Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 03 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 63284 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.133686

miR-144-3p相关的研究进展

汤永学1,多杰2

1青海大学临床医学院,青海 西宁

2青海省人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科,青海 西宁

收稿日期:2023年2月27日;录用日期:2023年3月22日;发布日期:2023年3月29日

摘要

miRNA是一类由21~25个核苷酸组成的小分子非编码RNA,主要通过靶向mRNA,抑制其转录后翻译或降解mRNA使基因沉默发挥调控作用。也有少部分miRNA能够诱导转录或上调蛋白的表达。miRNA的特点是高稳定性、强特异性、具有简单的化学结构,且无需进行转录后修饰,可反复冻融和长期保存,易于快速检测,尤其在疾病诊断领域,被视作多种疾病的潜在理想生物标志物。miRNA以囊泡转运或蛋白载体机制被细胞输出或输入,介导不同组织间的通讯,通过不同的信号通路,调节远端细胞功能,参与了疾病的过程。LncRNA (长链非编码RNA)是长度大于200个核苷酸的非编码RNA,其组织表达谱广泛,物种间序列保守性低,LncRNA多数位于细胞核,作用机制多样,参与表观遗传修饰、转录、调控,而胞质中lncRNA的功能局限于转录后的调节,通过影响mRNA稳定性和蛋白质状态发挥作用。近年来,随着分子生物学技术的不断发展,越来越多的研究发现,miRNA参与了多种疾病的生理、病理过程。本文主要就近几年有关miR-144-3p的研究进展做如下综述,主要内容包括上下游的LncRNA (长链非编码RNA)和可能的信号通路,为疾病的诊断、治疗提供参考意见。

关键词

微小RNA,长链非编码RNA,miR-144-3P,信号通路

Progress in miR-144-3p-Related Research

Yongxue Tang1, Jie Duo2

1College of Clinical Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

2Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qinghai People’s Hospital, Xining Qinghai

Received: Feb. 27th, 2023; accepted: Mar. 22nd, 2023; published: Mar. 29th, 2023

ABSTRACT

miRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs consisting of 21~25 nucleotides, which are regulated by targeting mRNAs, inhibiting their post-transcriptional translation or degrading them to silence genes. A small number of miRNAs can induce transcription or up-regulate protein expression. miRNAs are characterised by high stability, strong specificity, simple chemical structure, no post-transcriptional modification, repeated freeze-thaw and long-term storage, and easy and rapid detection. miRNAs are regarded as potentially ideal biomarkers for many diseases, especially in the field of disease diagnosis. miRNAs are exported or imported by cells by vesicle transport or protein carrier mechanisms, mediating communication between different tissues and regulating distal cellular functions through different signaling pathways that are involved in disease processes. LncRNAs (long-stranded non-coding RNAs) are non-coding RNAs greater than 200 nucleotides in length, with a broad tissue expression profile and low sequence conservation between species, most LncRNAs are located in the nucleus and have diverse mechanisms of action, participating in epigenetic modification, transcription and regulation, whereas the function of lncRNAs in the cytoplasm is limited to post-transcriptional regulation, acting by influencing mRNA stability and protein status. In recent years, with the continuous development of molecular biology techniques, more and more studies have found that miRNAs are involved in the physiological and pathological processes of various diseases. This paper mainly reviews the research progress about miR-144-3p in recent years as follows, mainly including upstream and downstream LncRNAs (long-stranded non-coding RNAs) and possible signaling pathways, which provide reference advice for diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Keywords:MicroRNA, Long-Stranded Non-Coding RNA, miR-144-3P, Signaling Pathway

