Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 05 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 51245 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.125562

白塞病合并银屑病一例报道及文献复习

张娜娜1,崔轶霞2*

1延安大学研究生院,陕西 延安

2延安大学附属医院风湿免疫科,陕西 延安

收稿日期:2022年4月11日;录用日期:2022年5月6日;发布日期:2022年5月13日

摘要

患者女性,47岁。因“反复口腔溃疡20年,外阴溃疡7年,发热1周”之主诉入院。既往发现皮疹20余年,关节疼痛9年,于2015年3月在我院风湿免疫科诊断为“银屑病”,给予美洛昔康片消炎镇痛等治疗(具体不详)。检查可见口腔、外阴溃疡以及双上肢斑丘疹。给予口服沙利度胺、免疫吸附等治疗控制病情。出院时口腔溃疡和外阴溃疡略有好转,皮疹无明显变化,无瘙痒和疼痛。患者出院3个月症状再未复发,复查显示炎症指标正常。

关键词

白塞病,银屑病,银屑病关节炎

Behcet’s Disease Complicated with Psoriasis: A Case Report and Literature Review

Nana Zhang1, Yixia Cui2*

1Yan’an University Graduate School, Yan’an Shaanxi

2Department of Rheumatology Immunology, Yan’an University Affiliated Hospital, Yan’an Shaanxi

Received: Apr. 11th, 2022; accepted: May 6th, 2022; published: May 13th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Patient is female, 47 years old. She was admitted to hospital with the chief complaint of “repeated oral ulcer for 20 years, vulvar ulcer for 7 years and fever for 1 week”. In the past, rash was found for more than 20 years and joint pain for 9 years. In March 2015, it was diagnosed as “psoriasis” in the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology of our hospital, and meloxicam tablets were given anti-inflammatory and analgesic treatment (details are unknown). Oral, vulvar ulcers and maculopapules on both upper limbs can be seen. Oral thalidomide and immunoadsorption were given to control the disease. At the time of discharge, oral ulcer and vulvar ulcer improved slightly; skin rash had no obvious change, no itching and pain. The patient’s symptoms did not recur 3 months after discharge, and the reexamination showed that the inflammation index was normal.

Keywords:Behcet’s Disease, Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

白塞病(Behcet’s disease, BD),目前病因尚不明确,是可累及多个器官系统的自身免疫性血管炎,尤为眼、口、生殖器典型。BD也被称为“丝绸之路疾病”,这条古老路线上报告的BD发病率也最高,土耳其为首,其次是伊朗、沙特阿拉伯、伊拉克、以色列、中国和韩国 [1]。

银屑病又称“牛皮癣”(PSO),是由基因遗传缺陷等多种因素导致的,是一种具有遗传相关性、免疫反应异常、反复发作的慢性炎性疾病,可能伴有一种不同形式的关节病,称为银屑病关节炎(PSA)。PSO影响全世界约0.1%~3%的普通人群 [2],该病的发病率为2%~3% [3],对患者的生理和心理都有一定的负担,甚至会降低病患的生活质量。剧报道,大约有15%~30%的银屑病白种人会发展为银屑病关节炎,而亚洲人患病率相对较低,韩国人约为11.2%,日本人约为10.5%,中国人约为5.3%~7.3% [4] [5]。

目前为止,国内外对于白塞病合并银屑病的病例文献报道非常少。本文将报道一例白塞病合并银屑病,并检索复习相关文献,旨在探讨两种免疫介导的疾病之间可能存在的相关联系、临床特点以及治疗,为今后在临床工作中提供参考。

2. 临床资料

患者,女,47岁,自由职业者。因“反复口腔溃疡20年,外阴溃疡7年,发热1周”于2021年12月16日入住于延安大学附属医院风湿免疫科。20年前患者无明显原因及诱因反复出现口腔溃疡,伴疼痛,7年前出现外阴溃疡,之后上述症状反复发作,未予重视。患者因出现皮疹20余年,关节疼痛9年,累及脊柱关节、双膝关节,2015年就诊于我院,诊断为“寻常型银屑病、银屑病关节炎”,给予美洛昔康片消炎镇痛等治疗(具体不详),期间反复出现双下肢及躯干部结节性红斑,无明显瘙痒疼痛,无脓疱疹,未规律治疗。1周前无明显原因及诱因出现发热,体温37.5℃~38.0℃,伴外阴溃疡加重,就诊于我院妇科门诊,给予口服头孢丙烯片、奥硝唑分散片,外用奥硝唑阴道栓、复方黄柏液涂剂等,自诉口服阿莫西林后体温可恢复正常。为求进一步诊治来我科,以“白塞病?”收住院。否认特殊接触暴露史,否认银屑病及白塞病家族病史。

