Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 10 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 56650 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.12101305

血清、脑脊液降钙素原与神经外科中枢神经系统感染的研究进展

曹乐乐,张越林

西安医学院,陕西 西安

收稿日期:2022年9月15日;录用日期:2022年10月2日;发布日期:2022年10月12日

摘要

神经外科中枢神经系统感染(neurosurgical central nervous system infections, NCNSIs)是包括颅内和椎管内的感染,而颅内感染是神经外科术后严重并发症之一,最常见为细菌性颅内感染。相关证据显示NCNSIs发病率呈上升趋势,发病后病情凶险,治疗难度大,致残率和致死率较高。研究表明对患者进行早诊断、早治疗可以明显改善预后,减少不良结局。中枢神经系统感染临床表现及影像学特异性差,脑脊液病原菌培养周期相对较长、阳性率低,难以及时、准确判断病情,容易错失最佳治疗时期。因此寻求一种便捷、高效的检测方法,对于疾病的早期诊断及治疗至关重要。本文对目前研究报道中关于血清、脑脊液中降钙素原(Procalcitonin, PCT)在NCNSIs中的作用进行总结,为临床诊治提供参考。

关键词

神经外科中枢系统感染,颅内感染,降钙素原,细菌感染

Research Progress of Serum, Cerebrospinal Fluid Procalcitonin and Neurosurgical Central Nervous System Infections

Lele Cao, Yuelin Zhang

Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an Shaanxi

Received: Sep. 15th, 2022; accepted: Oct. 2nd, 2022; published: Oct. 12th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Neurosurgical central nervous system infections (NCNSIs) include intracranial and spinal canal infections. Intracranial infections are one of the serious complications after neurosurgery, and the most common one is bacterial intracranial infections. Relevant evidence shows that the incidence of NCNSIs is on the rise, the disease is dangerous, the treatment is difficult, and the disability rate and mortality rate are high. Studies have shown that early diagnosis and treatment of patients can significantly improve the specificity of central nervous system infection are poor, the culture cycle of cerebrospinal fluid pathogens is relatively long, the positive rate is low, it is difficult to judge the condition in time and accurately, and it is easy to miss the best treatment period. Therefore, seeking a convenient and efficient detection method is very important for the early diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This paper summarizes the role of procalcitonin in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (PCT) in NCNSIs, so as to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:NCNSIs, Intracranial Infection, PCT, Bacterial Infections

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 前言

中枢神经系统感染(neurosurgical central nervous system infections, NCNSIs)指需要神经外科处理的颅内及椎管内感染,神经外科术后CNSIs占发病率4.6%~25%,颅内感染神经外科术后NCNSIs严重并发症之一,发生率0.3%~25.0% [1],死亡率约14% [2]。颅内感染以细菌性感染为主,包括脑膜炎、脑室炎、脑膜脑炎等,而临床症状及影像学表现缺乏特异性;脑脊液细菌培养阳性是颅内感染诊断的金标准 [3],但使用抗生素后其敏感性降至50%,培养结果阴性时不能完全排除感染 [4],且具有延迟性,从而错过最佳治疗时间窗。而一项基于呼吸道感染的研究表明抗感染治疗的时机是不良结局的独立危险因素,每延迟1小时,并发症的风险增加30%,死亡率增加12.6% [5]。关于儿童脑膜炎的研究指出早期抗生素治疗(12 h内)是取得最佳结果的关键 [6],可以明显改善患者临床症状,减少不良预后。因此快捷、可靠的方法对颅内感染进行早期识别及干预,对改善预后至关重要。

