Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 06 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 52355 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.126749

经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺手术的研究进展

李秋慧1,王晓武2

1青海大学,青海 西宁

2青海大学附属医院乳腺甲状腺肿瘤外科,青海 西宁

收稿日期:2022年5月10日;录用日期:2022年5月27日;发布日期:2022年6月13日

摘要

随着微创技术迅猛发展,腔镜甲状腺手术(Endoscopic thyroidectomy, ET)已广受欢迎并取得了显著进展。本世纪初首次正式提出经自然腔道腔镜手术(Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, NOTES)这一理念,经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺切除术(Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach, TOETVA)也顺势归类为NOTES手术。TOETVA因其通过自然腔道的独特通路、缩短的通道长度、体表无瘢痕等特点,如今受到国内外学者广泛关注,在掀起腔镜甲状腺手术研究热潮的同时也带来了相应的难题。然而,目前相关基础研究及临床应用尚处于初级阶段,存在一定局限性,仍需深入探索。本文将就TOETVA的研究进展、临床应用和前景进行综述。

关键词

甲状腺疾病,腔镜甲状腺手术,经口腔前庭入路,经自然腔道腔镜手术,综述

Progress of Endoscopic Thyroid Surgery through Oral Vestibular Approach

Qiuhui Li1, Xiaowu Wang2

1Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

2Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining Qinghai

Received: May 10th, 2022; accepted: May 27th, 2022; published: Jun. 13th, 2022

ABSTRACT

With the rapid development of minimally invasive technology, Endoscopic thyroidectomy (ET) has become popular and achieved remarkable progress. At the beginning of this century, the concept of Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) was first formally proposed. Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) is also conveniently classified as NOTES surgery. TOETVA has attracted extensive attention from scholars at home and abroad due to its unique pathway through the natural cavity, shortened channel length, and no scars on the body surface, etc. It has aroused the research enthusiasm of endoscopic thyroid surgery but also brought corresponding problems. However, relevant basic research and clinical application are still in the initial stage; there are some limitations, and further exploration is still needed. This article will review the research progress, clinical application and prospect of TOETVA.

Keywords:Thyroid Disease, Endoscopic Thyroid Surgery, Oral Vestibular Approach, Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery, Review

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

在过去的二十多年里,ET在世界范围内越来越流行,这可能是由于患者希望避免在颈部的暴露区域留下不美观的切口疤痕。自20世纪末期开始,为试图掩盖颈部的疤痕,甲状腺微创治疗方法的发展经历了许多试验和磨难 [1]。而这一过程的转变,是从传统开放性甲状腺手术(Open thyroidectomy, OT)转向一种更精细微创的技术。从1996年Gagner [2] 报道了世界首例腔镜甲状旁腺切除术,到1997年 Huscher等 [3] 完成了首例腔镜甲状腺腺叶切除术,再到国内仇明等 [4] 在2001年完成首例腔镜甲状腺切除术,多年来,已发展出多种ET的入路方式,主要入路包括经胸乳、全乳晕、腋下、腋乳及耳后 [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] 等。虽然所有这些方法都比传统方法有美容改进,疤痕从颈部转移到身体其他不太可见的区域,皮肤疤痕仍然不可避免。随着本世纪初首次正式提出经NOTES这一理念 [10],TOETVA也顺势归类为NOTES手术。TOETVA应用了其他入路ET的优点并避免了其缺点,它的组织剥离和到达目的腺体的距离更少,其切口隐蔽在前庭黏膜所以完全避免皮肤切口 [11]。因此受到国内外学者广泛关注,并成为现今ET研究的热点及难点。现综合国内外文献报道,就此入路的研究进展作一综述。

2. TOETVA的发展史

2008年,Witzel等 [12] 最先从尸体和活猪上进行了完整的经口底腔镜甲状腺切除术,从此开启了经口腔腔镜甲状腺手术研究的新篇章。2009年,Benhidjeb等 [13] 在5例尸体标本中顺利完成经口底–口腔前庭联合入路腔镜甲状腺手术,从而将口底两个切口移至口腔前庭。2010年,Wilhelm等 [14] 完成1例伴有吞咽困难的右侧甲状腺良性结节性改变的经口底入路腔镜甲状腺切除术,成功将该方法运用到临床。2011年,我国王存川教授等 [15] 根据我国大部分人下颌骨颏部较扁平且口腔黏膜修复能力较强的特点,设计了通过口腔前庭3孔入路施行ET,从而在国内顺利开展首例TOETVA。2013年,日本学者Nakajo等 [16] 报告了8例无充气下单孔TOETVA。2018年,我国学者Shan等 [17] 通过系统回顾了211例经口腔镜甲状腺手术,得出结论为:平均手术时间为119.9 min;术中平均失血量为35.5 mL;平均住院时间为4.0天;开放手术的总体转化率为1.9%;暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退症的总发病率为7.1%;暂时性喉返神经损伤为4.3%;而颏神经麻痹为4.3%;从而证实其是可行和安全的。如今,TOETVA术在理论上精益求精,技术上游刃有余,在多个国家中被广泛地相继应用,我国也位于其中 [18]。

