World Journal of Cancer Research
Vol. 11  No. 04 ( 2021 ), Article ID: 45953 , 6 pages
10.12677/WJCR.2021.114018

CDH17在肿瘤中的作用研究进展

姜一帆1,2*,张月英1,2#

1山东第一医科大学基础医学院病理学与病理生理学研究室,山东 济南

2山东第一医科大学第一附属医院基础医学研究所,山东 济南

收稿日期:2021年9月23日;录用日期:2021年10月8日;发布日期:2021年10月25日

摘要

肿瘤的发生发展是一个多因素、多步骤相互作用的过程,其中细胞间的粘附及运动能力的失调是肿瘤发生发展的重要机制之一。CDH17是近年来发现的钙粘连蛋白家族中的新成员,在多种肿瘤的侵袭及转移中发挥重要作用。本文就CDH17在多种常见肿瘤中的作用研究进展进行综述。

关键词

CDH17,肿瘤

Relationship between CDH17 and Tumor Progression

Yifan Jiang1,2*, Yueying Zhang1,2#

1Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan Shandong

2Institute of Basic Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan Shandong

Received: Sep. 23rd, 2021; accepted: Oct. 8th, 2021; published: Oct. 25th, 2021

ABSTRACT

The occurrence and development of tumor is a multi-factor and multi-step process, in which cell adhesion is one of the important mechanisms. Dysregulation of cadherin-mediated cell adhesion is thought to play a major role during tumor proliferation and cell invasion. CDH17 is a new member of the cadherin family discovered in recent years, and it plays an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis. In this review, we aim to explore the relationship between cadherin adhesion molecule CDH17 and tumor progression.

Keywords:CDH17, Tumor

Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 前言

钙黏蛋白17 (Cadherin-17, CDH17)是钙粘连蛋白家族中的新成员,最早从鼠肝细胞cDNA文库中分析得到的,由于在小鼠仅表达于肝脏和小肠,故又命名为肝肠钙粘连蛋白(Liver-Intestine cadherin, LI-cadherin) [1]。近年来研究表明其在多种肿瘤侵袭转移中发挥重要作用。

2. CDH17的结构和功能

人类CDH17基因定位于8q22.1染色体,其编码蛋白隶属于7D-钙粘连蛋白家族。CDH17常表达于胚胎、成人肠上皮细胞以及部分胰腺导管上皮细胞,但健康人群中肝细胞、食管上皮细胞及胃黏膜中几乎无明显表达 [2]。其结构与经典钙粘连蛋白具有一定的同源性,但CDH17又有其独特的结构:1) CDH17的胞外区由7个重复序列组成,与非经典的钙粘连蛋白的5个相区别;2) 在胞外的EC1细胞粘附识别区内,CDH17包含的一段AAL序列取代经典钙粘连蛋白相应的HAV序列;3) CDH17的胞质尾区仅有20个氨基酸残基,而经典的钙粘连蛋白的胞质尾区有150~160个氨基酸残基。研究表明,钙粘连蛋白的结构异常和功能紊乱与肿瘤的侵袭转移密切相关 [3]。由于CDH17具有短的胞质尾区结构域,CDH17不能与连环蛋白网络或肌动蛋白细胞骨架产生相互作用 [4]。因此CDH17被划分为经典钙黏蛋白的变异体 [5]。

钙粘连蛋白是通过介导钙依赖性细胞间连接而发挥生物学作用,经典钙粘连蛋白的配体是钙连环蛋白,包括α-链蛋白、β-链蛋白、γ-链蛋白以及P120蛋白等。钙粘连蛋白通过钙连环蛋白与细胞内骨架相互作用从而调控细胞间的粘附功能。CDH17作为功能性Ca2+依赖性细胞粘附分子发挥作用,但是CDH17并不通过细胞内钙连环蛋白与细胞支架的肌动蛋白方式进行紧密连接作用,而通过直接与细胞支架连进行其细胞黏附作用 [6]。同时研究发现CDH17的表达是预测患者生存期的独立预后预测因素 [7]。CDH17的表达对淋巴结阴性胃癌患者预后产生影响,这可能反映了该蛋白在维持极性和正常细胞间粘附中的作用 [7]。但CDH17的生物学功能并未完全阐明,需要进一步的大规模前瞻性研究。

