Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol.
13
No.
12
(
2023
), Article ID:
78479
,
9
pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.13122892
儿童可逆性后部脑病综合征(PRES)临床特征和相关因素分析
刘鑫源1,宋爱琴2*,李莉2,吕振梅2,潘华2,刘建科2
1青岛大学医学部,山东 青岛
2青岛大学附属医院,儿童重症医学科,山东 青岛
收稿日期:2023年11月27日;录用日期:2023年12月21日;发布日期:2023年12月29日

摘要
目的:探讨儿童可逆性后部脑病综合征(PRES)临床特征,并进一步分析其相关因素,为临床预防、识别和诊断PRES提供可靠依据。方法:以青岛大学附属医院儿科住院治疗儿童为研究对象,采用1:2配对病例对照研究,利用科研大数据平台调取近8年诊断PRES儿童纳入病例组,同期住院(1年内)、同性别、同科室、年龄 ± 1岁,BMI ± 0.5 kg/m2,未发生可逆性后部脑病患者,纳入对照组。并对病例组进行1年期的随访。结果:近8年共住院患儿220,723例住院儿童中,诊断为PRES共26例,男性18例(66.7%),女性9例(33.3%),发病年龄中位数为11岁(2~16岁)。所有患者均具有神经系统症状,常见的症状包括抽搐(21例,77.8%),头痛11例(42.31%),意识障碍11例(42.31%),视物模糊3例(11.1%),消化道症状3例(11.54%)。其中14例(51.8%)以抽搐为首发临床表现。全身症状发生后72小时内颅脑磁共振特征:多数为双侧对称部位受累,以顶叶、枕叶受累多见,但仍有少数病例出现脑干、延髓病变。大部分病变累及区域出现T1和T2高信号,FLAIR呈高信号或稍高信号、DWI呈等信号或高信号。单因素分析中,病例组中发病前3天出现高血压、肾脏疾病及风湿免疫性疾病、造血干细胞移植相较对照组多见(P < 0.05)。此外病例组中输注血液制品多于对照组(P < 0.05)。血液检查中,镁离子、白蛋白和血红蛋白浓度低于对照组(P < 0.05),钙离子浓度显著低于对照组(P < 0.001)。多因素条件logistic回归分析显示,高血压、低钙为PRES的独立危险因素。结论:儿童PRES均具有神经系统症状,包括抽搐、头痛、意识障碍、视力模糊,少数患者伴有消化系统症状。高血压、肾脏疾病或风湿免疫性疾病、血液制品输注与PRES具有相关性。高血压、低白蛋白血症、低钙血症是PRES的独立危险因素。
关键词
可逆性后部脑病综合征,儿童,临床特征,相关因素分析,病例对照研究

Analysis of Clinical Characteristics and Related Factors of Children with Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)
Xinyuan Liu1, Aiqin Song2*, Li Li2, Zhenmei Lyu2, Hua Pan2, Jianke Liu2
1Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong
2Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong
Received: Nov. 27th, 2023; accepted: Dec. 21st, 2023; published: Dec. 29th, 2023

ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the clinical features of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in children, and to further analyze its related factors, to provide a reliable basis for clinical prevention, identification, and diagnosis of PRES. Methods: A 1:2 paired case-control study was used to study children hospitalized in the Department of Pediatrics of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, and children diagnosed with PRES in the past 8 years were included in the case group by the Scientific Research Big Data Platform, and the patients who were hospitalized (within 1 year), of the same gender, in the same department, aged ±1 year, with a BMI of ±0.5 kg/m2. Patients without PRES were included in the control group. The case group was followed up for 1 year. Results: Among the 220,723 hospitalized children in the past 8 years, 26 were diagnosed with PRES, 18 (66.7%) were males and 9 (33.3%) were females, and the median age of onset was 11 years (2~16 years). All patients had neurological symptoms, including convulsions (21 cases, 77.8%), headache (11 cases, 42.31%), impaired consciousness (11 cases), blurred vision (3 cases, 11.1%), and gastrointestinal symptoms (11.54%). Among them, 14 cases (51.8%) had convulsions as the first clinical manifestation. Brain MRI features within 72 hours after systemic symptoms occurred: most of the patients have bilateral symmetrical site involvement, with parietal and occipital lobe involvement being more common, but there are still a few cases with brainstem and bulbar lesions. T1 and T2 hyperintensity occurred in most lesions, with high or slightly high intensity in FLAIR and iso- or hyperintensity in DWI. In univariate analysis, hypertension, renal disease, rheumatic immune disease, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were more common in the case group than in the control group 3 days before the onset of illness (P < 0.05). In addition, the cases of blood products transfused are more than the control group (P < 0.05). In the blood tests, the concentrations of magnesium, albumin and hemoglobin were lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05), and the concentration of calcium was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.001). Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension and hypocalcemia were independent risk factors for PRES. Conclusion: Children with PRES have neurological symptoms, including convulsions, headaches, impaired consciousness, blurred vision, and digestive symptoms in a few cases. Hypertension, renal or rheumatological disorders, and blood product transfusions are associated with PRES. Hypertension, hypoalbuminemia, and hypocalcemia are independent risk factors for PRES.
