Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 03 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 63562 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.133704

麻将训练联合多奈哌齐对缺血性卒中后认知障碍患者的疗效观察

金 炫*,钟慧珠,苏庆杰#

海南省海口市海南医学院第二附属医院神经内科一区,海南 海口

收稿日期:2023年2月27日;录用日期:2023年3月24日;发布日期:2023年3月31日

摘 要

目的:分析麻将训练对缺血性卒中后认知障碍患者的认知改善情况,为PSCI (卒中后认知障碍)患者提供有效的康复治疗手段。方法:2022年9月至2022年12月在海垦社区对缺血性脑卒中后认知障碍的患者进行认知功能评估,根据纳入和排除标准共入组40例患者。并将所入组的40例患者随机分为干预组和非干预组,即干预组20例,非干预组20例。非干预组患者每日常规予以脑梗死二级预防药物和多奈哌齐药物口服治疗。而干预组患者在日常脑梗死二级预防药物和多奈哌齐药物口服治疗基础上,对患者进行麻将训练。干预组共分5组,以4人为一组,每周一次对干预组的患者进行麻将训练,训练时长共4个月。在干预前、4个月时,运用MMSE (简易精神状态量表)、MoCA (蒙特利尔认知评估量表)及临床痴呆评分量表(CDR评分量表)进行评估。最后运用相应的统计学方法对两组患者的疗效进行比较分析。结果:1) 两组患者性别、梗死部位、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症等,经两组患者年龄经独立样本t检验结果显示,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。两组患者性别、梗死部位、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症人数所占比例经χ2检验结果显示,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。两组患者文化程度经Mann-Whitney U检验结果显示,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);2) 两组患者干预前、4个月时的MMSE评分经独立样本t检验结果显示,两组患者干预前MMSE评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),干预组干预4个月时的MMSE评分明显高于非干预组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组患者干预前与干预后的MMSE评分经配对样本t检验结果显示,干预组干预4个月时的MMSE评分均明显高于干预前,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),非干预组干预前与4个月时的MMSE评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。3) 两组患者干预前、干预4个月时的MoCA评分经独立样本t检验结果显示,两组患者干预前MoCA评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);干预组干预后4个月MoCA评分明高于非干预组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);两组患者干预前与干预后的MoCA评分经配对样本t检验结果显示,干预组4个月时的MoCA评分均明显高于干预前,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),非干预组干预前与4个月时的MoCA评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);4) 两组患者干预前、干预4个月时的痴呆评分经Mann-Whitney U检验结果显示,两组患者干预前痴呆评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),干预组干预后4个月的痴呆评分明显低于非干预组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);两组患者干预前与干预后4个月的痴呆评分经Wilcoxon符号秩检验结果显示,两组患者干预后4个月痴呆评分均明显低于干预前,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结论:干预组患者在麻将训练4个月后的综合认知评分较干预前要明显提高;干预组在干预4个月时的临床痴呆评分要明显低于干预前;同样非干预组患者在4个月时的临床痴呆评分要低于干预前;而干预组患者4个月时的综合认知评分要高于非干预组患者;干预组患者4个月时的临床痴呆评分要明显低于非干预组患者。

关键词

缺血性脑卒中,麻将训练联合多奈哌齐,卒中后认知障碍,疗效观察

Effect of Mahjong Training Combined with Donepezil on Patients with Cognitive Impairment after Ischemic Stroke