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

1.1. 糖尿病性白内障

在糖尿病性白内障的发病进程中,晶状体上皮细胞的上皮间质转化是关键,而转移相关肺癌转录物1 (MALAT1-Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1)在糖尿病患者的不同组织中高度表达,研究表明,miR144-3p是MALAT1的一个靶点,MALAT1被证实在LECs中下miR144-3p,转染miR144-3p模拟物或抑制剂后,miR144-3p负调控细胞中总NRF2 (核因子红细胞来源2样2)、α-SMA (α smooth肌动蛋白)和FN (纤维连接蛋白)以及细胞核中NRF2、NICD (Notch胞内结构域)和Snail的表达,即LncRNA MALAT1通过ROS/NRF2/Notch1/Snail通路调控miR-144-3p,促进晶状体上皮细胞的上皮间充质转化 [1],提示其是白内障疾病可能的有效治疗靶点。

1.2. 骨关节炎

根据Lin等人一项关于骨关节炎的研究表明,miR-144-3p和IL-1β (白细胞介素-1β)表达之间存在负相关。miR-144-3p模拟转染骨关节炎滑膜成纤维细胞下调IL-1β表达水平,同时阻断与IL-1β产生相关的MAPK、PI3K/Akt和NF-κB信号通路,并有效增加miR-144-3p在骨关节炎中的表达。同时前交叉韧带横断大鼠模型的研究结果也表明,施用miR-144-3p模拟物可有效改善OA进展并减少滑膜组织中IL-1阳性细胞的数量。提示miR-144-3pmiR-144-3p通过靶向IL-1β改善骨关节炎的进展 [2],是骨关节炎疾病的潜在治疗靶点。

1.3. 甲状腺癌

有研究表明,PTEN/PI3K/AKT通路在癌症发展中起着至关重要的作用。其变化对于预防和治疗肿瘤组织发育及相关疾病至关重要。PTEN是一种重要的磷酸酶,广泛参与PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号通路 [3] [4]。CAO等人收集了62例甲状腺癌患者癌细胞,通过细胞培养和转染试验,并利用qP测试、蛋白质印迹(WB)检测等方法,发现沉默miR-144-3p表达和过表达PTEN可以抑制PI3K、Akt、p-AKT、Bcl-2、APR3和cyclinD1蛋白并促进Bax表达上调,抑制miR-144-3p表达可上调PTEN [5],影响细胞增殖、侵袭和凋亡,说明miR-144-3p可能是甲状腺癌的潜在治疗靶点。

1.4. 类风湿性关节炎

Mo等在用白细胞介素-1β (IL-1β)刺激N1511软骨细胞在体外模拟RA损伤模型的实验中,发现MiR-144-3p在IL-1β诱导的N1511细胞中显着增加。在IL-1β诱导的N1511细胞中,MiR-144-3p消耗提高了细胞活力、抑制了细胞凋亡、促炎细胞因子释放和细胞外基质丢失。此外,miR-144-3p靶向BMP2以负面调节其表达 [6]。PI3K/Akt信号传导的激活损害了对BMP2诱导的IL-1β刺激加重的N1511细胞损伤的抑制。抑制miR-144-3p可减轻RA大鼠的软骨损伤和炎症。提示miR-144-3p可通过BMP2/PI3K/Akt轴加重RA中软骨细胞损伤炎症反应 [7]。

