725.3 nmol/L), and G2 group (average cortisol level less than 725.3 nmol/L). Results: Cushing’s syndrome was complicated with diabetes in 43 cases (36.4%), impaired glucose tolerance in 17 cases (14.4%) and normal glucose tolerance in 58 cases (49.2%). The age and course of disease in DM group were higher than those in NGT group (P < 0.05), and the course of disease in DM group was higher than that in IGT group (P < 0.05). Serum calcium and albumin in DM group and IGT group were lower than those in NGT group (P < 0.05), and HDL-C in DM group was lower than that in NGT group (P < 0.05). Age, blood glucose average, blood glucose standard deviation, and blood glucose coefficient of variation 2 hours after breakfast, 2 hours after lunch, 2 hours after dinner of G1 group were significantly higher than those of G2 group (P < 0.05); albumin and uric acid were lower than G2 group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (P > 0.05). Compared with G2 group, the postprandial blood glucose in G1 group increased more obviously. Conclusion: Patients with Cushing’s syndrome have a high incidence of abnormal glucose metabolism. Patients with older age and longer course of the disease are more likely to develop abnormal glucose metabolism. Diabetes patients with relatively higher levels of cortisol have more significant postprandial blood glucose rises and greater blood glucose fluctuations. We should pay attention to the management of postprandial blood glucose and reduce the blood glucose fluctuation.

Keywords:Cushing’s Syndrome, Cortisol Levels, Glucose Metabolism, Blood Glucose Fluctuations

Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 前言

库欣综合征(Cushing’s Syndrome, CS),又称为皮质醇增多症,是由多种病因引起的以慢性高皮质醇血症为特征的临床综合征。血皮质醇浓度升高可使糖异生作用增强,对抗胰岛素的降糖作用,易引起糖耐量异常,导致胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症以及临床糖尿病 [1]。糖尿病是CS常见的并发症,也是导致CS死亡的主要原因。国内外研究报道有25.3%~48.5%的CS患者继发糖尿病,10%~30%存在糖耐量减低,因此糖代谢异常的总体患病率可高达70% [2]。本研究通过回顾性分析库欣综合征的临床资料,探讨库欣综合征尤其是库欣综合征合并糖尿病糖代谢的特点,以及不同皮质醇水平对血糖的影响。

2. 对象和方法

2.1. 研究对象

选取2014-01-01至2019-05-31期间于青岛大学附属医院住院治疗的诊断为库欣综合征的患者118例。库欣综合征的诊断基于临床特征、垂体或肾上腺影像学检查结果及实验室检查结果(皮质醇昼夜节律消失、地塞米松抑制试验)。诊断糖尿病根据1999年WHO的糖尿病(DM)诊断标准:糖尿病症状加随机血糖 ≥ 11.1 mmol/L,或空腹血糖(FPG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/L,或OGTT 2小时血糖 ≥ 11.1 mmol/L;FPG < 6.1 mmol/L,糖负荷后2小时血糖(2 h PPG) < 7.8 mmol/L为正常血糖(NGT);空腹血糖 ≥ 6.1 mmol/L但<7.0 mmol/L,2 h血糖 ≥ 7.8 mmol/L但<11.1 mmol/L为糖耐量受损(IGT) [3]。排除标准:严重的肝肾功能损害,外源性糖皮质激素所致的医源性皮质醇增多症。本研究已获得青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会批准。

2.2. 研究方法

采用回顾性分析的方法,收集库欣综合征患者的临床资料及实验室结果,并收集库欣综合征合并糖尿病患者入院后第1天凌晨3点、空腹、早餐后2小时、午餐后2小时、晚餐后2小时血糖结果,计算血糖平均值、血糖标准差、血糖变异系数。分析比较DM组、IGT组、NGT组的临床特点。在DM组中根据平均血皮质醇水平(0点、8点、16点血皮质醇平均值)二分位法分为G1组(平均皮质醇水平大于725.3 nmol/L)、G2组(平均皮质醇水平小于725.3 nmol/L),分析比较DM组中平均皮质醇水平大于725.3 nmol/L (G1组)和小于725.3 nmol/L (G2组)的临床特点。

2.3. 统计学方法

应用SPSS 24.0统计软件进行分析,对所有变量进行正态性检验。符合正态分布的变量采用均数 ± 标准差的形式展现,两组间比较采用t检验,符合方差齐性的变量多组间比较采用单因素方差分析;计数资料应用百分比和频率表示,采用χ2检验进行组间比较。Pearson相关分析血皮质醇水平与血糖的相关性。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 患者的一般临床资料

118例库欣综合征按不同糖代谢水平分为3组,合并糖尿病(DM) 43例(36.4%),糖耐量减低(IGT) 17例(14.4%),糖耐量正常(NGT) 58例(49.2%)。各亚组间性别,BMI差异无统计学意义;DM组年龄、病程均高于NGT组,DM组病程高于IGT组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05) (见表1)。

Table 1. Comparison of general clinical data of different glucose metabolism groups

表1. 不同糖代谢组一般临床资料比较

注:BMI:体质指数;FBG:空腹血糖;HbA1c:糖化血红蛋白;TG:甘油三酯;TC:总胆固醇;LDL-C:低密度脂蛋白胆固醇;HDL-C:高密度脂蛋白胆固醇;Cor0:0点血皮质醇;Cor8:8点血皮质醇;Cor16:16点血皮质醇;a为与DM组比较,P < 0.05;b为与IGT组比较,P < 0.05。