入院体格检查:心、肺、腹未见明显异常。各关节无肿胀、压痛,活动可。双下肢无水肿。皮肤检查:口腔可见一个米粒大小溃疡;双手背部、双肘伸侧及双膝可见散发片状地图样红色斑丘疹及银白色皮疹伴疼痛,部分斑丘疹处遗留有色素沉着,针刺样反应(+);右膝关节上下可见斑片状白色褪色斑;阴道口处可见1.0 cm × 1.6 cm大小溃疡面,右侧小阴唇下端可见1.0 cm × 2.0 cm大小溃疡面。如“见图1~图5”。辅助检查:血常规白细胞计数10.6 × 109/L,血红蛋白测定107 g/L(提示轻度贫血),超敏C反应蛋白 > 10 mg/L;C反应蛋白36.08 mg/L;淀粉样蛋白测定115.85 mg/L;尿常规潜血1+,白细胞3+;粪常规隐血试验阳性,与月经期相关复查后均转阴;白细胞介素6,16.51 pg/ml (0~0.7);25-羟维生素D 10.53 (提示维生素D缺乏);降钙素原、抗核抗体谱十三项、免疫球蛋白、C3C4、抗O类风湿、自身免疫性血管炎三项均未见明显异常。膝关节站立正、侧位DR右膝关节轻度骨质疏松。胃镜检查:1) 反流性食管炎;2) 慢性萎缩性胃炎。肠镜病理活检示) (乙状结肠)粘膜慢性炎伴急性炎。心电图、胸部CT、腹部超声、心脏超声未见异常。

初步诊断:白塞病合并银屑病。住院期间给予沙利度胺片(50 mg,每天1次)治疗白塞病,免疫吸附疗法治疗银屑病合并血管炎。请妇科会诊,予以对症抗炎、抗感染治疗。于12月27日出院,出院时患者的症状较前好转,炎症指标正常,各处溃疡较前明显缩小。出院后继续口服沙利度胺片,3个月复诊时症状未复发,各溃疡面恢复良好,无新发皮疹。

Figure 1. Oral ulcer

图1. 口腔溃疡

Figure 2. Patchy red maculopapules and silvery white rashes can be seen on both hands

图2. 双手背部可见散发片状地图样红色斑丘疹及银白色皮疹

Figure 3. Patchy map-like red maculopapules and silvery white rashes can be seen on both elbows

图3. 双肘伸侧可见散发片状地图样红色斑丘疹及银白色皮疹

Figure 4. Patchy map-like red maculopapules, silvery white rashes and patchy white faded spots can be seen on both elbows

图4. 双肘可见散发片状地图样红色斑丘疹、银白色皮疹及斑片状白色褪色斑

Figure 5. Patchy map-like red maculopapules can be seen on both knees, and patchy white faded spots can be seen on the right knee joint

图5. 双膝可见散发片状地图样红色斑丘疹,右膝关节上下可见斑片状白色褪色斑

3. 讨论

白塞病是一种慢性多系统炎症综合征,特征是反复发作,也是一种异质性的变异性血管炎,因此可影响任何器官,包括粘膜皮肤组织、眼部、关节、心血管、中枢神经及胃肠道等 [6]。人类白细胞抗原(HLA-B * 51)是迄今为止描述的影响疾病风险和典型变现的最强易感因素 [7]。该病有许多促成因素,如感染、遗传和外部刺激,被认为是罪魁祸首 [7]。本例患者其既往反复口腔溃疡病史长达20余年,外阴溃疡7年,其他皮肤损害则随后出现。参考2011年《白塞病诊断和治疗指南》 [8],该患者临床表现符合白塞病的诊断中的四项:1) 反复性口腔溃疡;2) 外阴溃疡;3) 双上肢结节性红斑样皮损;4) 针刺试验阳性。目前国内白塞病报道较为多见,但合并银屑病的病例报道罕见。

银屑病是一种慢性、免疫介导的炎症性皮肤病,好发于头、肘、膝及躯干等部位,典型的皮损形态多为界限清楚的红色斑疹或斑块,上面覆盖白色鱼鳞样皮屑,以寻常型最为常见 [9]。其病因尚不清楚,但该疾病的多基因和多因素性质已得到充分证实,免疫、遗传、感染、代谢失调等有助于疾病的发展 [10]。从银屑病到银屑病关节炎会进一步增加了银屑病的疾病负担,特点是血清阴性脊柱关节炎、肌腱端炎和C反应蛋白水平升高 [11] [12]。有报道称,PSO与多种系统性疾病有关,并且患者本身发生全身性合并症的风险更高,包括心血管疾病、代谢性疾病和消化系统疾病 [13] [14]。