Keywords:Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome, Children, Clinical Characteristics, Relevant Factors Analysis, Case-Control Study
Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1. 引言
可逆性后部脑病综合征(PRES, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome)最早由Judy Hinchey于1996年首次报道 [1] ,是一种影像学表现为双侧大脑半球(多数为后脑部)出现可逆性脑水肿的一种临床神经影像学综合征 [2] 。尽管PRES已被提出数年,但迄今为止对PRES的认识尚不充分,因此PRES真正流行病学数据尚不清楚。PRES临床表现差异很大,包括高血压、头痛、呕吐、精神错乱、视力障碍和癫痫发作等 [3] 。有研究表明多数患者可在短时间内好转并痊愈,但是如果不及时诊断和治疗,也可能会导致不可逆的神经系统损伤或死亡 [4] 。虽然大多数患者预后良好,但仍可造成住院时间延长、延误基础疾病治疗、增加经济负担等问题。PRES不是独立疾病,发病前多数存在基础疾病。高危因素目前尚不明确。Legriel,S [5] 、Tai-Heng Chen [6] 和Ghali,Michael [7] 等学者的研究发现,在所有年龄组几乎均有PRES的报道,从儿童到老年人均可发病,但以中青年最常见。在一项使用临床数据、影像学表现评估PRES预后的研究中发现,PRES发病以女性多见 [8] ,成人患者PRES的高危因素包括高血压、子痫或子痫前期、肾脏疾病、自身免疫性疾病、使用细胞毒性药物等 [9] [10] 。已报告的儿童PRES发病率根据入院情况估算,儿科重症监护病房为0.4%,儿童癌症患者为0.7% [11] 。目前关于儿童PRES多为个案报道或病例系列报道,并侧重于特定的患者亚群,包括肾脏疾病儿童、风湿免疫性疾病儿童,癌症儿童 [4] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] ,全儿科PRES相关因素分析未见报告。因此本文拟利用青岛大学附属医院科研大数据平台,收集近8年儿童住院PRES患者资料,拟探讨儿童PRES流行病学、临床表现、影像学特征,进一步分析其相关因素,为临床预防、及早识别、诊断PRES提供可靠依据。
2. 资料和方法
2.1. 研究对象与分组
本研究经医院医学伦理委员会审批,利用青岛大学附属医院科研大数据平台,收集青岛大学附属医院儿童医学中心近8年(2015年1月1日至2022年12月31日)收治住院患者,纳入符合条件的PRES患者纳入病例组。采用1:2配对病例对照研究。与病例组个体同时期住院(1年内)、同科室、同性别、年龄相差 ± 1岁,BMI ± 0.5 kg/m2,未发生可逆性后部脑病的患者纳入对照组。
2.2. 诊断标准
2.2.1. PRES诊断标准
病例组患者诊断均符合PRES诊断标准 [17] :
a) 急性神经系统症状。
b) 头颅影像学提示局灶性血管源性脑水肿。
c) 症状或影像学改变呈可逆性。
d) 排除脑出血或其他器质性病变患者。
2.2.2. 数据收集
病例组和对照组患者性别、年龄、身高、体重、发病前基础疾病、血压、药物治疗(糖皮质激素、其它免疫抑制剂、抗肿瘤化疗药物)史及血液制品输注史。PRES发病前、后血液学检查(血常规、电解质、转氨酶、白蛋白、肌酐、尿素氮、LDH等)。病例组临床表现、颅脑MR资料。对照组入院48小时内血液学检查。
2.2.3. 统计学方法
本研究采用SPSS 27.0统计软件进行数据处理和分析。发病率以每100,000人住院的估计值报告PRES的频率。本研究采用病例对照研究。连续数据报告中位数和四分位数范围,分类变量报告频率和百分比。单因素分析非参数数据采用Mann-Whitney U检验,分类变量采用χ2检验和连续校正χ2检验进行比较。多因素分析采用条件多元logistic回归分析,用于计算与PRES相关各种因素的调整优势比。
3. 结果
3.1. 一般资料
共有220,723例儿童患者住院治疗,26例发生PRES,发病率为11.7/10万。所有患者均因基础疾病住院治疗。26例PRES患者中男性17例(65.38%),女性9例(37.62%),发病年龄中位数为11岁(2~16岁)。见表1。