3. 手术的适应症及禁忌症

笔者查阅相关文献未查询到TOETVA正式的适应证和禁忌证表述。现综合已查阅的相关国内外文献总结如下:

手术适应证 [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]:1) 结节直径 ≤ 10 cm。2) 良性肿瘤,如甲状腺囊肿或单结节或多结节性甲状腺肿。3) 术前超声显示分化型甲状腺癌 < 3 cm,无甲状腺外延伸或淋巴结转移。4) II肿大的原发性甲状腺功能亢进。5) 最大径 ≤ 4 cm的胸骨后甲状腺肿。6) 滤泡性肿瘤。7) 药物治疗无效的Grave’s病。8) 有较强美容需求的病人。

手术禁忌证 [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]:患者自身因素:1) 口腔环境的恶化将增加手术的操作难度及预后风险。2) 既往甲状腺相邻器官有放射史或手术史。3) 无法手术,如全身麻醉风险大,并发症严重不能耐受手术创伤。肿瘤继发因素:1) 肿瘤的分型不同,如髓样癌、未分化癌等。2) 甲状腺功能亢进导致三度及以上肿大。3) 结节直径 > 10 cm。4) 合并严重的甲状腺相关并发症。

4. 手术的方式

对于TOETVA技术 [23] [24] [25] [26] [27],患者在鼻气管插管下取仰卧位,颈部过度伸展。术前30分钟给予阿莫西林–克拉维酸1.2 g。TOETVA常选取位于口腔前庭下唇系带前方远离牙龈根部5 mm以上横行切口为观察孔;双侧第一前磨牙根部水平远离牙龈根部5 mm以上纵行切口为操作孔。使用标准的10 mm 30˚腹腔镜,自上而下的可视化工作空间向下延伸到胸骨切迹在胸锁乳突肌的外侧边缘。带状肌在中线分离,经皮2/0丝缝线向外侧牵开,暴露甲状腺和气管。首先切开甲状腺峡部。然后解剖上极,在甲状腺表面用超声刀将上极血管的分支分开。发现并保存了上甲状旁腺和下甲状旁腺。喉返神经被确定在插入喉部,然后向下并平行于气管下方。将甲状腺线体标本放入标本袋,通过10~15毫米中央切口取出。带状肌肉用3-0可吸收缝线缝合,并将仪器移除。中线切口分两层闭合;3-0可吸收缝线用于接近颏肌,5-0铬色缝线用于闭合黏膜。将压力敷料放在颈部和下巴周围24小时。

5. 手术的并发症

1) CO2相关并发症

二氧化碳栓塞是一种潜在的严重并发症 [28] [29],充气相关的不良事件还包括纵隔气肿、气胸或过度高碳酸血症 [29]。有研究表明,由麻醉师连续监测呼气末CO2 (ETCO2目标 < 35 mmHg),CO2流速 < 15 l/min、CO2压力6 mmHg。在胸膜下平面下精确解剖和细致止血是减少CO2相关并发症的关键 [30],使用特殊牵开器的无气体TOETVA可避免发生CO2相关的并发症。拔管后,强烈建议在恢复室进行密切监测和观察,以确保安全恢复体内平衡。

2) 皮肤相关并发症

TOETVA术后轻微的皮肤损伤较为常见。最常见的皮肤损伤是下巴和颈前部的瘀斑 [31] [32]。这通常会在1~2周内缓解。有报道称,气腹针在分离、电灼上颈皮瓣解剖过程中引起的全层损伤或皮肤刺穿。其他皮肤损伤还包括因牵引引起的唇部连合处皮肤撕裂或手术过程中能量装置引起的烧伤 [32] [33]。术中应合理使用气腹针,及时注意术中视野的皮肤变化。

