Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 03 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 63350 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.133693

髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体相关视神经炎的研究进展

彭丘琳,李秀娟*

重庆医科大学附属儿童医院神经内科,国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆

收稿日期:2023年2月27日;录用日期:2023年3月23日;发布日期:2023年3月30日

摘要

视神经炎(ON)是髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体相关疾病(MOGAD)的常见临床表型,可导致急性或亚急性视力下降。MOG抗体相关视神经炎(MOG-ON)表现为严重视力损害,对类固醇依赖,且有较大的复发倾向,需要及早诊断及预防复发。了解MOG-ON的致病机制、临床特征、相关辅助检查、治疗及预后可为早期鉴别与提高诊治水平提供帮助。

关键词

视神经炎(ON),髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体(MOG-Ab),研究进展

Research Progress of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Optic Neuritis

Qiulin Peng, Xiujuan Li*

Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing

Received: Feb. 27th, 2023; accepted: Mar. 23rd, 2023; published: Mar. 30th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Optic neuritis (ON) is a common clinical phenotype of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-related disease (MOGAD) that can lead to acute or subacute vision loss. MOG antibody-associated optic neuritis (MOG-ON) presents with severe visual impairment, steroid dependence, and a greater tendency to relapse, which requires early diagnosis and prevention of recurrence. Understanding the pathogenesis, clinical features, related auxiliary examinations, treatment and prognosis of MOG-ON can help early identification and improve the level of diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:Optic Neuritis (ON), Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody (MOG-Ab), Research Progress

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

视神经炎(optic neuritis, ON)是累及视神经的炎性病变,常见于各种中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘病变。近年来在中枢神经系统特发性炎性脱髓鞘病患者血清中髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, MOG)免疫球蛋白G抗体(MOG抗体)检出率逐渐升高,对视神经炎的分类及病情演变提供了更多的证据。2021年《中国脱髓鞘性视神经炎诊断与治疗循证指南》将MOG抗体阳性视神经炎(MOG-ON)归为一种新的视神经炎类型 [1] 。而目前国内外对MOG-ON的认识尚不足。本文就其致病机制、流行病学、临床特征、辅助检查、治疗及预后的研究进展进行综述。

2. 发病机制及流行病学

MOG是免疫球蛋白超链家族的一种糖蛋白,在中枢神经系统中特异性表达于髓鞘和少突胶质细胞的外表面 [2] ,是少突胶质细胞成熟的重要标志 [3] 。尽管MOG只代表髓鞘的一小部分(0.5%),但由于其中枢神经系统的特异性和高度免疫原性,使其成为炎症性脱髓鞘疾病的潜在靶点 [4] 。与水通道蛋白4 (Aquaporin-4, AQP4)抗体引起的星形细胞病变并继发神经轴索损害不同,MOG抗体可激活免疫反应并引起脱髓鞘病变。这种病理上的差异可能解释了MOG-ON患者比AQP4抗体阳性视神经炎患者更好的视觉结果和视网膜神经纤维层的差异,支持AQP4抗体阳性的视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病(Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, NMOSD)和MOG抗体相关疾病(MOG-antibody-associated disorders, MOGAD)是两个独立的实体 [5] 。有研究表明MOG-ON可能还与血管损伤有关。MOG抗体可能通过引导微血管周围炎症而导致视网膜的破坏和变性,而不是直接损伤视网膜神经节细胞及其轴突 [6] ,因此MOG抗体的存在也可能与严重的视网膜血管损伤有关。这为进一步探究MOG-ON致病机制提供了方向。

目前中国MOG-ON的流行病学数据尚不明确。荷兰一项研究统计的每年MOG-ON总发病率为0.16/10万 [7] 。随着MOG抗体检测的普及,MOG抗体在ON的患者的检出率将会越来越高。在丹麦的一项研究中,18%的获得性脱髓鞘综合征儿童中检测到了MOG抗体,相比之下,AQP4抗体在儿童中的这一比例为4% [8] 。Jariuset等人 [9] 的对比报告表明,在孤立性视神经炎患者中,有21%的患者检测为MOG抗体阳性。

