Advances in Psychology
Vol. 14  No. 03 ( 2024 ), Article ID: 83124 , 8 pages
10.12677/AP.2024.143154

性别角色与心理健康的关系研究综述

任思博

西南大学心理学部,重庆

收稿日期:2024年2月4日;录用日期:2024年3月12日;发布日期:2024年3月25日

摘要

近些年来,性别逐渐成为备受关注的热点话题。人们越来越重视性别角色对于个体身心健康发展的影响。为自我认同的一部分,性别角色对个体的认知、情感、行为产生了深远的影响。本文以双性化理论作为框架,综述了性别角色与心理健康关系的实证研究,从自尊水平、生活满意度、情绪情感三个维度探讨了性别角色对心理健康的影响。并且讨论了性别角色与抑郁、焦虑等心理问题之间的潜在联系,提供了通过塑造积极的性别角色来干预心理健康的参考思路。

关键词

性别角色,双性化,心理健康

A Review of the Relationship between Gender Roles and Mental Health

Sibo Ren

Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing

Received: Feb. 4th, 2024; accepted: Mar. 12th, 2024; published: Mar. 25th, 2024

ABSTRACT

In recent years, gender has gradually become a widely discussed topic. People are increasingly valuing the impact of gender roles on individual’s physical and mental health development. As a component of self-identity, gender roles exert profound influences on an individual’s cognition, emotions, and behavior. This article uses the androgyny theory as a framework to review empirical research on the relationship between gender roles and mental health. The exploration span s across dimensions of self-esteem, life satisfaction, and emotional well-being, delving into the multifaceted impact of gender roles on psychological health. Furthermore, this paper examines the potential links between gender roles and psychological issues such as depression and anxiety, providing insights into shaping positive gender roles as a potential intervention strategy for mental health.

Keywords:Gender Role, Androgyny, Mental Health

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

随着社会文化的演变,性别议题近年来受到了广泛的关注。传统观念中对于男性和女性的性别刻板印象受到冲击,人们对于性别的认知朝着更加开放、多元化的方向发展。在传统的性别刻板印象中,人们认为男性更具有能动性(例如,雄心勃勃,自信);女性更具有交流性(例如,富有同情心、热情)。性别角色(Gender Role)是人们对于这种性别刻板印象中男性和女性的行为、文化价值观的接受和认可程度(Keener & Mehta, 2017)。性别刻板印象代表了社会对于某个性别群体的认识,性别角色则是人们对于自己是否符合这种认识的判断。在某种程度上讲,持续的性别刻板印象加深了人们对于男女差异的认知,性别角色概念的出现则为性别平等提供了理论基础。由于性别角色是在社会环境的影响下形成的,个体对特定性别的信念是在家庭、学校的社会化过程中发展起来的(Halimi et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2021)。通过分析性别角色的形成和变化,可以理解不同文化中性别观念的差异和演变,有助于打破社会对于男性和女性行为的固有认知,推动性别观念的转变,促进性别平等的实现(Manago et al., 2014)。因此,关于性别角色的研究有着重要的社会意义。

同时,性别角色作为自我认同的重要组成部分,也对个体的成长和发展产生着深远的影响。性别角色通过自我调节的过程影响着个体的认知、情感、行为(Wood & Eagly, 2015),与个体的心理健康有着密不可分的关系。根据双性化理论(Bem, 1974),男性化特质和女性化特质是相互独立的,个体能够同时拥有两种特质。拥有双性化特质的个体更富有创造性(Stoltzfus et al., 2011)、善于处理情境信息(Cheng, 2005),通常能够更好地适应社会。这种行为上的灵活性让双性化的个体有更强的适应能力,能够更好地应对生活中的压力和挑战,可能会拥有更好的心理健康和更强的能力(Bem, 1977),性别角色可以作为心理健康的一个重要预测指标。

本文将以双性化研究为切入点,综述性别角色与心理健康关系的实证研究,探讨性别角色对个体自尊水平、生活满意度、情绪情感三个方面的影响,以及性别角色与心理疾病的关系,并且总结了通过塑造性别角色改善心理健康状况的干预方式。