降钙素原(Procalcitonin, PCT)主要由甲状腺C细胞合成,生理状况下血清PCT含量极低 [7],具有稳定性高、不易降解等优点,目前在临床应用中对细菌感染的早期诊断(2 h内)具有较高价值,其变化早于临床症状,被证实是诊断细菌感染的可靠标记物,而在病毒性感染时,γ干扰素等抑制PCT的产生,血清PCT多保持正常或轻度升高 [8] [9]。研究指出血清PCT < 0.25 μg/L时,细菌感染可能性较小;若>0.5 μg/L时,极有可能存在细菌感染,此时建议使用抗生素 [10]。研究证明PCT对于颅内感染的诊治具有较高的应用价值,临床医师早期诊断和干预颅内感染,调整治疗方案,判断预后等方面具有较高价值 [11] [12],但手术和气管切开术对PCT水平有显著影响,在使用该指标评估NCNSIs时,需要排除两者引起的PCT的非特异性升高。

2. 血清PCT与NCNSIs

2.1. 血清PCT可早期诊断NCNSIs

目前对于血清PCT在神经系统感染中的作用研究较为广泛,被证明细菌性NCNSIs早期诊断的可靠生物学标记 [11],并且Liu [13] 等人研究中发现血清PCT水平与CSF PCT水平呈正相关,因此认为在不具备腰穿条件时,而简便易行的血清PCT检测可代替脑脊液检查,作为诊断细菌性颅内感染的可靠参考。临床中通常以PCT ≥ 0.05 ng/m为阳性诊断阈值,但是由于抗生素的不规范使用等因素,用于诊断细菌性颅内感染的血清PCT阈值在0.20 μg/L左右 [14],以血清PCT ≥ 0.18 μg/L为阈值,其特异性为100%,AUC为0.963,但仍然无同一标准;一项荟萃分析发现血清PCT检测阳性的患者中颅内感染确诊率高达94%,而血清PCT检测阴性的患者确诊率仅为3% [15],其特异性与敏感性均 > 95%。一项前瞻性研究 [16] 发现脑室外引流术后细菌性颅内感染患者中,CSF细菌培养阴性患者的平均血清PCT水平 < 2.0 ng/mL,而培养阳性患者的平均血清PCT水平 ≥ 4.18 ng/mL。

因在既往研究中学者发现细菌性感染较病毒感染时,前文介绍γ干扰素等的作用下,血清PCT水平升高更明显 [9],因此对于清PCT是否可以准确鉴别诊断细菌性NCNSIs及其他颅内感染类型进行了相关研究。研究 [17] 发现入院时化脓性脑膜炎组血清PCT水平升高最为显著,入院时、治疗后72 h和1周的动态监测显示,化脓性脑膜炎组血清PCT水平显著降低,其余组降低不明显,而部分学者结合血清PCT和脑脊液乳酸对细菌性脑膜炎的预测能力最高,敏感性和特异性超过99% (脑脊液乳酸 > 33 md/dL和/或PCT > 0.25 ng/mL) [18]。

2.2. 血清PCT可指导治疗及预测转归

NCNSIs患者的临床治疗周期较长,病变处于动态变化中,需要及时调整患者的抗感染治疗方案,而血清PCT水平及变化趋势可作为NCNSIs患者合理选择抗生素、评价治疗效果、评估病情的参考指标。在外科治疗中,患者由于治疗需要通常存在肺部感染、泌尿系统感染、皮肤切口、引流管口的局部感染等,但是研究发现脑室引流等局部感染时PCT无明显变化,因此外周系统感染稳定后,持续高水平血清PCT对于颅内感染患者的预后不利 [19]。一项关于细菌感染的研究中每天连续检测颅内感染患者血清PCT水平发现若PCT水平增高 > 1 μg/L或较前1天下降 < 10%,提示感染继续进展,预后不良 [20]。血清PCT水平与NCNSIs患者的死亡率存在密切联系,当血清PCT ≥ 5 ng/mL时致死率明显高于PCT < 5 ng/mL [21],动态监测术后7 d内血清PCT水平:生存组的血清PCT水平下降更快,平均水平显著低于死亡组,提示治疗方案有效控制感染。