3. 临床特征

ON是成人MOGAD最常见的临床表型 [10] [11] ,超过一半的MOGAD患者出现了视神经炎表现。成人MOG-ON在年轻个体中出现的频率更高。而儿童MOG-ON患者主要为13至18岁的青少年 [12] 。不同于多发性硬化(Multiple sclerosis, MS)和AQP4抗体阳性的NMOSD中女性患者占优势,MOG-ON无明显性别差异,研究表明MOG-ON男女比例为50%~63% [13] [14] [15] 。

MOG-ON通常为双侧视神经受累,超过50% MOG-ON患者同时累及双侧视神经 [10] [11] [16] 。但也有报道即使临床表现为单侧MOG-ON的患者也可以在未受影响的眼睛中出现视神经萎缩,这表明双眼受累的比率可能更高 [17] 。MOG-ON起病时有严重的视力损害,最低点的视力常小于0.1,严重者可导致失明。多项研究表明MOG-ON发病时视力损害严重程度与AQP4-ON、MOG和AQP4双抗体阴性以及MS患者相当 [13] [18] 。MOG-ON视力下降的同时常伴有眼痛,约64%~94%患者伴眼痛 [10] [12] [15] [19] [20] [21] 。最近一项研究显示高达77%患者在视力丧失之前一天或更长时间出现眼痛 [19] [21] 。虽然眼痛与视力丧失的严重程度或预后无关,但与MOGAD相关的高频率眼痛可以作为视力丧失的预警信号。此外,ON可与其他炎性脱髓鞘发作相关,或在急性播散性脑脊髓炎(Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, ADEM)发作期间或与横贯性脊髓炎(Transverse myelitis, TM)同时起病,或在NMOSD样表型或最初ADEM发作后以ON形式复发 [19] 。

4. 辅助检查

4.1. 影像学检查

视神经MRI对MOG-ON具有重要的诊断价值。MRI显示MOG-ON双侧视神经受累长度广泛,可超过眶内视神经长度的一半以上。MOG-ON主要累及前视觉通路,伴有前部视神经肿胀和球后视神经受累 [22] ,累及视交叉和视束相对较少 [11] [12] [23] [24] 。同时超过50%的MOG-ON患者出现视神经鞘对比增强和视神经周围强化 [10] [22] [25] ,可以此区分MOG-ON与AQP4抗体阳性和MS 患者,目前这种表型被称为“ON + 表型”。头颅MRI对于MOG-ON的诊治不可或缺,临床孤立综合征(clinically isolated syndrome, CIS)患者头颅MRI可表现正常。合并多神经系统症状患者可出现较大脱髓鞘病灶,多位于白质、内囊、延髓,不典型表现还有后部脑白质病变。ON合并脊髓炎时患者脊髓 MRI 可表现炎性脱髓鞘病灶,连续长度一般 ≥ 3个椎体节段,轴位像病灶多位于脊髓中央,病灶主要见于胸段、腰段可累及脊髓圆锥 [25] [26] 。然而,在不同中枢神经系统脱髓鞘病理实体中,目前仍缺乏关于ON的MRI特征的全面综述。在ON的发病初期,当抗体检测可能无法确认时,特定的MRI表现可能有助于区分不同类型的ON。