3) 血肿、皮下气肿

血肿是一种轻微的并发症,相关研究报道发生率在3.5%至5% [23],其风险随着为提供足够工作空间而创建的皮瓣的面积而增加,血肿抽吸是防止出现后遗症的治疗手段。由于充气,大多数患者在术中或术后可能会出现皮下气肿。这种情况大多数可在3~5天内消退 [17] [34]。查体在颈部区域可有捻发音,通常在6~12小时内减少 [34]。手术技术、气体流速和压力设置是发生这些情况的关键因素 [34] [35]。因此要加强术者是手术技巧,术中一定要规范的控制好相关设备仪器使用操作。

4) 感染

TOETVA的另一个并发症是手术部位的感染。通过OT的甲状腺切除术为清洁的I类切口,而口腔黏膜被多种细菌菌群定植,包括革兰氏阳性需氧菌和厌氧菌 [36]。故TOETVA被归类为清洁可能污染的II类切口。为了降低手术部位感染的风险,建议术前适当地预防性使用涵盖针对口腔的微生物菌群的抗生素,如阿莫西林–舒巴坦或头孢唑林 + 厌氧类抗生素(克林霉素或甲硝唑) [37]。

5) 颏神经损损伤

颏神经损伤为TOETVA特有的一种神经损伤并发症。颏神经是一种感觉神经,为下巴前部和下唇、下颌前牙的颊侧牙龈和前磨牙提供感觉。这是一种常见的并发症,发生率为1%~5% [38],通常为短暂的、侧面的或双边的感觉障碍,与工作戳卡放置部位有关。主要临床表现为术后下唇、下巴感觉下降(麻木和/或感觉异常和/或无法感知热液体)。有文献建议将5 mm戳卡口准确定位在口腔前庭黏膜,尖牙水平外侧的下唇内侧,可能会保留颏神经避免这种并发症的发生 [38] [39]。

6) 喉返神经(recurrent laryngeal nerve, RLN)损伤

在任何术式的甲状腺手术中,RLN的定位和保存最重要的步骤之一。OT中短暂性和永久性RLN损伤的发生率分别为2.11%至11.8%和0.2%至5.9% [12] [23] [40]。随着TOETVA技术的进步,RLN损伤的发生率逐渐降低。在所报告的RLN损伤病例中,通过TOETVA报告的声带功能在手术后6个月内完全恢复 [23] [26]。Inabnet、Dionigi和Wang等人,在TOETVA手术中展示了术中神经监测的应用并取得了可喜的成果。然而,这些研究中的患者数量被认为过于有限,需要进行更大规模的研究来证实神经监测可以降低RLN损伤的发生率 [28] [41] [42]。

7) 甲状旁腺功能低下和低钙血症

甲状旁腺功能低下是甲状腺术后的常见并发症之一,在全甲状腺切除术中更为常见,低钙血症是反应甲状旁腺功能降低的间接指标。Anuwong等 [43] 在2018年的研究,比较了422名患者中OT和TOETVA之间的并发症发生率,结果表明:与OT相比,TOETVA不仅术后疼痛较轻,而且甲状旁腺功能低下发生率较低。并且,患者术后没有出现永久性甲状旁腺功能减退症。这进一步说明了在TOETVA扩大视野的帮助下,不仅提高了甲状旁腺的识别率,而且使其并发症的发生率也得以降低。

6. TOETVA的临床有效性

TOETVA相较于其他甲状腺手术方式,最大优势在于患者的身体表面皮肤不会出现切口或者瘢痕,根据调查的临床数据发现 [17],其手术患者的满意度明显高于其他方式手术的患者。因此,美容效果成为了TOETVA最主要的优势。其次TOETVA在进行的过程中,更加贴合人类的自然解剖层次,其入路更短,同时需要进行的组织分离也更少。在这样的情况下,其微创理念可以更好的降低患者术后出现吞咽异物感的可能,同时也可以更好的对患者的术后疼痛情况进行控制 [15]。在选择口腔前庭作为腔镜入路的情况下,其对于中央区淋巴结的清扫效果会明显好于其他入路 [40] [41]。这主要是由于口腔前庭入路行腔镜甲状腺肿块手术很好的避开了患者的胸骨、锁骨等骨骼的干扰,同时也不需要对患者的胸腺进行切除,因此具有很好的视角广泛性,对于提升医护人员的手术准确度和清扫效果有着非常大的帮助,具有较高的适应性。