1.5. 消化道肿瘤

总所周知,上皮–间充质转化(EMT-The epithelial-mesenchymal transition)发生在胚胎发育阶段(如胃肠道和神经元嵴形成)和病理或生理过程(如伤口愈合或纤维化)。EMT在肿瘤细胞中经常被异常激活,以获得对转移性的侵袭能力。EMT的激活涉及许多细胞内信号通路,它们抑制e-钙粘蛋白的表达,同时上调波形蛋白的表达 [8]。根据Li等人的研究,miR-144-3p显著抑制结直肠癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭。特别是,miR-144-3p可以通过调节细胞骨架和上皮-间充质转化标志物,来抑制结直肠癌细胞的上皮-间充质转化过程。通过生物信息学分析,证实EMT相关转录因子ZEB1和ZEB2是miR-144-3p的潜在靶点,miR-144-3p抑制ZEB1和ZEB2表达,并与它们在结直肠癌中的表达呈负相关,miR-144-3p可以通过靶向ZEB1/2抑制结直肠癌细胞增殖、侵袭和上皮–间充质转化 [9] ;Sun N等则发现miR-144-3p通过抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路靶向BCL6抑制结直肠癌细胞增殖,miR-144-3p在结直肠癌中下调,并且与肿瘤进展相关。其具体机制是miR-144-3p抑制细胞增殖并延迟结直肠癌细胞的G1/S期转变,其中BCL6是miR-144-3p抑制细胞中细胞增殖和细胞周期停滞的介质,即miR-144-3p对Wnt/β-连环蛋白信号的抑制是由CRC细胞中的BCL6介导的 [10]。同样的根据Gao等人的研究,miR-144-3p是ZEB1靶向位点,在GC (胃癌)中表达下调,可通过抑制ZEB1表达来增加这些细胞的放射敏感性 [11]。而Zhou X等发现LINC00839 (长链非编码)在肝细胞癌(HCC)细胞和组织中上调。沉默LINC00839抑制HCC细胞的增殖、侵袭、迁移并诱导细胞凋亡。此外,LINC00839作为海绵对miR-144-3p活性产生负面影响,这有助于WTAP (WT1相关蛋白)的高表达和HCC细胞的恶性表型。确定miR-144-3p/WTAP轴是介导LINC00839致癌功能的下游效应子,LINC00839/miR-144-3p/WTAP (WT1相关蛋白)轴参与调节肝细胞癌的进展 [12] ;而Li S经过研究发现,EIF4G2蛋白在HCC组织中明显上调,且EIF4G2蛋白的高表达与HCC的预后密切相关。EIF4G2沉默可在体外抑制HCC细胞的生长和转移,并通过抑制ERK信号通路在体内抑制肿瘤的发生,EIF4G2的过表达可以部分逆转miR-144在HCC中的抑制作用 [13]。

1.6. 鼻咽癌

Song等在前人研究的基础上,经过进一步的研究,发现鼻咽癌(NPC)患者中,miR-144-3p存在显著过表达,而LncRNAPTEN在肿瘤组织中比在邻近组织中低表达。miR-144-3p可通过直接靶向PTEN促进NPC细胞的增殖和侵袭并抑制细胞凋亡,从而改善PI3K-Akt信号传导。miR-144-3p在NPC细胞中强制上皮间质转化,miR-144-3p通过与PI3K-Akt信号的串扰直接靶向PTEN促进NPC的进展 [14]。

1.7. 再生障碍性贫血

根据Li N等人关于再生障碍性贫血的一项研究,miR-144-3p在再生障碍性贫血患者的骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)中相对于对照组显著上调。经成骨诱导培养基中培养后,miR-144-3p的消耗显著增强了再生障碍性贫血患者的BMSCs的成骨分化。相反,miR-144-3p的过表达阻断了BMSCs的成骨分化。其具体机制是miR-144-3p负调控BMSCs中10~11易位2 (TET2)的表达,TET2表达降低与整体5-羟甲基胞嘧啶(5 hmC)水平和成骨基因表达的显著降低有关。敲除miR-144-3p可提高BMSCs中TET2的表达和总5 hmC水平。TET2的沉默抑制了BMSCs的成骨分化。TET2的过表达逆转了miR-144-3p介导的成骨抑制,也就是说miR-144-3p和TET2的表达呈显着负相关,证实了miR-144-3p通过抑制TET2损害再生障碍性贫血患者的骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨能力 [15],因此,靶向miR-144-3p可能是针对再生障碍性贫血的治疗策略。

1.8. 肺部肿瘤

Sun Y发现,miR-144-3p在肺腺癌细胞(LUAD)组织和细胞中下调,而LncRNACOL11A1高表达,过表达miR-144-3p通过沉默COL11A1抑制LUAD细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭 [16] ;而Hou G等人则发现与正常肺细胞相比,非小细胞肺癌细胞中的GAS6-AS2被上调,而miR-144-3p被抑制,GAS6-AS2的敲除可以极大地抑制体内NSCLC的肿瘤生长,GAS6-AS2通过在NSCLC组织和细胞中形成miR-144-3p上调MAPK6,LncRNA GAS6-AS2通过调节miR-144-3p/MAPK6轴促进非小细胞肺癌细胞增殖 [17]。