3. CDH17与恶性肿瘤的关系

CDH17的表达水平及其作用已在多种肿瘤中进行了实验研究,尤其在消化系统肿瘤中研究居多。

3.1. CDH17在胃癌中的作用研究进展

胃癌是消化系统较常见的恶性肿瘤之一,有着较高的发病率和病死率 [8],肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移是患者预后不佳的主要原因之一。胃癌中一些黏附分子介导的细胞黏附力降低是发生的侵袭和转移的一个至关重要的因素。临床病例资料研究表明,胃癌中存在CDH17异常剪接体,尤其是伴有外显子8或外显子9缺失的E-钙粘蛋白(CDH17)表达改变在胃癌中占主导地位 [9]。CDH17具有依赖Ca2+的调节同型细胞粘附的能力,且不依赖于细胞骨架的相互作用,这表明CDH17在肿瘤转移中起着重要作用 [10]。CDH17可作为胃肠道肿瘤的一种较特异和敏感的标记物,且CDH17可作为判断原发性胃肠道肿的标记物提供相关诊断依据 [11]。同时CDH17的高表达与胃癌不良的临床病理特征关系密切,比如与组织学分期,肿瘤浸润和LN转移呈正相关,因此CDH17高表达表达可能是预测胃癌进展和预后的重要指标 [12] [13] [14]。细胞实验及动物实验表明,敲低CDH17可能导致Wnt信号通路的失活,从而抑制癌细胞的侵袭活性 [15]。CDH17可调节Wnt/β-连环蛋白信号通路从而影响下游效应因子,从而影响胃癌细胞增殖、侵袭及凋亡 [16]。另在体外实验研究发现,CDH17的抑制可导致体外降低胃癌细胞系MKN28的增殖并增加其凋亡,并显着降低其体内的致瘤性 [14]。综上所述,在胃癌组织中CDH17呈异常表达,且与胃癌的发生、发展、浸润、转移及不良预后有关。

3.2. CDH17在肝癌中的研究进展

肝脏恶性肿瘤中肝细胞癌是最常见的,也是全球癌症相关死亡的第三大常见原因 [17]。CDH17在胚胎发生期间可存在于胎儿肝脏和胃肠道中,但在健康成人肝脏和胃组织中该基因表达沉默 [18]。但在在人类肝细胞癌细胞系中大约80%患者中可检测到CDH17的过表达 [19]。Liu等 [15] 人通过对43例肝癌的患者进行实验分析,明确了CDH17的过度表达与晚期肿瘤分期和肿瘤浸润密切相关。靶向CDH17可以使Wnt信号通路失活同时可激活肿瘤抑制基因,从而抑制肝细胞癌肿瘤生长 [18]。CDH17在肝细胞癌的致癌特性,若使用携带针对CDH17的短发夹RNA (shRNA)的慢病毒干扰CDH17区实验性治疗荷瘤裸鼠,可抑制异种移植瘤的生长 [15]。这充分证明了靶向抑制CDH17在临床治疗肝细胞癌中应用的可能性。Wang等 [20] 使用针对CDH17抗原的单克隆抗体(Lic5)治疗肝细胞癌,结果表明降低CDH17的表达对肝细胞癌的治疗具有重要作用。采用靶向CDH17抗体可特异性抑制CDH17,进而通过失活Wnt/b-catenin通路从而抑制肿瘤的生长 [20]。这就证实了CDH17通过靶向Wnt/β-catenin途径可抑制肝细胞癌 [15] [21]。综上所述,在肝癌中CDH17的表达发挥促肿瘤作用,可以作为一个治疗肝癌的靶点。