2. 性别角色与心理健康的关系

2.1. 自尊

自尊是个体对自我价值的认可程度(Ziller et al., 1969)。作为一种主观评价,自尊并不代表一个人客观的能力,而是反映了他对自己感到满意的程度。自尊水平的高低是影响心理健康的重要因素之一,低自尊的人更有可能遇到心理健康问题(Orth & Robins, 2022)。积极心理学的研究者认为自尊是衡量心理健康和福祉的关键指标(Biddle & Asare, 2011; Lee & Allen, 2020; Paul & Moser, 2009; Schmitt et al., 2014)。在双性化理论中,双性化的性别角色模式是指个体认为自己同时拥有较高水平的男性化特质与女性化特质,他们对于自身特质的接受程度可能与自尊感受密切相关,往往更容易建立积极的自尊感。已有研究证实,双性化被试表现出更高的自我满意度,对自己的智力评价更高(Reilly et al., 2022)。Huang等人(2012)的研究发现,相比于其他性别角色模式,双性化的个体自尊水平最高,并且倾向于使用更加积极的应对策略,这进一步提示双性化个体在处理外界压力时更有可能保持良好的自尊以及心理健康。例如,在可能面临更多社会压力的性少数群体中,双性化有特别的心理保护作用,与其他性别角色类型相比,双性化对自尊有最积极的影响,同时通过自尊间接地预测了更低的抑郁水平(Lo et al., 2019)。由于同时拥有男性和女性特质,双性化的性别角色有助于缓解来自传统性别规范的压力,从而形成更加灵活的自我认同。不管在男性还是女性群体中,双性化的个体在自尊方面都表现出更加积极的态度(Juster et al., 2016; Shimonaka et al., 1994)。因此,建立平等的性别观念,培养双性化的性别角色,对提升个体自尊水平、维持心理健康是至关重要的。

2.2. 生活满意度

Headey等人(1993)指出生活满意度是心理健康的重要维度之一,它体现了一个人对近期生活进展的认知评估。由于生活满意度是一种主观评价,它受到主观变化的影响。生活的感知下降导致出现心理问题的风险增加,降低心理健康水平;相反,感知到积极变化的个体表现出更佳的生活满意度,努力提高并实现自己的潜能(Keyes & Ryff, 2000)。Lucas和Moore (2020)的研究表明,生活满意度受到心理灵活性的直接影响,心理灵活性水平更高的被试感知到的生活满意度水平更高。因此,被认为更具有灵活性的双性化群体,在评估自己的生活时可能表现出更积极的态度。有研究者发现,双性化的老年女性自我报告的生活满意度更高,这可能是由于双性特质的融合让其更具备心理适应性,并且能从与能动性和表现力相关的行为中受益(Gale-Ross et al., 2009)。Lipińska-Grobelny (2011)的研究也得到了类似的结果,双性化拥有最强大的心理资源,体现在生活满意度、自我效能感、个人竞争力等多个方面。这种积极影响同样出现于家庭环境中,双性化的父母在生活满意度多个维度的得分都显著高于其他被试,他们对家庭生活更加满意,与配偶、子女的关系融洽,认为自己的婚姻幸福(Wood et al., 2015)。而家庭往往是个体在经历心理问题时获得帮助的主要来源(Chen et al., 2019)。良好的家庭关系预测了家庭成员更好的心理健康和更高的生活满意度(Bai et al., 2020),同时强大的家庭复原力也可以有效减少抑郁、焦虑对家庭成员的负面影响(Tang et al., 2023)。这表明,双性化对于心理健康的影响并非局限于个体,而是进一步对整个家庭成员的心理健康产生着积极的影响,这进一步加强了双性化与家庭幸福之间的关联。上述结果提示,双性化个体良好的适应能力使人能更好地融入工作、家庭生活和社会环境中,从而提升生活满意度,有助于提高个体的心理健康水平。

2.3. 情绪情感

在生活中,人们总是体验着愉快或者不愉快的情绪,经历的同时个体会对这种情绪体验进行主观评估。随着时间的推移,这种态度开始积累,一段时间内所经历的积极和消极情绪比例直接影响着个体的身心健康(Fredrickson & Losada, 2005)。为了全面了解积极情绪的益处,Lyubomirsky等人(2005)通过对涉及积极情绪的225个研究进行分析发现,积极情绪体验更多的被试心理健康水平更高,犯罪行为、药物滥用行为更少,甚至在某些研究中,他们几乎没有精神疾病的症状(如抑郁、焦虑、精神分裂症)。虽然负面情绪的产生很难控制,但使用恰当的情绪调节也可以避免长期的消极情绪对身心健康的损害。有研究者发现,对比其他性别角色类型,双性化的产妇报告了更多的积极情绪,以及更少的产后抑郁情绪(Dimitrovsky et al., 2000)。同样地,Diaz和Bui (2017)指出,在美国的拉丁裔女性中,双性化的性别角色认同也是积极情绪的重要预测因素之一。双性化个体乐观的情绪态度,可能与他们积极的情绪调节策略有关。Cazenave等人(2007)在探究冒险行为与情绪调节的潜在联系时发现,双性化的冒险运动者表现出最平衡的情绪态度,他们进行冒险行为不是出于自我逃避,恰恰相反,他们通过在冒险活动中积极地进行自我构建、提升自我价值来获得情绪上的补偿(Taylor & Hamilton, 1997)。尽管双性化促进积极情绪的作用机制尚不清晰,但上述研究结果表明,相比于其他性别角色类型,双性化的个体往往体验到更多的积极情绪,也就更容易维持心理健康的状态。