1.9. 食管鳞状细胞癌

Wang P等研究发现,LncRNATUG1可以特异性结合在ESCC (食管鳞状细胞癌)中下调的miR-144-3p,且LncRNATUG1与miR-144-3p呈负相关。LncRNATUG1抑制延缓ESCC (食管鳞状细胞癌)细胞的增殖和集落形成并诱导细胞凋亡。此外,TUG1的敲除显着改善了放射治疗对体内和体外ESCC发展的影响,MET被揭示为miR-144-3p的下游靶标并被其下调;LncTUG1促进了ESCC的进展并提高了ESCC细胞的放疗抗性,并伴有高水平的MET表达,说明lncTUG1通过降低miR-144-3p水平和调节MET/EGFR/AKT轴来增强ESCC对放射治疗的抵抗力 [18]。

2. 口腔鳞状细胞癌

He Q等在口腔鳞状细胞癌(OSCC)的研究中发现,miR-144-3p是OSCC组织中最显着下调的miRNA之一,其低表达与肿瘤大小、分化和淋巴结转移密切相关。在功能上,miR-144-3p过表达抑制了OSCC细胞的增殖,促进了细胞凋亡,并抑制了侵袭和迁移。众所周知的癌基因zeste homolog2 (EZH2)的增强子被证明是miR-144-3p的直接靶标,其蛋白表达受miR-144-3p的负调控。EZH2表达增加与OSCC组织中的miR-144-3p水平呈负相关。其具体机制是EZH2的敲除可抑制细胞增殖,促进细胞凋亡,并抑制OSCC细胞的侵袭和迁移,而EZH2过表达部分逆转了miR-144-3p过表达介导的抗癌作用。研究说明miR-144-3p通过靶向EZH2癌基因发挥肿瘤抑制作用,Mir-144-3p通过下调致癌基因ezh2抑制口腔鳞状细胞癌的肿瘤细胞生长和侵袭 [19],因此可被视为OSCC的潜在诊断和治疗靶点。

2.1. 生殖系统疾病

Qu B等发现在PCOS (多囊卵巢综合征)患者和PCOS大鼠模型中,miR-144-3p的表达大大降低,而HSP-70的表达明显升高。通过对来自PCOS大鼠模型的卵巢颗粒细胞中过表达miR-144-3p后进行细胞增殖测定和流式细胞术测定的方法,观察到miR-144-3p过表达诱导增殖并抑制细胞凋亡,而miR-144-3p的缺失则表现出相反的过程。在动物模拟实验中,(四组PCOS大鼠模型,分为LV-NC组、LV-miR-144-3p组、Anti-control组和Anti-miR-144-3p组),发现当miR-144-3p下调时,E2 (雌激素2)、LH (黄体生成素)血清水平升高,FSH (卵泡刺激素)血清水平受到抑制,当miR-144-3p的上调时则表现出相反的过程。而HSP-70是miR-144-3p的直接靶标,HSP-70表达的增加挽救了miR-144-3p对卵巢颗粒细胞生长和凋亡的影响 [20]。类似的,有研究表明IcarisideII (淫羊藿次苷II)能够阻断卵巢癌的发生和发展,然而其具体调控卵巢癌发生发展的详细机制尚不清楚。Yuan D等人利用EdU染色和transwell实验检测卵巢癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,并通过双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证miR-144-3p和LncRNAIGF2R之间的关系,然后构建体内动物模型验证淫羊藿次苷II对卵巢癌发生发展的影响。实验发现,IcarisideII显著抑制卵巢癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,并诱导细胞凋亡。IcarisideII明显增加卵巢癌细胞中miR-144-3p的水平,且IGF2R被miR-144-3p直接靶向。IcarisideII可显著降低卵巢癌细胞中IGF2R的表达以及AKT和mTOR的磷酸化水平,而miR-144-3p抑制剂可部分逆转上述作用。同时,IcarisideII也显著促进卵巢癌细胞的自噬,表现为Beclin-1和ATG-5的表达增加,p62的表达降低;然而与miR-144-3p抑制剂共处理时则显著降低自噬。结果证明IcarisideII可以通过miR-144-3p/IGF2R轴促进自噬抑制卵巢癌的发生和发展 [21]。