Xuan Jin*, Huizhu Zhong, Qingjie Su#

Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou Hainan

Received: Feb. 27th, 2023; accepted: Mar. 24th, 2023; published: Mar. 31st, 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective: To analyze the cognitive improvement of mahjong training on patients with cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke, and to provide effective rehabilitation treatment for patients with PSCI (cognitive impairment after stroke). Methods: PSCI patients in Haiken community from September 2022 to December 2022 were selected for cognitive function assessment. A total of 40 patients were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the 40 patients were randomly divided into intervention group and non-intervention group, namely 20 patients in intervention group and 20 patients in non-intervention group. Patients in the non-intervention group were routinely given secondary prevention drugs for cerebral infarction and oral treatment with Donepezil. The patients in the intervention group received mahjong training on the basis of daily secondary prevention drugs for cerebral infarction and oral treatment with Donepezil. The intervention group was divided into 5 groups, and the patients in the intervention group received mahjong training once a week for a total of 4 months. Before the intervention, at 4 months, the MMSE (Simple Mental State Scale), MoCA (Montreal cognitive Assessment Scale) and Clinical Dementia score scale were used to evaluate. Finally, corresponding statistical methods were used to compare the efficacy of the two groups of patients. Results: 1) Gender, infarct site, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipemia and age of patients in the two groups by independent sample t-test showed no statistical significance (P > 0.05). χ2 test results showed no significant differences in gender, infarct site, hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipemia in 2 groups (P > 0.05). The results of Mann-Whitney U test showed no statistical significance in education level between the two groups (P > 0.05). 2) The independent sample t-test results showed that the MMSE scores before intervention and at 4 months between the two groups had no statistical significance (P > 0.05), and the MMSE scores in the intervention group at 4 months were significantly higher than those in the non-intervention group, with statistical (P < 0.05). The results of paired sample t-test showed that the MMSE scores of the two groups before and after intervention were significantly higher in the intervention groups at 4 months, with statistical significance (P < 0.05), while the MMSE scores of the non-intervention group at 4 months and before intervention had no statistical significance (P > 0.05). 3) The results of independent sample t-test showed that there was no significant difference in MoCA scores between the two groups before intervention and 4 months after intervention (P > 0.05). The MoCA score of the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the non-intervention group at 4 months after intervention, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The results of paired sample t-test showed that the MoCA score of the two groups before and after intervention was significantly higher at 4 months in the intervention group than before intervention, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05), while the MoCA scores of the non-intervention group were not statistically significant between before intervention and 4 months (P > 0.05). 4) The results of Mann-Whitney U test showed that the dementia scores of 40 patients in the two groups before intervention and 4 months after intervention showed no significant difference between the two groups before intervention (P > 0.05), and dementia at 4 months after intervention in the intervention group, the score was significantly lower than that of the non-intervention group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Wilcoxon signed rank test showed that dementia scores of patients in both groups were significantly lower at 4 months after intervention than before intervention, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The overall cognitive score of patients in the intervention group was significantly improved after 4 months of mahjong training. The clinical dementia score of the intervention group at 4 months was significantly lower than that before intervention; similarly, patients in the non-intervention group had lower clinical dementia scores at 4 months than before the intervention. In addition, overall cognitive scores at 4 months were higher in the intervention group than in the non-intervention group, and clinical dementia scores at 4 months were significantly lower in the intervention group than in the non-intervention group.

Keywords:Ischemic Stroke, Mahjong Training Combined with Donepezil, Cognitive Impairment after Stroke, Observation of Curative Effect

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

脑卒中后认知障碍是指在卒中事件发生后出现并持续至半年左右仍存在以认知损害为主要特征的临床综合征 [1] ,以记忆力、注意力以及计算力障碍等为主要表现。根据流行病学调查显示,我国每年有超过200万的新发脑卒中患者 [2] 。据文献报道,急性脑梗死发生后出现卒中后认知障碍并发症的风险较高,其认知障碍发生的风险大约50% [3] 。脑卒中后认知障碍患者有再发痴呆的可能,严重可丧失生活自理能力。卒中后认知障碍不仅影响脑卒中患者生活质量和功能预后。同样也会给社会、家庭带来沉重的负担。这已经成为困扰民众的严重的健康问题。譬如:1) 无法很好地投入社会工作中;2) 生活自理能力受损,无法更好地独立自主生活;3) 无法很好地融入社会生活及交际 [4] 。因此对卒中后认知障碍患者进行认知干预是有重要的临床意义。而PSCI在临床上主要包括传统药物治疗,中医康复疗法(针灸、中药辅助治疗等)和其他类型的认知训练等方式 [5] 。而本研究予以麻将训练联合多奈哌齐对缺血性脑卒中患者进行干预,探求麻将训练改善PSCI (Post-stroke cognitive impairment)患者的认知水平的效果,为进一步改善卒中后认知障碍提供临床治疗依据。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 一般资料