虽然这两者的临床表现大不相同,但也具有一些共同之处,其中大部分可能源于BD和PSO的免疫系统,即紊乱的Th1/Th17免疫调节和自身炎症的参与 [15]。自身免疫倾向相关的关键细胞和分子特征,包括细胞免疫和体液免疫的失调,以及与特定HLA等位基因的紧密联系 [16] [17]。Th17细胞、IL-17、IL-22和相关细胞因子IL-23在BD和PSO的发病机制中的作用得到了强调,并且这两种疾病患者的血清中这些细胞因子的水平都升高 [17] [18] [19]。先天免疫在针对宿主组织攻击中的主要作用是另一个用来被区分两者的独特属性。然而目前来看,自身免疫和自体炎症是相互排斥的,存在较大的争议。

发病年龄是一项非常重要的流行病学信息,正如Lomholt [10] 所指出,准确评估银屑病发病年龄的困难,PSO可能首先出现在任何年龄,大多数出现在15~30岁之间,但范围可以从出生到90岁。BD的平均发病年龄略早于银屑病,在大多数的报告中,BD平均发病年龄在30岁左右 [1]。在Hyung Jin Hahn [20] 等人队列研究中估计PSO患者受到BD影响的可能性大约是2.5倍,发现男性患者在患有BD的基础上患PSO的风险升高大约20%。这些发现反映BD可能是银屑病发病的触发因素,亦或可能影响银屑病的发展。本例为女性患者20余年前出现口腔溃疡及皮疹,未做处理。

PSA可表现为分布不对称,外周关节炎、脊柱关节炎、附着点炎和指炎,由最初的一种关节炎发展涉及到多关节 [21]。BD相关性关节炎与前者的不同之处在于其典型的非侵蚀性和非变形性、单关节和间歇性特征,一般可影响膝盖或脚踝 [22]。虽然目前BD对PSA的影响未知,但在伴有BD和PSO的患者中,PSA的患病率似乎很高。有研究发现BD个体对PSA的易感性高出两倍 [1] [20]。因此,在临床工作中当银屑病患者出现复发性阿佛他溃疡或生殖器溃疡、皮肤病变,如结节性红斑、丘疹脓疱等病变时,应考虑进一步评估合并BD。此外,对于有关节痛和银屑病皮损的BD患者,应仔细评估关节症状,以鉴别BD关节受累和PSA。本例患者9年前出现关节疼痛,累及脊柱关节、双膝关节,也反复出现口腔溃疡、外阴溃疡以及结节性红斑,2015年诊断为“银屑病”,此次入院诊断为“白塞病合并银屑病”。

本例患者给予了沙利度胺(50 mg,每天1次)。沙利度胺是治疗BD口腔和生殖器溃疡的有效方法。在H. Direskeneli & T等人的研究中表明沙利度胺倾向于在早期治疗中降低TNF-α受体水平、CD8/CD11b+ T细胞和自然杀伤细胞,并在BD后期增加CD4 + CD45RO + 记忆T细胞和γδ + T细胞 [23]。对于PSA合并BD常规的治疗中,秋水仙碱在治疗BD的同时也能诱导清除银屑病皮损有效维持无病状态,还可以缓解关节疼痛 [24]。据Aktulga等人研究报道,每天1.5 mg的秋水仙碱剂量可有效治疗结节性红斑和伴随的关节痛 [25]。因其安全性和有效性而被推荐为仅累及皮肤和黏膜的BD患者一线治疗。另一种标准疗法是应用局部皮质类固醇,它可以减轻口腔溃疡的疼痛和持续时间,但不会防止复发 [26] [27]。环孢素对快速控制银屑病和维持治疗非常有效,还能治疗葡萄膜炎和皮肤黏膜病变,被证明可以降低BD患者血清中IL-17和IFN-c的表达水平 [24]。近年来,随着生物制剂的广泛研究和临床应用于免疫介导的疾病,阿普斯特是一种选择性磷酸二酯酶4抑制剂,已被证明可减少促炎细胞因子的产生并促进抗炎细胞因子的产生;在治疗银屑病和银屑病关节炎方面的有效性和安全性,同时具有良好的耐受性 [28] [29] [30]。在土耳其和美国进行的一项2期临床试验表明,阿普斯特可有效减少口腔溃疡的数量和疼痛以及整体疾病活动,同时改善皮肤黏膜受累的BD患者的生活质量 [31]。

4. 结论

综上所述,在白塞病合并银屑病的患者中,两种疾病似乎在某些方面存在联系,包括发展和病程,一种疾病的发展可以影响另一种疾病的发展。BD可能是银屑病发病的触发因素,也可能影响银屑病的病程发展,对PSA的易感性也更高。目前的证据表明阿普斯特治疗银屑病和银屑病关节炎的同时,对于BD的治疗目标只是复发性口腔溃疡,在治疗BD的其他症状方面具有更多样化的潜能,还需要进一步的研究来证实。因此,在临床工作中对PSA、BD的早期识别、明确诊断可减轻患者医疗负担。

文章引用

张娜娜,崔轶霞. 白塞病合并银屑病一例报道及文献复习
Behcet’s Disease Complicated with Psoriasis: A Case Report and Literature Review[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(05): 3885-3891. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.125562

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  32. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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