4.2. OCT在ON中的应用

光学相干层析成像(Optical coherence tomography, OCT)是一种非侵入性的医学成像技术,它能够监测视神经头、视乳头周围视网膜神经纤维层(peripapillary retinal nervefibre layer, pRNFL))和黄斑细胞层,包括神经节细胞层(ganglion cell layer, GCL),从而能够对视神经疾病进行定性和定量评估。MOG-ON患者视力下降的同时,OCT提示pRNFL早期显著变薄和GCC神经节细胞丢失 [6] [17] [27] [28] ,同时也发现MOG-ON中受累眼睛的pRNFL平均厚度显著低于正常眼,提示MOG-ON眼存在视网膜神经节细胞凋亡及其轴突退行性变 [29] 。关于比较MOG-ON和AQP4抗体阳性眼的视网膜微结构变化的OCT结果仍存在争议。YAO Y等对比MOG-ON和AQP4抗体阳性视神经炎的研究发现81%的MOG-ON眼额叶上、颞叶上区神经纤维层厚度降低,显著高于AQP4抗体阳性眼,其余各象限RNFL厚度以及视网膜内外层厚度两组无显著差异 [6] 。而有研究发现MOG-ON和AQP4抗体阳性发病时pRNFL和GCI的表现类似,但是MOG-ON患者的视力预后更好 [6] [27] 。AKAISHI T等的一项OCT的纵向随访研究发现AQP4抗体阳性组在发病12个月后可观察到视网膜萎缩的进展,而MOG-ON患者的视网膜萎缩进展不明显 [30] 。视网膜萎缩的差异可能为解释MOG-ON和AQP4抗体阳性视神经炎视力关系差异的机制提供了新的研究方向。

光学相干断层扫描血管成像(Optical coherence tomography angiography, OCTA)提供视网膜和视神经头的灌流血管网络的无创成像,可评估位于pRNFL中的乳头周围放射状血管。这些血管对眼压波动敏感,其密度与pRNFL厚度相关 [31] 。脱髓鞘视神经炎患者的乳头周围放射状毛细血管网络灌注率降低 [29] 。Yu J等 [32] 研究发现在MOG-ON中视网膜血管密度也降低,且与ON发作次数呈正相关。同时另一项OCTA研究发现MOG-ON患者的微血管密度降低与视力下降呈正相关 [6] ,因此可以推测当视网膜微血管结构因炎症或其他病理损伤时,视网膜血流不足从而影响视网膜神经节细胞的活性,导致MOG-ON的光感受器损伤,从而引起视力损害。尽管近年来OCTA逐渐开展,但对于MOG-ON视网膜微结构和眼底血管的研究有限,MOG抗体破坏视网膜结构和功能的机制尚不清楚。加大对视网膜血管的研究将有助于揭示中枢神经系统微血管损伤和神经元损伤的潜在机制。

4.3. MOG-Ab检测

推荐使用基于细胞底物的检测法(cell-based assay, CBA),比ELISA法具有更高的敏感性和特异性。MOG抗体血清滴度在急性发作期间升高,并可在长期病程中保持阳性 [9] 。最初研究发现70%~80%单相病程的MOGAD患者MOG抗体转阴的中位时间为12个月 [33] [34] 。其次,与那些保持血清阳性的患者相比,抗体转阴患者发生复发的风险似乎更低。然而,也有研究提出MOG抗体滴度随时间的消退和复发而波动,与临床疾病活动并不一致 [35] 。

5. 治疗

5.1. 急性期治疗

MOG-ON急性期治疗方案包括静脉注射甲强龙(Intravenous methylprednisolone, IVMP)、口服强的松、静脉注射免疫球蛋白(Intravenous immunoglobulins, IVIG)和血浆置换(Plasma exchange, PLEX)。MOG-ON患者在急性发作(首次发作或复发)时接受IVMP治疗,剂量在20至30 mg/kg/d,持续3~5天 [19] [33] [36] 。研究表明早期接受IVMP治疗与MOG-ON的视力改善有关 [37] 。在IVMP后的急性期或在IVMP的同时应用IVIG,可明显改善MOGAD的预后 [19] [33] 。IVIG的疗程通常为1~5天,总剂量为1~2 g/kg (不超过1 g/kg/d)。合并其他自身免疫性疾病时应延长IVIG治疗疗程(2~5天),从而降低发作的风险 [38] 。PLEX的治疗目标是减少病理分子的循环水平,以阻止疾病的进程。对于患有MOGAD的成人,建议使用3-5周期的PLEX [39] 。