Table 1. General data and univariate analysis of case and control groups
表1. 病例组和对照组一般资料和单因素分析
a在发病前72小时内有血压记录的患者有23例,其中2例既往有高血压病史;18例患者在发病前3天内出现血压升高。b病例组发病前15天内治疗措施。c病例组发病时血液检查,对照组住院时期血液检查。d使用连续校正χ2检验。
3.2. PRES临床特征
3.2.1. 临床表现
26例PRES患者均出现神经系统症状。21例(80.77%)有抽搐表现,15例(57.69%)有反复抽搐发作,14例(53.85%)以抽搐为首发临床表现,均为大发作。抗惊厥药物治疗后抽搐均可有效控制。11例(42.31%)在发病期间出现头痛。11例(42.31%)出现意识障碍,其中昏迷1例。3例(11.54%)在发病期间出现头晕。视物模糊3例(11.54%)。消化道症状3例(11.54%),表现为恶心呕吐和腹痛。
3.2.2. 颅脑影像学检查
26例患者在发病72小时内完成颅脑MR检查,均有异常改变。24例患者出现双侧对称性病变,5例受累范围不规则。在双侧病变中,以顶叶受累多见,其次为枕叶和额叶,少数病变累及延髓和脑干。2例仅为单侧部位受累(1例为右侧半卵圆中心白质受累,1例为左侧小脑半球受累)。见表2。
大部分病变累及区域出现T1和T2高信号,FLAIR呈高信号或稍高信号、DWI呈等信号或高信号。
Table 2. Brain MRI lesions in 26 PRES patients within 72 hours
表2. 26例PRES患者72小时内颅脑MRI病变部位
3.3. PRES单因素分析
在基础疾病及基础状态方面,单因素分析显示:高血压、肾脏疾病和风湿免疫性疾病、造血干细胞移植状态、血液制品输注与PRES有相关性(P均 < 0.05)。而恶性肿瘤、糖皮质激素、其它免疫抑制剂、化疗药物使用均无相关性(P均 > 0.05)。见表1。
在血液学指标方面,单因素分析显示:病例组血红蛋白水平、血清白蛋白量、血清钙离子、镁离子低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均 < 0.05);病例组肌酐水平、尿素水平、乳酸脱氢酶高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均 < 0.05)。见表1。
3.4. PRES多因素分析
以是否发生PRES为因变量,以单因素分析中P < 0.02的因素为自变量进行多因素条件Logistic回归分析。结果表明高血压、血白蛋白、血红蛋白、钙离子水平降低均与PRES有相关性,均为PRES独立危险因素(P < 0.05)。见表3。
Table 3. Multivariate analysis of the incidence of PRES
表3. PRES发病多因素分析
4. 讨论
PRES最早由Judy Hinchey在1996年首次报道 [1] 。本病最常累及大脑后部(顶枕叶)白质、小脑、基底神经节等,包括额叶、丘脑、脑干、胼胝体等部位也可出现不典型病灶。若病变持续进展,也可出现不可逆神经功能丧失,造成不良结局,因此早期诊断和干预是关键。
4.1. 临床特征
4.1.1. 临床表现
本研究发现,儿童PRES的发病年龄以青春期和青春前期多见,男性多于女性。临床表现以神经系统症状为主。抽搐发作最常见,尽管抽搐可使用抗惊厥药物后缓解,但大部分患者可出现反复抽搐。其他神经系统症状包括头痛、头晕、意识障碍、视物模糊均可能出现。少数患者在PRES神经系统症状前出现消化道系统症状,如恶心、呕吐和腹痛等。这与先前研究中提到PRES的临床症状有抽搐、头痛、视力改变等一致 [18] 。
4.1.2. 影像学检查
PRES最重要的诊断需要行颅脑磁共振检查。本研究通过回顾性病例总结发现,颅脑磁共振检查多数患者病变受累部位为顶叶和枕叶,额叶和颞叶也可受累,约半数的病例出现小脑受累,少数患者出现脑干受累。除此之外,少数患者仅出现单侧病变。磁共振表现以病变部位T1、T2像高信号,FLAIR呈高信号或稍高信号、DWI呈等信号或高信号为主。这与既往研究中提到PRES病变部位特点相似 [2] [19] [20] 。
4.2. PRES危险因素及可能机制