2022年9月至2022年12月在海垦社区共入组40例脑梗死患者作为研究对象。纳入标准:1) 符合缺血性脑卒中诊断:有明确发病病史及头颅CT或MRI明确存在缺血病灶,且发病时间超过3个月小于6个月;2) 年龄大于50岁,小于70岁;3) 意识清楚,有足够感官分辨能力完成神经心理学测试;4) 蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)评分符合轻度认知障碍(18分 ≤ MoCA < 26分),非文盲(接受过文化教育时间至少1年或以上);5) 坚持服用多奈哌5 mg qd (1次1片,1天1次);6) 患者知情同意(告知患者及家属口服多奈哌齐药物的疗效和不良反应,以及开展麻将训练的作用及效果等知情内容);7) 经伦理学同意。排除标准:① 存在其他影响认知功能的神经系统疾病(如阿尔兹海默病等);② 有精神病病史;③ 无法理解与配合的患者;④ 服用多奈哌齐之外的有可能改善认知障碍的药物;⑤ 中途退出或失访病例;⑥ 不符合以上入组标准的患者。

2.2. 研究方法

2022年9月至2022年12月海垦社区符合入组标准的40例缺血性脑卒中患者随机分为干预组和非干预组。即干预组20例,非干预组20例。非干预组患者每日常规予以脑梗死二级预防药物和多奈哌齐药物口服治疗。而干预组患者在日常脑梗死二级预防药物和多奈哌齐治疗基础上,额外进行麻将训练。干预组共分5组,以4人为一组,每周一次对干预组的患者进行麻将训练,训练时长共4个月。在干预前、4个月时,运用MMSE (简易精神状态量表)、MoCA (蒙特利尔认知评估量表)及临床痴呆评分量表进行评估。最后运用相应的统计学方法对两组患者的疗效进行比较分析。

2.3. 统计学处理

采用SPSS 26.0对数据进行统计分析。计量资料经正态性检验,符合正态分布的资料均采用均数 ± 标准差( x ¯ ± S )表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,组内治疗前后比较采用配对样本t检验;不符合正态分布的资料均采用中位数(四分位数)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验,组内治疗前后比较采用Wilcoxon符号秩检验。分类计数资料均采用例数(百分比)表示,无序分类资料组间比较采用χ2检验,有序分类资料组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。检验水准均为P < 0.05有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 不同组别患者的临床资料比较

不同组别的患者临床资料比较见表1。两组患者年龄经独立样本t检验结果显示,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。两组患者性别、梗死部位、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症人数所占比例经χ2检验结果显示,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。两组患者文化程度经Mann-Whitney U检验结果显示,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。说明两组患者基线资料基本一致,具有可比性。

Table 1. Comparison of clinical data of different groups of patients

表1. 不同组别患者的临床资料比较

3.2. 干预组与非干预组MMSE评分、MoCA评分、痴呆评分的比较

3.2.1. 两组患者MMSE评分比较

两组患者干预前后MMSE评分比较结果见表2。两组患者干预前、4个月时的MMSE评分经独立样本t检验结果显示,两组患者干预前的MMSE评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),干预组干预4个月时的MMSE评分明高于非干预组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组患者干预前与干预后的MMSE评分经配对样本t检验结果显示,干预组干预4个月时的MMSE评分均明显高于干预前,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),非干预组干预前与4个月时的MMSE评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。

Table 2. Comparison of MMSE scores before and after intervention between the two groups