5.2. 维持治疗

MOG-ON急性期治疗后多数患者效果显著,但易复发。为了降低其复发率及不良反应,建议急性期静脉注射治疗后改为口服激素长疗程治疗。目前用于预防MOG-ON复发的维持疗法多参照NMOSD的方案,包括免疫抑制剂治疗如硫唑嘌呤(Azathioprine, AZA)、霉酚酸酯(Mycophenolate mofetil, MMF)、利妥昔单抗(Rituximab, RTX)以及免疫球蛋白(Immunoglobulins, IG) [1] [14] ,但各种免疫治疗预防MOG-ON复发的疗效尚缺乏大样本随机对照的前瞻性研究,尚未有MOG AD维持治疗的最佳的治疗方案。近年来有回顾性小样本研究结果提示口服AZA、MMF对控制MOG-ON复发有效,年复发率显著降低 [11] [40] [41] 。部分人源化的单抗RTX是针对B细胞表达的人CD20分子的,但与AQP4-ab阳性的NMOSD相比,RTX MOGAD中的疗效似乎有限 [42] ,部分研究报告了高达67%的患者再次复发 [19] [40] [42] 。在一项针对121名患者前瞻性观察研究中,也发现大多数接受RTX治疗的MOGAD患者在治疗开始后12个月或更长时间内仍保持MOG抗体阳性 [43] 。HACOHEN Y等在复发的MOG抗体阳性患者中,观察到每月静脉注射免疫球蛋白治疗可减少年复发率,认为IVIG维持疗法是唯一一种显著改善复发率的药物,同时临床表现出较低的EDSS评分 [19] 。CHEN J等研究发现IVIG维持疗法可减少成人MOGAD患者复发,而IVIG使用频率较低和剂量较低可能与治疗失败有关 [44] 。尽管IVIG副作用小,但大剂量IVIG价格高昂,让许多患者难以承担维持治疗费用。尽管联合了不同的免疫疗法,部分病例仍可能会继续复发。对于难治性复发性视神经炎,每一次复发都有潜在的累积效应,导致长期随访时残疾增加,因此免疫治疗的升级或联合用药是必不可少的。

6. 预后

尽管发病时有严重的视力损失,但MOG-ON患者经治疗后视力恢复良好。98%的患者功能视力0.5 [18] ,89%的患者为0.8 [13] ,明显好于AQP4抗体阳性的患者 [27] ,但与双重抗体阴性的ON和MS-ON的患者相当。仅约5%~14%的患者视力恢复不佳,小于0.1或更差 [10] [20] [45] 。约50% MOGAD有复发性视神经炎表现 [21] ,但经治疗后视力仍恢复良好,目前关于复发次数与视力结果之间的关系尚无定论,只有少数研究分析了两者的关系,并报告了不一致的结果,需要更大样本量的进一步研究来分析复发和视力损害之间的可能联系。近年来有研究发现少部分MOG-ON患者在未经药物治疗或在视神经炎治疗试验(ONTT)试验中服用安慰剂时视力自然缓解,可恢复至1.0 [46] 。对于儿科患者来说,这种自然缓解的现象会使临床医生无法轻易从临床表现准确得知疾病的发生与进展,此时更依赖于影像学、眼科检查与血清学检测来帮助诊治MOG-ON。

7. 总结

MOG-ON不同于与AQP-4抗体阳性或MS相关视神经炎,具有不同的病理生理和临床特征。MOG-ON表现为严重视力损害,常累及双侧视神经炎,伴有严重的视盘水肿和视神经周围强化,对类固醇依赖,大多数患者视力恢复良好,但有较大的复发倾向,需要及早诊断及预防复发。目前MOG-ON的急性期治疗主要为静脉注射甲强龙、静脉丙种球蛋白,必要时予以血浆置换。预防复发的维持治疗主要有硫唑嘌呤、霉酚酸酯、利妥昔单抗以及免疫球蛋白,但仍需大样本多中心研究进一步评估疗效并指导临床诊治。

文章引用

彭丘琳,李秀娟. 髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体相关视神经炎的研究进展
Research Progress of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Optic Neuritis[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(03): 4853-4859. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.133693

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  47. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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