7. 展望

近些年来甲状腺疾病的发病率不断上升,其中年轻女性患者所占的比重越来越大 [44],以及人类社会的发展,人们已经不再满足于对基本生活的需求,而对精神面貌等方面的要求也越来越高。随着年轻女性患者对切口外观平整、无痕的诉求越来越高,迫使更多的外科医生潜心专研迎合患者审美的甲状腺手术方式。回首过往二十年,腔镜甲状腺切除术日趋精进。与传统术式相比较,无论在安全性和预后风险上都更具优势,使其越来越被大众所接受。虽然经口途径仍有很多需要完善的地方,如手术时间、技术操作水平、普及程度等,但与其他腔镜甲状腺切除术技术相比,经口途径不仅完全避免了进入切口的皮肤疤痕也带来了更少的预后风险。现如今,随着医疗器械的日趋精细及医疗水平的逐步提高,TOETVA无疑为外科医生和患者提供了更优手术方式的选择。在不久的将来,TOETVA会被更广泛的群体接受,会给更多的患者带来福音。

文章引用

李秋慧,王晓武. 经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺手术的研究进展
Progress of Endoscopic Thyroid Surgery through Oral Vestibular Approach[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(06): 5166-5172. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.126749

参考文献

  1. 1. Anuwong, A. (2016) Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach: A Series of the First 60 Human Cases. World Journal of Surgery, 40, 491-497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-015-3320-1

  2. 2. Gagner, M. (1996) En-doscopic Subtotal Parathyroidectomy in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism. The British Journal of Surgery, 83, 875. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800830656

  3. 3. Hüscher, C.S., Chiodini, S., Napolitano, C. and Recher, A. (1997) Endoscopic Right Thyroid Lobectomy. Surgical Endoscopy, 11, 877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004649900476

  4. 4. 仇明, 丁尔迅, 江道振, 戴观荣, 郇金亮. 颈部无瘢痕内镜甲状腺腺瘤切除术一例[J]. 中华普通外科杂志, 2002, 17(2): 127.

  5. 5. Zhang, D., Wang, T., Dionigi, G., Zhang, J., Zhao, Y., Xue, G., Liang, N. and Sun, H. (2019) Comparison of Parathyroid Hormone Kinetics in Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via Bilateral Areola with Open Thyroidectomy. BMC Surgery, 19, Article No. 190. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-019-0656-8

  6. 6. 徐麟, 石鑫, 李盖天, 陈鹏, 李洪涛, 刘宏斌. 经腋乳入路机器人与腔镜甲状腺切除术近期疗效的对比研究[J]. 腹腔镜外科杂志, 2019, 24(4): 249-252+257. https://doi.org/10.13499/j.cnki.fqjwkzz.2019.04.249

  7. 7. Guo, Y., Qu, R., Huo, J., Wang, C., Hu, X., Chen, C., Liu, D., Chen, W. and Xiong, J. (2019) Technique for Endoscopic Thyroidectomy with Selective Lateral Neck Dissection via a Chest-Breast Approach. Surgical Endoscopy, 33, 1334-1341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-018-06608-7

  8. 8. Chand, G., Mishra, S.K., Kumar, A. and Vimal, S. (2017) En-doscopic Thyroidectomy: Experience of Breast and Axillary Approach. Journal of Universal Surgery, 5, 1-5.

  9. 9. Russell, J.O., Razavi, C.R., Al Khadem, M.G., Lopez, M., Saraf, S., Prescott, J.D., Starmer, H.M., Richmon, J.D. and Tufano, R.P. (2018) Anterior Cervical Incision-Sparing Thyroidectomy: Comparing Retroauricular and Tran-soral Approaches. Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology, 3, 409-414. https://doi.org/10.1002/lio2.200

  10. 10. Atallah, S., Martin-Perez, B., Keller, D., Burke, J. and Hunter, L. (2015) Nat-ural-Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery. The British Journal of Surgery, 102, e73-e92. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9710

  11. 11. Chai, Y.J., Chung, J.K., Anuwong, A., Dionigi, G., Kim, H.Y., Hwang, K.-T., Heo, S.C., Yi, K.H. and Lee, K.E. (2017) Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy for Papillary Thyroid Microcarci-noma: Initial Experience of a Single Surgeon. Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research, 93, 70-75.