3. 脑脊液PCT与NCNSIs

脑脊液(Cerebrospinal fluid, CSF)由侧脑室脉络丛分泌,循环后由静脉窦吸收入血,对中枢神经系统起到清除代谢产物、炎性渗出等作用。因此脑脊液直接与中枢神经系统产生联系,并且研究发现颅内感染患者CSF PCT与CSF白细胞数量呈正相关,推测CSF白细胞可能是CSF PCT的来源 [22] [23],因此学者对于脑脊液中PCT与颅内感染的相关关系进行了研究。2017年美国《IDSA医疗相关性脑室炎和脑膜炎治疗指南》 [24] 中提出术后CSF PCT升高时应警惕存在NCNSIs。

3.1. CSF PCT可早期诊断NCNSIs

研究指出CSF PCT可用于术后颅内感染的早期诊断,是区分颅内感染和非颅内感染的可靠生物标志物 [15] [25]。CSF PCT在术后细菌性脑膜炎后4 h开始升高,6 h达到高峰 [26],尤其是当早期经验性使用抗生素后革兰氏染色、细菌培养等方法诊断准确率显著降低,以CSF PCT作为标志物可弥补这些缺点 [17] [23]。术后发热患者的CSF PCT可作为诊断、预测颅内感染的指标。一项对于脑出血术后细菌性脑膜炎患者研究中,CSF PCT的诊断准确度最高;在此基础上进一步研究得出对于CSF常规检查不典型的患者,CSF PCT联合脑脊液乳酸检测诊断准确度更高(AUC为0.978) [27]。CSF PCT是鉴别NCNSIs类型的可靠生物标志,尤其病原菌为G-感染时 [25]。研究发现在鉴别细菌性和无菌性脑膜炎时,以0.235 pg/ml为截断值时,敏感性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值均 > 95% [28]。Alons等 [29] 一项前瞻性研究发现神经外科术后细菌性脑膜炎组为0.28 ng /mL,病毒性脑膜炎组为0.10 ng /mL,非感染性脑膜炎组为0.08 ng/mL,即细菌性NCNSIs时CSF水平明显高于其他类型感染。

3.2. CSF PCT可指导治疗及预测转归

相关研究显示对高度怀疑术后细菌性颅内感染患者,等待脑脊液培养结果期间,发热患者可根据CSF PCT水平选择抗生素可减少非必要性的经验性抗生素治疗,降低抗生素等级避免耐药性产生,以应对后期需要高级别抗生素抑制病情 [25] [28]。临床治疗过程连续检测感染组患者CSF PCT水平,若呈下降的趋势,患者症状缓解,表明感染被控制,治疗方案有效;感染未控制组的CSF PCT水平持续升高或处于高水平,提示病情可能进展,原抗生素效果不佳,应及时更换抗生素级别和强度 [7]。但是对于CSF PCT在治疗后下降的时间存在不同意见,报道中患者CSF PCT开始下降的最早时间为治疗后第2天 [30],也有学者发现颅内感染组进行治疗后第3~5天CSF PCT逐渐恢复 [25]。

4. PCT可造成神经功能损伤

颅内炎症因子聚集可直接造成神经元损伤,诱导脑水肿、颅内高压产生,从而造成神经功能受损,甚至遗留神经功能障碍,如认知障碍,而PCT水平神经损伤程度呈正相关,可评估神经功能的受损程度 [31]。系统性凝血障碍是创伤性脑损伤(TBI)的严重并发症,炎症刺激可引起血液高凝状态,影响脑组织血供 [32]。研究 [33] 发现颅内感染时血流动力学指标升高(血液高切、中切、低切全血黏度)与血清PCT存在正相关,而血液呈高凝状态可导致脑组织微循环不良,影响神经功能。CSF PCT与中枢系统炎症反应神经毒性作用密切相关 [23],推测因PCT破坏血脑屏障,损伤脑实质,导致患者神经功能损伤。