3.3. CDH17在结直肠癌中的研究进展

Han等 [22] 发现CDH17在结直肠癌中呈高表达状态,并下调CDH17基因的表达抑制结肠癌细胞的侵袭和转移过程。同时也有研究表明CDH17表达水平是影响结直肠癌患者生存期的重要预后预测因素,CDH17具有一定的临床应用价值,比如作为用于疾病阶段分类以及评估结直肠癌的治疗结果的分子标记物 [23]。

但也有研究表明,CDH17的低表达与肿瘤的去分化,淋巴管浸润,淋巴结转移和晚期pTNM期有关,并认为是大肠癌的重要预后因素 [24]。且Mas等 [25] 人通过不同细胞体系实验观察分析,发现CDH17低表达的原发性大肠癌可能具有较强的侵袭能力。综上所述,CDH17在不同的研究队列和细胞体系中发挥有着不同的功能,然而CDH17在结直肠癌中的表达特性及作用尚不明确,需要更多的实验论证。

3.4. CDH17在胰腺癌中的研究进展

有研究表明,胰腺作为胃肠道的组成部分,且在肝脏和肠道的形态组织中发挥作用。CDH17表达或功能的破坏也会导致胰腺肿瘤发展过程中肿瘤细胞细胞迁移能力增加和过度增殖 [26]。高村正明 [27] 等在高分化胰腺癌中检测到CDH17的强表达,而在分化区域和低分化癌中没有检测到。但也有研究证明,CDH17是维持体外胰腺癌细胞致瘤活性以及促进体内肿瘤生长所必需的 [28]。Liu等 [29] 人使用siRNA,shRNA以及CRISPR技术等实验方法,进行了CDH17的敲除,且建立相应的稳定细胞系。同时进行了功能丧失研究以全面研究破坏CDH17在调节胰腺癌发生发展中的潜在机制。最后从体外和体内实验获得的结果表明,CDH17作为一种促癌基因,可通过调节细胞增殖和凋亡信号通路来促进胰腺癌发生发展。综上所述,CDH17在胰腺中的表达和作用研究较少且结论不一致,因此,还需要进一步开展相关研究阐明其表达及作用。

3.5. CDH17在膀胱癌中的研究进展

目前膀胱癌是第二大最常见的泌尿生殖系统恶性肿瘤,全球死亡人数不断增加。在过去的二十年中,人们对膀胱癌诊断,治疗和监测的认知较差并严重影响生活质量 [30]。膀胱癌预后差,Qiu等 [31] 研究结果发现CDH17在25例原发性膀胱腺癌中有23例患者呈阳性表达,并涉及膀胱的大肠腺癌约92%呈阳性。同时CDH17在膀胱原发性腺癌中普遍表达,但在有腺分化的尿路上皮癌中呈阴性。基于实验发现,CDH17可用作诊断原发性膀胱腺癌的相对特异性和敏感性较高的标志物,将其与具有腺体分化的尿路上皮癌区分开来 [31]。在目前研究进展中CDH17仅仅在原发性膀胱癌中有明显表达,但在其他泌尿生殖系统中并没有发现其特性表达,因此,不能明确CDH17可作为膀胱癌的特异性诊断标志物,还需进一步研究阐述说明。

4. 结语

CDH17是近年来发现的钙粘连蛋白家族中的新成员,其作用方式和功能与经典的钙粘蛋白并不相同。目前的研究结果表明CDH17在不同的肿瘤中表达和作用可能存在差异,CDH17能否作为良好的诊断分子标志物和治疗靶点还需大量的实验进行验证。随着对CDH17研究的不断深入,我们将更好得揭示CDH17调控肿瘤发生发展的分子机制,并为CDH17作为治疗靶点奠定基础。

基金项目

国家自然科学基金项目(81403150);山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2020MH389, ZR2020QH208);山东第一医科大学学术提升计划(2019QL007)。

文章引用

姜一帆,张月英. CDH17在肿瘤中的作用研究进展
Relationship between CDH17 and Tumor Progression[J]. 世界肿瘤研究, 2021, 11(04): 131-136. https://doi.org/10.12677/WJCR.2021.114018

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  32. NOTES

    *第一作者。

    #通讯作者。

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