  12. 12. Witzel, K., Von Rahden, B.H.A., Kaminski, C. and Stein, H.J. (2008) Transoral Access for Endoscopic Thyroid Resection. Surgical Endoscopy, 22, 1871-1875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-007-9734-6

  13. 13. Benhidjeb, T., Wilhelm, T., Harlaar, J., Kleinrensink, G.-J., Schneider, T.A.J. and Stark, M. (2009) Natural Orifice Surgery on Thyroid Gland: Totally Tran-soral Video-Assisted Thyroidectomy (TOVAT): Report of First Experimental Results of a New Surgical Method. Sur-gical Endoscopy, 23, 1119-1120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-009-0347-0

  14. 14. Wilhelm, T. and Metzig, A. (2010) Endoscopic Minimally Invasive Thyroidectomy: First Clinical Experience. Surgical Endoscopy, 24, 1757-1758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-009-0820-9

  15. 15. 王存川, 翟贺宁, 刘卫军, 李进义, 杨景哥, 胡友主, 黄璟, 蔡念, 杨华, 潘运龙, 丁晖. 经口腔前庭腔镜甲状腺切除术6例经验[J]. 中国内镜杂志, 2013, 19(4):363-366.

  16. 16. Nakajo, A., Arima, H., Hirata, M., Mizoguchi, T., Kijima, Y., Mori, S., Ishigami, S., Ueno, S., Yoshinaka, H. and Natsugoe, S. (2013) Trans-Oral Video-Assisted Neck Surgery (TOVANS). A New Transoral Tech-nique of Endoscopic Thyroidectomy with Gasless Premandible Approach. Surgical Endoscopy, 27, 1105-1110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-012-2588-6

  17. 17. Shan, L. and Liu, J. (2018) A Systemic Review of Transoral Thyroidectomy. Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques, 28, 135-138. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLE.0000000000000512

  18. 18. Dionigi, G., Lavazza, M., Wu, C.-W., Sun, H., Liu, X., Tu-fano, R.P., Kim, H.Y., Richmon, J.D. and Anuwong, A. (2017) Transoral Thyroidectomy: Why Is It Needed? Gland Surgery, 6, 272-276. https://doi.org/10.21037/gs.2017.03.21

  19. 19. Russell, J.O., Clark, J., Noureldine, S., Anuwong, A., Al Khadem, M.G., Kim, H.Y., Dhillon, V.K., Dionigi, G., Tufano, R.P. and Richmon, J.D. (2017) Transoral Thyroidectomy and Par-athyroidectomy—A North American Series of Robotic and Endoscopic Transoral Approaches to the Central Neck. Oral Oncology, 71, 75-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.06.001

  20. 20. 田文, 费阳, 郗洪庆. 甲状腺手术中新技术的合理应用及展望[J]. 中国实用外科杂志, 2018, 38(6):600-604.

  21. 21. Park, J.-O. and Sun, D.-I. (2017) Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy: Our Initial Experience Using a New Endoscopic Technique. Surgical Endoscopy, 31, 5436-5443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-017-5594-x

  22. 22. 王平, 吴国洋, 田文, 樊友本. 经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺手术专家共识(2018版) [J]. 中国实用外科杂志, 2018, 38(10):1104-1107. https://doi.org/10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2018.10.02

  23. 23. Anuwong, A., Sasanakietkul, T., Jitpratoom, P., Ketwong, K., Kim, H.Y., Dionigi, G. and Richmon, J.D. (2018) Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Ap-proach (TOETVA): Indications, Techniques and Results. Surgical Endoscopy, 32, 456-465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-017-5705-8

  24. 24. Kahramangil, B., Mohsin, K., Alzahrani, H., Bu, A.D., Tausif, S., Kang, S.-W., Kandil, E. and Berber, E. (2017) Robotic and Endoscopic Transoral Thyroidectomy: Feasibility and De-scription of the Technique in the Cadaveric Model. Gland Surgery, 6, 611-619. https://doi.org/10.21037/gs.2017.10.03

  25. 25. Jitpratoom, P., Ketwong, K., Sasanakietkul, T. and Angkoon, A. (2016) Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach (TOETVA) for Graves’ Disease: A Comparison of Surgical Results with Open Thyroidectomy. Gland Surgery, 5, 546-552. https://doi.org/10.21037/gs.2016.11.04

  26. 26. Udelsman, R., Anuwong, A., Oprea, A.D., Rhodes, A., Prasad, M., Sansone, M., Brooks, C., Donovan, P.I., Jannitto, C. and Carling, T. (2016) Trans-Oral Vestibular Endocrine Surgery: A New Technique in the United States. Annals of Surgery, 264, e13-e16. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000002001

  27. 27. Dionigi, G., Lavazza, M., Bacuzzi, A., Inversini, D., Pappa-lardo, V., Tufano, R.P, Kim, H.Y. and Anuwong, A. (2017) Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach (TOETVA): From a to Z. Surgical Technology International, 30, 103-112. *