3. 性别角色与心理疾病的关系

3.1. 抑郁、焦虑

近些年,关于性别角色与心理健康关系的研究不再局限于个体的自尊、生活满意度、情绪情感等方面,而是转向了对更具有临床实践意义的抑郁、焦虑等心理疾病的关注。双性化的个体具有思维上的灵活性,这使他们更容易适应情境的变化、应对生活中的挑战,从而减少了潜在的抑郁风险。在许多研究中,个体的性别角色与抑郁、焦虑水平都存在着显著相关。双性化的个体患抑郁症的可能性最小,有较少的焦虑、失眠症状(Pilar Matud & Aguilera, 2009),未分化的个体表现出最高的抑郁水平(Juster et al., 2016; Vafaei et al., 2016);相比于女性化个体,男性化个体表现出更低的焦虑、抑郁水平(Prakash et al., 2010)。这种性别角色对于焦虑、抑郁症状的影响同样存在于儿童(Smagur et al., 2017)、情感障碍患者(Szpitalak & Prochwicz, 2013)、性少数群体中(Lo et al., 2019)。一项元分析的结果显示,双性化的个体患抑郁症的可能性最小,未分化的个体更容易患抑郁症(Lin et al., 2021),男性特质与女性特质均与自我报告的抑郁水平有显著的负相关关系。

上述发现间接证实了男性特质和女性特质对抑郁症状均有保护作用,这一发现与双性化理论的假设一致,双性化可能是最理想的性别角色类型,可以保护男性和女性免于抑郁。Le和Iwamoto (2022)的一项纵向研究结果显示男性在经历性别角色冲突后产生的压力与6个月后更高的抑郁水平相关。尽管尚未有研究直接揭示双性化的心理保护性存在跨时间的稳定性,但通过上述结果可以推断性别角色在一定程度上可能与未来的抑郁症状存在联系。因此,引导人们形成健康的性别角色模式也可以成为改善心理健康问题的干预手段。

3.2. 其他心理疾病

双性化的个体善于应用更健康的情绪调节方式,表现出更积极的情绪,从而有助于他们的身心健康,这已经得到了上述实证研究的支持。相反,持续存在的不良情绪则会导致诸多心理问题。有的人倾向于通过情绪性进食来应对负面情绪以缓解心理压力,这样的处理方式往往会导致更严重的后果——饮食失调。一些研究者认为来自性别角色的压力也可能与饮食失调行为有关(Martz et al., 1995; Mussap, 2007)。Pritchard (2008)发现,无论是在男性还是女性大学生中,双性化的个体都报告了最少的饮食失调行为,而未分化者则表现出更多的饮食失调行为。Behar等人(2001)认为,这是因为双性化具备的灵活性和适应性让他们能够更好地应对生活中的困难。然而,在许多研究中,未分化则被证明与多种失调行为有关。与双性化的适应性相反,未分化的个体往往与不安全感、社交障碍、人格障碍相关,他们更容易出现酒精依赖、药物依赖等不健康行为(Griffin-Shelley et al., 1990; Möller-Leimkühler et al., 2002),这种自我认同可能是许多负面行为的风险因素。

4. 干预方式

诸多研究已经证实性别角色与个体的心理健康密切相关,尽管研究结果尚有争论,但仍有大量研究支持了双性化理论的观点,同时拥有高水平男性特质与女性特质的双性化个体有较高的自尊水平、更高的生活满意度、更多积极的情绪体验,这些促进了他们的心理更健康地发展,从而减少了心理疾病的患病风险。那么如何引导个体构建双性化的性别角色从而有效避免心理问题的产生可能未来研究的关键。从双性化理论的视角出发,性别角色是一种个体对自己是否符合社会期望的自我认知,它是一种在社会文化背景下产生、又受到自我意识调控的过程。通过塑造性别角色的方式改善心理健康水平就要从社会和个人两个层面考虑。