5. PCT清除率(PTCc)与NCNSIs

细菌感染时机体产生的PCT可经免疫系统清除,从而防止PCT堆积造成感染加重,相关报道发现感染性疾病患者的PCTc是预测预后的可靠参考。一项关于急性呼吸道感染的研究发现 [34],患者第4天PCT水平较基线下降 < 80%时,28 d的死亡率增加1倍。一项基于ICU死亡率与降钙素原水平的研究表明48 h时PCTc是一个有价值的预后生物标志物 [35];但截断值与观察时间点不同,PCTc在预后评估中价值不同;学者对不同时机的血清PCT研究后发现感染性疾病72 h血清PCTc在15%以下是不良结局的独立预测因子 [36] [37];入院72h内PCTc > 50%的预后往往较好 [38]。这提示PCTc可能成为预测NCNSIs的重要参考指标,但是目前学者对于这一方向研究相对较少。

6. 总结

综上所述,CSF、血清PCT是NCNSIs早期诊断、制定治疗方案、病情预测的可靠指标,两者结合具有更高的效能,若联合MMP-9、NSE及影像学相关指标应用价值更高 [39] [40]。但是学术界对于其中共识性问题存在争议,因此我们需要学者进行多中心、前瞻性研究,为临床医师应对NCNSIs提供更先进、精准的策略,并且有益于减缓全球性抗生素耐药性的发展。

文章引用

曹乐乐,张越林. 血清、脑脊液降钙素原与神经外科中枢神经系统感染的研究进展
Research Progress of Serum, Cerebrospinal Fluid Procalcitonin and Neurosurgical Central Nervous System Infections[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(10): 9024-9029. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12101305

参考文献

  1. 1. Hernandez, O.O., Garcia, G.H., Munoz, R.F., et al. (2018) Development of a Prediction Rule for Diagnosing Postopera-tive Meningitis: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Neurosurgery, 128, 262-271. https://doi.org/10.3171/2016.10.JNS16379

  2. 2. Shi, Z.H., Xu, M., Wang, Y.Z., et al. (2017) Post-Craniotomy In-tracranial Infection in Patients with Brain Tumors: A Retrospective Analysis of 5723 Consecutive Patients. Br Journal of Neurosurgery, 31, 5-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/02688697.2016.1253827

  3. 3. 中华医学会神经外科学分会, 中国神经外科重症管理协作组. 中国神经外科重症患者感染诊治专家共识(2017) [J]. 中华医学杂志, 2017(21): 1607-1614.

  4. 4. Kanjilal, S., Cho, T.A. and Piantadosi, A. (2019) Diagnostic Testing in Central Nervous System Infection. Seminars in Neurology, 39, 297-311. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1688441

  5. 5. Nau, R., Djukic, M., Spreer, A., et al. (2015) Bacterial Meningitis: An Update of New Treatment Options. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 13, 1401-1423. https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2015.1077700

  6. 6. Posadas, E. and Fisher, J. (2018) Pediatric Bacterial Menin-gitis: An Update on Early Identification and Management. Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice, 15, 1.

  7. 7. Yu, Y. and Li, H.J. (2017) Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Procalcitonin for Early Intracranial Infection after Craniotomy. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 50, e6021. https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431x20176021

  8. 8. Damman, J., Arias, P., Kerner, J., et al. (2019) Procalcitonin as a Predictive Marker for Bacteremia in Children with a Central Line and Fever. Hospital Pediatrics, 9, 434-439. https://doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2018-0123

  9. 9. Chaudhary, S., Bhatta, N.K., Lamsal, M., et al. (2018) Serum Pro-calcitonin in Bacterial & Non-Bacterial Meningitis in Children. BMC Pediatrics, 18, Article No. 342. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1314-5

  10. 10. Gao, D., Chen, X., Wu, H., et al. (2017) The Levels of Serum Pro-Calcitonin and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in the Early Diagnosis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Dis-ease during Acute Exacerbation. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 14, 193-198. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4496