表2. 两组患者干预前后MMSE评分比较

3.2.2. 两组患者MoCA评分比较

两组患者干预前后MoCA评分比较结果见表3。两组患者干预前、4个月时的MoCA评分经独立样本t检验结果显示,两组患者干预前MoCA评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),干预组干预4个月时的MoCA评分明显高于非干预组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组患者干预前与干预后的MoCA评分经配对样本t检验结果显示,干预组干预4个月时的MoCA评分均明显高于干预前,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),非干预组患者干预前与4个月时的MoCA评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。

Table 3. Comparison of MoCA scores before and after intervention between the two groups

表3. 两组患者干预前后MoCA评分比较

3.2.3. 两组患者痴呆评分比较

两组患者干预前后痴呆评分比较结果见表4。两组患者干预前、4个月时的痴呆评分经Mann-Whitney U检验结果显示,两组患者干预前痴呆评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),干预组干预4个月时的痴呆评分明显低于非干预组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组患者干预前与4个月时的痴呆评分经Wilcoxon符号秩检验结果显示,两组患者4个月时的痴呆评分均明显低于干预前,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。

Table 4. Comparison of dementia scores before and after intervention between the two groups

表4. 两组患者干预前后痴呆评分比较

4. 讨论

认知功能障碍是脑卒中患者较为常见的临床表现之一,具有较高的发病率,对PSCI患者的预后有着严重影响 [6] 。PSCI患者的记忆力、定向力、计算力以及推理能力等各个认知领域均可出现损害,同时PSCI不仅影响脑卒中患者的日常生活和工作,还使患者的社会适应力受到很大的影响 [7] 。因此对PSCI患者进行及时干预,对认知障碍的改善有积极的意义。然而针对卒中后认知障碍的干预目前尚无有效的方法。另外改善认知的传统临床药物如多奈哌齐等对卒中后认知障碍患者的治疗具有一定的局限性 [8] 。随着医疗技术的发展,涌现出越来越多的新型康复治疗的相关研究。譬如赵莹 [9] 运用感觉统合训练治疗轻度卒中后认知障碍患者,观察该疗法对其认知功能及生活自理能力的影响,最后研究发现干预后MoCA评分、日常生活能力较前有所改善。经颅磁治疗作为新型治疗手段在认知康复治疗领域中占有重要地位。如Tsai PY [10] 的研究结果显示5 Hz rTMS对脑卒中后整体认知(包括注意力及记忆力方面),尤其对注意力的影响更为明显,从而有助于减缓认知能力的下降过程。因此临床康复治疗随着医学科学的发展而不断进步,其治疗的效果也在不断地提高。

而本次研究将麻将训练作为康复治疗手段,对卒中后认知障碍患者进行干预。研究结果发现干预组患者在麻将干预4个月时的MoCA评分、MMSE评分均高于非干预组患者;同时痴呆评分要低于非干预组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。研究表明通过麻将学习训练可提高大脑皮层神经电活动,可促进受损的中枢神经系统再次修复,提高患者的受损认知功能。即麻将训练在提高认知水平的同时也降低了痴呆发生的风险。另外研究结果也表明非干预组患者口服多奈哌齐药物4个月,其痴呆评分要低于干预前,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。干预结果证明了多奈哌齐在一定程度上是可以改善认知障碍,但具有局限性。即多奈哌齐长期治疗卒中后认知障碍患者,其认知水平未能明显改善。而麻将作为一种家常的娱乐活动。其不但具有娱乐性,而且在娱乐中可改善认知障碍症状。因而麻将训练在不久的将来会成为康复治疗方式之一。

文章引用

金 炫,钟慧珠,苏庆杰. 麻将训练联合多奈哌齐对缺血性卒中后认知障碍患者的疗效观察
Effect of Mahjong Training Combined with Donepezil on Patients with Cognitive Impairment after Ischemic Stroke[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(03): 4935-4941. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.133704

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  10. 10. Tsai, P.Y., Lin, W.S., Tsai, K.T., et al. (2020) High-Frequency versus Theta Burst Transcranial Mag-netic Stimulation for the Treatment of Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment in Humans. Journal of Psychiatry & Neurosci-ence, 45, 262-270. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.190060

  11. NOTES

    *第一作者。

    #通讯作者。

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