从社会层面来讲,鼓励人们平等的性别角色态度,首先要打破传统的性别刻板印象。儿童期和青少年期是形成性别角色的重要时期(Ruble et al., 2007; Ullrich et al., 2022, 2023),推动和实施学校的性别平等教育尤为关键。男孩应该喜欢蓝色,女孩应该乖巧文静,最常见如颜色、性格都被赋予了性别意义,生活中的性别刻板印象无处不在。学校的教育可以有效削弱这种刻板印象对学生的影响,通过视频观看和海报宣传的干预方式,学生对于性别角色的态度朝着更平等的方向转变(Liao et al., 2020; Yesil & Balci Karaboga, 2021)。学校在教育中应该鼓励学生勇于探索、突破传统规范的束缚,形成更加包容、多元的性别观念,塑造灵活、健康的性别角色认同。除此之外,媒体的宣传在改变社会观念中的性别刻板印象也起着至关重要的作用。例如,近年来对于女司机的污名化宣传让人们形成了“女司机是马路杀手”的刻板印象,但根据司法大数据研究院对外发布的《交通肇事罪特点和趋势(2016.1~2019.12)司法大数据专题报告》,男性驾驶人平均万人发案率为2.2,是女性驾驶人的8.8倍。可见人们对于特定性别人群的认知可能存在偏差,媒体的宣传要比报告中的数据传播更加广泛。已有研究发现,媒体可以塑造人们的性别角色,个体的性别角色观念因为社交媒体的使用而发生改变(Simon & Hoyt, 2013; Zhang & Su, 2021)。因此,应该鼓励媒体摆脱刻板印象,传播平等的性别观念,从而形成包容、接纳的社会氛围,以减少人们在进行自我认同时所承担的社会压力,更有利于个体的身心健康发展。

从个人层面来讲,构建性别角色也是进行自我认同的过程。双性化的个体可以清楚地认识自己,接纳自己非传统的性别特质并且能够在不同的情境下自如地表现出相适应的性别特质。这种灵活性让他们更具适应性,迅速融入新的环境,感受到较少的外界压力,往往拥有更高的心理健康水平。双性化群体表现出的这种根据变化的情境需求而调整行为的能力,在接纳与承诺疗法(Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, ACT)中被认为是心理灵活性的一种表现(Hayes et al., 2006)。Priest等人(2012)认为性别角色是认知的灵活性与行为的灵活性结合,提出了认知–行为性别角色认知连续体(Cognitive-Active Gender Role Identification Continuum, CAGRIC)的概念,并将其运用到家庭关系的治疗中。治疗师通过使用CAGRIC模型,改变个体的性别角色观念,帮助家庭成员克服性别刻板印象,提高心理和行为的灵活性,减少认知冲突,从而改善关系满意度。此外,心理灵活性也可以通过其他ACT疗法获得(Tyndall et al., 2020)。例如,Koen (2013)的研究发现,欣赏古典音乐可以启动心理灵活性状态;Sairanen等人(2015)的结果揭示,个体的心理灵活性与正念行为密切相关。提升心理灵活性有助于个体接纳自己、认同自己,在保持开放的同时坚定地按照自己的价值观行动,进而减少了因社会压力产生的困扰,降低了产生心理问题的风险。

5. 问题与展望

自双性化理论(Bem, 1974)问世以来,关于性别角色的研究进入了新的阶段。尽管经历了几十年的发展,双性化的观念逐渐取代了单维度理论,成为现在影响力最大的性别角色理论,但目前的研究仍存在一些局限。第一,测量方法较为单一。当前的大多数研究仅使用量表对性别角色进行评价,自我报告的性别角色得分可能会受到被试主观意愿的影响。在未来的研究中,可通过实验操作,以反应时等客观指标来测量被试的内隐性别角色态度。结合主观评价与客观得分,更全面地评估被试的性别角色认同。第二,生理机制仍值得探索。以往的研究对于性别角色的生理机制探索较少,并且多从生理性别的角度入手探究生理激素与个体男性特质、女性特质的关联,尚未有研究从双性化理论的视角出发,综合两种特质以揭示双性化个体的生理基础。今后的研究中可利用脑电、核磁共振等技术,全面分析双性化个体的神经活动模式,以进一步研究性别角色影响心理健康的神经基础,为未来的干预研究提供支持。第三,研究应与时俱进。Bem (1974)对于双性化的定义一直沿用至今,但随着社会文化的发展,一些传统的性别刻板印象可能已经发生变化,个体进行性别角色认同时所参照的信息也会随之改变。性别角色的研究离不开当前的社会文化背景,因此研究者应充分考虑社会观念的转变对于性别角色的影响。

文章引用

任思博. 性别角色与心理健康的关系研究综述
A Review of the Relationship between Gender Roles and Mental Health[J]. 心理学进展, 2024, 14(03): 241-248. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2024.143154

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