2.2. 心脑血管疾病

在心脑血管疾病中,也发现miR-144-3p参与了相关的过程。Liu Y等用QRT-PCR等方法检测AS患者和健康志愿者血清中LncRNAHCG11和miR-144-3p的表达,并进行人血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)体外模型实验。发现AS患者HCG11显着上调,而miR-144在AS患者中下调。VSMC中的Ox-LDL和IL-6诱导HCG11上调和miR-144-3p下调。HCG11的过表达促进了VSMC的增殖并抑制了细胞凋亡。荧光素酶基因检测显示HCG11可以与miR-144结合,miR-144可以与FOXF1结合,且miR-144的过表达逆转了HCG11对VSMC的影响。说明LncRNA HCG11在动脉粥样硬化中通过靶向miR-144-3p/FOXF1轴调控血管平滑肌细胞的增殖和凋亡 [22]。Liu Y等人在体外和体内脑脑缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤的研究中,发现LncRNA Rian和GATA3均下调,而miR-144-3p上调。Rian的过表达可以抑制氧–葡萄糖剥夺诱导的细胞凋亡,LncRNA Rian的过表达明显减少了梗死面积,并且还提高了神经系统评分。LncRNA Rian的过表达可以在体外和体内消除miR-144-3p介导的I/R损伤。此外,GATA3是miR-144-3p的靶点,GATA3可以由miR-144-3p和Rian协同调控。这些发现表明Rian/miR-144-3p/GATA3轴是脑I/R损伤中的重要信号,长非编码RNA Rian的过表达通过Rian/miR-144-3p/GATA3信号通路减弱脑缺血再灌注损伤的细胞凋亡 [23]。

2.3. 呼吸系统疾病

在COPD相关的动物实验中,有研究发现TLR2/MMP9轴在香烟烟雾(CSE)诱导的COPD小鼠的肺单核细胞中是上调的,肺部单核细胞中的TLR2/MMP9轴促进了肺部上皮细胞的EMT (上皮–间充质转化),miR-144-3p通过直接与TLR2的3'UTR结合而抑制TLR2在单核细胞中的表达,而circRERE作为一种海绵,可以拮抗miR-144-3p并促进TLR2在单核细胞中的表达 [24]。也有研究发现,miR-144-3p是长链非编码基因LOC729178功能的下游效应器,PHLPP2 (PH域富含亮氨酸重复蛋白磷酸酶2)被确定为miR-144-3p的一个直接和功能性靶点,LOC729178通过miR-144-3p作为PHLPP2表达的转录后调控者而运作。LOC729178的过表达至少部分地通过海绵化miR-144-3p上调PHLPP2来缓解CSE诱导的16HBE细胞(人支气管上皮样细胞)的炎症损伤 [25],为开发LOC729178作为防治COPD的潜在治疗剂提供了理论依据。

3. 小结

综上所述,大量研究已证实,miR-144-3p在多种疾病的发生、发展过程中都有起作用,相关的上下游信号分子和信号通路也不断地被研究发现、证实。当然,有关miRNA-44-3p的研究广泛,往往涉及到多系统、多通路、多靶点,可以发现,即使在同一种疾病中,有些研究结果之间也存在着一定差异,究其原因,可能体内、体外实验的差异,研究设计和实验样本的差异,不同的实验对象、检测方法等等也都会对结果产生一定的干扰。尽管受限于上述种种,miR-144-3p及其作用机制尚不十分明确,但随着相关的横纵向研究的不断进展,其作为某些疾病的诊断、治疗、预后的生物标志物,值得进一步的研究。

文章引用

汤永学,多 杰. miR-144-3p相关的研究进展
Progress in miR-144-3p-Related Research[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(03): 4800-4806. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.133686

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