  28. 28. Tae, H.Y., Ahn, J.-H., Kim, J.H., Yi, J.W. and Hong, K.H. (2020) Bi-institutional Experience of Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy: Challenges and Out-comes. Head & Neck, 42, 2115-2122. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.26153

  29. 29. Fu, J., Luo, Y., Chen, Q., Lin, F., Hong, X., Kuang, P., Yan, W., Wu, G. and Zhang, Y. (2018) Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy: Review of 81 Cases in a Single Institute. Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques, Part A, 28, 286-291. https://doi.org/10.1089/lap.2017.0435

  30. 30. Zhang, D., Caruso, E., Sun, H., Anuwong, A., Tufano, R., Materazzi, G., Dionigi, G. and Kim, H.Y. (2019) Classifying Pain in Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy. Journal of Endocrino-logical Investigation, 42, 1345-1351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-019-01071-0

  31. 31. Wang, C., Zhai, H., Liu, W., Li, J., Yang, J., Hu, Y., Huang, J., Yang, W., Pan, Y. and Ding, H. (2013) Thyroidectomy: A Novel Endoscopic Oral Vestibular Approach. Surgery, 155, 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2013.06.010

  32. 32. Yang, J., Wang, C., Li, J., Yang, W., Cao, G., Wong, H.-M., Zhai, H. and Liu, W. (2015) Complete Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via Oral Vestibular Approach Versus Areola Approach for Treatment of Thyroid Diseases. Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A, 25, 470-476. https://doi.org/10.1089/lap.2015.0026

  33. 33. Richmon, J.D. and Kim, H.Y. (2017) Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy (TORT): Procedures and Outcomes. Gland Surgery, 6, 285-289. https://doi.org/10.21037/gs.2017.05.05

  34. 34. Zhang, D., Wu, C.-W., Inversini, D., Kim, H.Y., Anuwong, A., Ba-cuzzi, A. and Dionigi, G. (2018) Lessons Learned From a Faulty Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Ap-proach. Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques, 28, 285-289. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLE.0000000000000555

  35. 35. Anuwong, A. (2017) Strategy to Prevent Subcutaneous Emphysema and Gas Insufflation-Related Complications in Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach: Reply. World Journal of Surgery, 41, 2649-2650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-017-4042-3

  36. 36. Tanaka, K. (2001) Comparative Study on Bacterial Flora of Oral Cavity and Upper Pharynx in Healthy Elderly. The Japanese Journal of Antibiotics, 54, 19-21.

  37. 37. Salmerón-Escobar, J.I. and Del Amo-Fernández De Velasco, A. (2006) Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia Bucal, 11, E292-E296.

  38. 38. Kim, H.K., Chai, Y.J., Dionigi, G., Berber, E., Tufano, R.P. and Kim, H.Y. (2019) Transoral Robotic Thyroidectomy for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Perioperative Outcomes of 100 Consecutive Patients. World Journal of Surgery, 43, 1038-1046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-018-04877-w

  39. 39. Zhang, D., Park, D., Sun, H., Anuwong, A., Tufano, R., Kim, H.Y. and Dionigi, G. (2019) Indications, Benefits and Risks of Transoral Thyroidectomy. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 33, Article ID: 101280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2019.05.004

  40. 40. Zhang, D., Sun, H., Tufano, R., Caruso, E., Dionigi, G. and Kim, H. (2020) Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Management in Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy. Oral Oncology, 108, Article ID: 104755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104755

  41. 41. Dionigi, G., Bacuzzi, A., Lavazza, M., Inversini, D., Boni, L., Rausei, S., Kim, H.Y. and Anuwong, A. (2017) Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy: Preliminary Experience in It-aly. Updates in Surgery, 69, 225-234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-017-0436-x

  42. 42. Inabnet, W.B., Suh, H. and Fernandez-Ranvier, G. (2017) Tran-soral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach with Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring. Surgical Endoscopy, 31, 3030. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-016-5322-y

  43. 43. Anuwong, A., Ketwong, K., Jitpratoom, P., Sasanakietkul, T. and Duh, Q.-Y. (2017) Safety and Outcomes of the Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach. JAMA Surgery, 153, 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2017.3366

  44. 44. Xia, C., Dong, X., Li, H., Cao, M., Sun, D., He, S., Yang, F., Yan, X., Zhang, S., Li, N. and Chen, W. (2022) Cancer Statistics in China and United States, 2022: Profiles, Trends, and Determinants. Chinese Medical Journal, 135, 584-590. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000002108

期刊菜单