  11. 11. Julián-Jiménez A. and Morales-Casado, M.I. (2019) Utilidad de las determinaciones analíticas en sangre y líquido cefalorraquídeo para predecir meningitis bacterianas en el servicio de ur-gencias. Neurología, 34, 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2016.05.009

  12. 12. Dai, X., Fu, C., Wang, C., et al. (2015) The Impact of Tracheotomy on Levels of Procalcitonin in Patients without Sepsis: A Prospective Study. Clinics, 70, 612-617. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2015(09)03

  13. 13. Liu, D., Zhang, H., Yu, K., et al. (2018) A Study on Correlations of Procalcitonin and Interleukin-6 with Viral Meningitis. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 22, 3474-3478.

  14. 14. Santotoribio, J.D., Cuadros-Muñoz, J.F. and García-Casares, N. (2018) Comparison of C Reactive Protein and Procalcitonin Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum to Differentiate Bacterial from Viral Meningitis. An-nals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 48, 506-510.

  15. 15. Wei, T.T., Hu, Z.D., Qin, B.D., et al. (2016) Diagnostic Accuracy of Procalcitonin in Bacterial Meningitis versus Nonbacterial Meningitis: A Systematic Review and Me-ta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 95, e3079. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000003079

  16. 16. Omar, A.S., ElShawarby, A. and Singh, R. (2015) Early Monitoring of Ventriculostomy-Related Infections with Procalcitonin in Patients with Ventricular Drains. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing, 29, 759-765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10877-015-9663-1

  17. 17. Zhang, X.F., Zhang, X.Q., Wu, C.C., et al. (2017) Application Value of Procalcitonin in Patients with Central Nervous System Infection. European Review for Medical and Pharmaco-logical Sciences, 21, 3944-3949.

  18. 18. Julian-Jimenez, A. and Morales-Casado, M.I. (2019) Usefulness of Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Laboratory Testing to Predict Bacterial Meningitis in the Emergency Department. Neurologia (Engl. Ed), 34, 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2018.05.005

  19. 19. 中华医学会儿科学分会医院感染管理与控制专业委员会. 血清降钙素原检测在儿童感染性疾病中的临床应用专家共识[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2019, 57(1): 9-15.

  20. 20. Samsudin, I. and Vasikaran, S.D. (2017) Clinical Utility and Measurement of Procalcitonin. Clinical Biochemist Reviews, 38, 59-68.

  21. 21. 刘睿, 李钦涛, 张旖旎, 等. 降钙素原对开颅术感染患者的致病菌型别的诊断评价[J]. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2016, 26(16): 3744-3745.

  22. 22. Shen, H., Gao, W., Cheng, J., et al. (2015) Direct Comparison of the Diagnostic Accuracy between Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Procalcitonin Levels in Patients with Meningitis. Clinical Biochemistry, 48, 1079-1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.06.017

  23. 23. Li, W., Sun, X., Yuan, F., et al. (2017) Diagnostic Accu-racy of Cerebrospinal Fluid Procalcitonin in Bacterial Meningitis Patients with Empiric Antibiotic Pretreatment. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 55, 1193-1204. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02018-16

  24. 24. Tunkel, A.R., Hasbun, R., Bhimraj, A., et al. (2017) 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America’s Clinical Practice Guidelines for Healthcare-Associated Ventriculitis and Meningitis. Clin-ical Infectious Diseases, 64, e34-e65. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw861

  25. 25. Zhu, L., Dong, L., Li, Y., et al. (2019) The Diagnostic and Antibiotic Ref-erence Values of Procalcitonin for Intracranial Infection after Craniotomy. World Neurosurgery, 126, e1-e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2018.10.241

  26. 26. La Russa, R., Maiese, A., Di Fazio, N., et al. (2020) Post-Traumatic Meningitis Is a Diagnostic Challenging Time: A Systematic Review Focusing on Clinical and Pathologi-cal Features. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21, 4148. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21114148

  27. 27. 张雪. 脑脊液降钙素原联合乳酸在急性自发性脑出血患者开颅术后细菌性脑膜炎中的诊断价值探索[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 兰州: 甘肃中医药大学, 2020.