PRES病因及机制仍不明确。现阶段有几种可能的病因假设。第一种假设是PRES与高血压有关,也是大多数学者支持的观点:大脑脉管系统存在自动调节机制,此种机制可在血压波动时保持相对稳定的血流量 [21] [22] [23] 。当血压在一定范围内波动时,脑血管血压可以保持相对稳定的水平 [21] 。当血压的升高速率超过脑血管自我调节的范围时,脑内毛细血管出现过度灌注,进而导致毛细血管静水压升高,血管内皮损伤,最后血脑屏障被破坏,导致血管源性脑水肿 [19] [20] [24] 。第二种假设是PRES可能与脑血管痉挛有关,利用血管造影技术对PRES的研究中发现,在没有血压升高的PRES患者中,出现脑灌注不足表现,并且MRI显示病变图像表现为局灶性脑血管收缩、局灶性血管舒张、串珠样外观等,均反映血管内皮功能障碍(血管张力增加和减少)或血流量减少 [25] 。
本研究发现高血压是PRES独立危险因素,大多数患者在发病前3天出现血压升高,在这些血压升高患者中,仅有2例患者在发病前有明确高血压病史。提示血压的急骤升高可能是PRES发病的主要病因,因此本研究可能支持第一种假说。先前的研究中表明PRES可能为高血压脑病的一种结局 [26] 。胡美华等学者的研究内提到高血压脑病受累部位以双侧顶叶、枕叶、额叶、颞叶、小脑多见 [27] 。这与本研究中病例组的影像学表现类似。
在其他基础疾病方面,肾脏疾病和风湿免疫性疾病与PRES有统计关联,但在多因素分析中,未发现有相关性。本文中发现血液制品输注和PRES有关联,这与以往一项对于PRES的流行病学调查结论一致 [9] 。在血液学检查中,外周血白蛋白、血红蛋白、钙离子水平在发病时均较低,并且血钙离子浓度显著低于对照组,可能说明钙离子、血白蛋白与PRES的发病机制有关。
在本研究中,钙离子水平出现显著降低(P < 0.001),这种钙离子降低的病理生理学机制并不明确。Gerald等学者的研究表明通过调节钙离子的浓度可以间接调节血管平滑肌的功能,当钙离子内流时可导致血管收缩 [28] [29] ,大脑脉管系统为保持脑血流量的恒定,可能使钙离子内流进入血管平滑肌细胞内,而这种可调节血流量的平滑肌在大脑后部脉管系统中分布较少,这些血管支配部位的血压和血流量不易受到良好地调控,从而导致血管性脑水肿 [30] [31] 。同时病例组中血白蛋白和血红蛋白较低,可能解释在单因素分析中输注血液制品与PRES有相关性,而血白蛋白降低,也会导致血液胶体渗透压降低,使血管内外渗透压不平衡,出现血管性水肿。血红蛋白降低也可能反映患者的基础状态,进一步说明PRES多发生于基础状态较差且输血的患者中。
4.3. 预后和转归
PRES大多数预后良好,并且影像学表现是“可逆”的,但仍有部分患者出现后遗症。来自Tai-Heng Chen [6] 研究发现,PRES常见的后遗症包括继发性癫痫、颅内出血等。本研究中26例患者在经过治疗后24例好转出院,在随访期内2例患者出现继发性癫痫,需要在PRES发生后长期使用抗癫痫药物。因此临床医生应重视本病的早期识别,及时进行干预。
5. 局限性
由于本研究为回顾性横断面研究,虽然高血压和PRES之间有相关性,但由于颅脑MR是在发生较明显神经系统症状后才会进行(例如视力改变或抽搐),尽管在发病前存在高血压,却无法确定影像学改变和高血压的因果关系,因此还需要今后的纵向研究进一步探讨PRES的影响因素。除此之外,本研究是一项1:2匹配病例对照研究,没有使用大样本病例对照研究,这是由于为降低可能的混杂因素,使用较严格的排纳标准,导致对照组的选择极有限,但使用较严格的排纳标准可能得到较准确的相关因素。
6. 结论
儿童PRES常见的临床表现为抽搐。高血压、肾脏疾病或风湿免疫性疾病、血液制品输注与PRES具有相关性。高血压、低白蛋白血症、低钙血症是PRES的独立危险因素。
文章引用
刘鑫源,宋爱琴,李 莉,吕振梅,潘 华,刘建科. 儿童可逆性后部脑病综合征(PRES)临床特征和相关因素分析
Analysis of Clinical Characteristics and Related Factors of Children with Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(12): 20563-20571. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13122892
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NOTES
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