3.2. DM组不同皮质醇水平分析

G1组(平均皮质醇水平大于725.3 nmol/L)年龄、早餐后2 h、午餐后2 h、晚餐后2 h、血糖平均值、血糖标准差、血糖变异系数均显著高于G2组(P < 0.05),白蛋白、尿酸均低于G2组(P < 0.05),空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白两组间比较无明显差异(P > 0.05)。G1组和G2组餐后血糖较空腹血糖明显升高,其中G1组餐后血糖升高更为明显(见表2)。

Table 2. Comparison of general clinical data between G1 group and G2 group

表2. G1组和G2组一般临床资料比较

注:*与G1组相比,P < 0.05。

3.3. 糖尿病组中平均皮质醇水平与不同时间点血糖水平Pearson相关性分析

3:00、空腹血糖与平均皮质醇水平呈正相关(P < 0.05),早餐后2 h、午餐后2 h、晚餐后2 h与平均皮质醇水平未见相关性(P > 0.05) (表3)。

Table 3. Pearson analysis of correlation between average cortisol level and blood glucose level at different time points in diabetic group

表3. 糖尿病组中平均皮质醇水平与不同时间点血糖水平Pearson相关性分析

4. 讨论

皮质醇增多导致糖代谢异常的主要机制为:1) 在肝脏中促进糖异生和肝糖原的输出,并且长期皮质醇增多可导致胰岛素抵抗,阻碍胰岛素对肝葡萄糖输出的抑制作用 [2] [4];2) 长期高皮质醇水平导致蛋白分解增多,肌肉减少,肌肉对胰岛素的敏感性降低,减少肌肉对葡萄糖的摄取 [5] [6];3) 皮质醇增多导致内脏脂肪增多,内脏脂肪组织中脂肪细胞来源的脂质通过促进脂肪细胞中胰岛素信号的改变以及脂肪分解的增加、脂肪因子的异常分泌和低度炎症等作用,可导致外周胰岛素抵抗 [2];4) 过量皮质醇增强肾上腺素介导的糖异生 [7] [8];5) 糖皮质激素抑制GLP-1分泌,并降低其促胰岛素作用 [9] [10]。

国外研究发现大约10%~30%的患者糖耐量减低,40%~45%患有糖尿病 [11]。国内文献曾回顾性分析162例CS患者资料发现,25.3%患者继发糖尿病,22.2%患者糖耐量减低 [12]。本研究118例库欣综合征患者糖尿病患病率为36.4%,糖耐量受损14.4%,与国内外研究均表明库欣综合征患者糖耐量降低及糖尿病的患病率较高。本研究显示DM和IGT患者年龄和病程均较糖耐量正常患者长,提示年龄越大、病程越长引起糖耐量异常的危险性越大,这与冯凯等人的研究一致 [12],且在本研究中,DM组、IGT组的血钙、白蛋白均低于NGT组,提示库欣综合征并发糖尿病可导致血钙和白蛋白水平的下降。

Mancini等人研究49例DM患者有一半以上的患者空腹血糖小于7.0 mmol/L [1],本研究42例DM患者有50%空腹血糖小于7.0 mmol/L。Burt等人研究发现在使用泼尼松龙的风湿病患者和COPD中,泼尼松龙主要增加餐后血糖 [13] [14]。Otsuki等人研究发现库欣综合征患者空腹血糖和餐后血糖升高不一致,空腹血糖较健康对照组低,餐后血糖升高明显 [15]。上述等人研究及本研究均提示无论是外源性还是内源性皮质醇增多若只筛查空腹血糖极易可能漏诊糖尿病,需行OGTT观察糖代谢的真实情况。同时本研究显示空腹血糖与平均血皮质醇水平呈正相关,提示皮质醇增多的程度直接影响糖代谢;皮质醇相对更高的患者餐后血糖升高更为明显,提示皮质醇增多可能对餐后血糖的影响程度更大,应注重对餐后血糖的治疗。本研究中,皮质醇水平更高的患者血糖波动也更大,更应积极控制餐后血糖水平,降低血糖波动幅度。同时本研究发现皮质醇相对更高的患者有较低的尿酸水平,Li等人在小鼠实验中发现糖皮质激素通过下调尿酸盐转运蛋白1来增加小鼠尿酸盐在肾脏的排泄,首次确定了糖皮质激素在调节尿酸中的作用 [16],我们在临床中的发现可能间接验证了Li等人的研究,这需要在以后的临床研究中进一步探索。

5. 结论

总之,库欣综合征患者糖代谢异常发生率较高,应常规行OGTT或餐后血糖检测避免漏诊,对于已发生糖尿病的库欣综合征患者,在未行手术或不能手术时,应注重餐后血糖的管理,降低血糖波动水平,避免糖尿病并发症的发生。

文章引用

怀宙阳,赵世华,董小慧,李成乾. 118例库欣综合征患者糖代谢临床特点分析
Analysis of Clinical Characteristics of Glucose Metabolism in 118 Patients with Cushing’s Syndrome[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(03): 990-995. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.113142

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