  28. 28. Shokrollahi, M.R., Shabanzadeh, K., Noorbakhsh, S., et al. (2018) Di-agnostic Value of CRP, Procalcitonin, and Ferritin Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children with Meningitis. Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 18, 58. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871524916666160302103223

  29. 29. Alons, I.M.E., Verheul, R.J., Kuipers, I., et al. (2016) Procalcitonin in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Meningitis: A Prospective Diagnostic Study. Brain and Behavior, 6, e545. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.545

  30. 30. 谢光荣, 郭玉梅, 元文峰, 等. ICU脑出血颅脑术后患者颅内感染的诊断及预后相关性分析[J]. 中华医院感染学杂志, 2019, 29(5): 698-701.

  31. 31. Dey, S., Gangadharan, J., Deepika, A., et al. (2017) Correlation of Ubiquitin C Terminal Hydrolase and S100β with Cognitive Deficits in Young Adults with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurology India, 65, 761-766. https://doi.org/10.4103/neuroindia.NI_884_15

  32. 32. Yasui, H., Donahue, D.L., Walsh, M., et al. (2016) Early Co-agulation Events Induce Acute Lung Injury in a Rat Model of Blunt Traumatic Brain Injury. American Journal of Physi-ology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 311, L74-L86. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00429.2015

  33. 33. 王广涛. 血清降钙素原检测对脑外伤术后颅内感染的预估价值及其与病情严重程度的相关关系[J]. 中国医师杂志, 2017, 19(11): 1731-1733.

  34. 34. Schuetz, P., Bolliger, R., Merker, M., et al. (2018) Procalcitonin-Guided Antibiotic Therapy Algorithms for Different Types of Acute Respiratory Infections Based on Previous Trials. Expert Review of An-ti-Infective Therapy, 16, 555-564. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2018.1496331

  35. 35. Ruiz-Rodriguez, J.C., Caballero, J., Ruiz-Sanmartin, A., et al. (2012) Usefulness of Procalcitonin Clearance as a Prognostic Biomarker in Septic Shock. A Prospective Pilot Study. Medicina Intensiva, 36, 475-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medin.2011.11.024

  36. 36. Sharma, S., Gupta, A., Biswas, A., et al. (2016) Aetiology, Out-comes & Predictors of Mortality in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome from a Tertiary Care Centre in North India. In-dian Journal of Medical Research, 143, 782. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.192063

  37. 37. Lv, S., Zhang, G., Xia, J., et al. (2021) Early Use of High-Dose Vitamin C Is Beneficial in Treatment of Sepsis. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971-), 190, 1183-1188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-020-02394-1

  38. 38. Suberviola, B., Castellanos-Ortega, A., González-Castro, A., et al. (2012) Prognostic Value of Procalcitonin, C-Reactive Protein and Leukocytes in Septic Shock. Medicina Intensiva (English Edition), 36, 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medine.2012.04.003

  39. 39. Li, Y., Zhang, G., Ma, R., et al. (2015) The Diagnostic Value of Cerebrospinal Fluids Procalcitonin and Lactate for the Differential Diagnosis of Post-Neurosurgical Bacterial Meningitis and Aseptic Meningitis. Clinical Biochemistry, 48, 50-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.10.007

  40. 40. Zhang, G., Yang, C., Kang, X., et al. (2019) The Combina-tion of Cerebrospinal Fluid Procalcitonin, Lactate, Interleukin-8 and Interleukin-10 Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Postneurosurgical Bacterial Meningitis: A Prospective Study. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine, 56, 133-140. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563218794729

期刊菜单