Advances in Psychology
Vol. 13  No. 08 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 70551 , 8 pages
10.12677/AP.2023.138409

初中生父母学业压力与手机依赖的关系:一个有调节的中介模型

郭真,丁伊婷,唐本钰

济南大学教育与心理科学学院,山东 济南

收稿日期:2023年7月1日;录用日期:2023年8月2日;发布日期:2023年8月14日

摘要

目的:探讨父母学业压力、自我同一性、成长型思维与手机依赖之间的关系。方法:采用父母学业压力量表、自我同一性量表、成长型思维量表和手机依赖量表对903名初中生进行问卷调查。结果:1) 父母学业压力与手机依赖呈正相关与自我同一性以及现在自我投入、将来自我投入愿望两个维度呈负相关,成长型思维与父母学业压力、手机依赖呈负相关,与自我同一性以及各个维度呈正相关。2) 父母学业压力显著正向预测手机依赖,成长型思维在父母学业压力与手机依赖之间起部分中介作用。3) 将来自我投入对中介模型的前半路径调节效应显著。相对于低将来自我投入,在高将来自我投入下父母学业压力对手机依赖的负向预测作用更显著。结论:父母学业压力一方面可以增加青少年的手机依赖,另一方面父母学业压力可以通过青少年成长型思维来减轻手机依赖。同时将来自我投入调节父母学业压力对成长型思维的影响。

关键词

父母学业压力,成长型思维,手机依赖,自我同一性,青少年

The Relationship between Parental Academic Pressure and Mobile Phone Dependence among Junior Middle School Students: A Moderated Mediator Model

Zhen Guo, Yiting Ding, Benyu Tang

School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, Jinan Shandong

Received: Jul. 1st, 2023; accepted: Aug. 2nd, 2023; published: Aug. 14th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective: To explore the relationship between parental academic pressure, ego-identity, growth mindset, and mobile phone dependence. Method: A questionnaire survey was conducted on 903 middle school students using the parental academic pressure Scale, ego-identity Scale, growth mindset Scale, and Mobile Phone Dependence Scale. Result: 1) There was positively correlated between parental academic pressure and mobile phone dependence, negatively correlated with ego-identity, and two dimensions of current self-involved and self-involved in the future, and negatively correlated between growth mindset and parental academic pressure and mobile phone dependence, positively correlated with ego-identity and various dimensions. 2) Parental academic pressure has a significant positive prediction on mobile phone dependence, growth mindset plays a partial mediating role between parental academic pressure and mobile phone dependence. 3) The moderating effect of self-involved in the future on the first half path of the mediation model is significant. Compared to low self-involved in the future, negatively correlated between parental academic pressure and growth mindset is more significant under high self-involved in the future. Conclusion: On the one hand, parental academic pressure can increase teenagers’ dependence on mobile phones, and on the other hand, parental academic pressure can reduce their dependence on mobile phones through teenagers with growth mindset. At the same time, self-involved in the future moderates the impact of parental academic pressure on growth mindset.

Keywords:Parental Academic Pressure, Growth Mindset, Mobile Phone Dependence, Ego-Identity, Adolescents

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

手机依赖是指个体沉迷于以手机为媒介的各种活动,并由此产生强烈的对手机使用的渴望与依赖,进而导致个体出现明显的生理、心理和社会功能损害等情况(黄海等,2014)。随着时代的发展,手机普及,青少年与手机的关系日益密切,手机依赖越来越成为一个密切关注的话题(Leung, 2017)。从个人角度来讲,青少年的手机依赖会对其学习成绩产生影响,降低学业成绩(Shen et al., 2021; Yadav et al., 2021)更严重者会导致孤独抑郁等症状(邱慧燕,2014;杨扬等,2022),从社会角度来看青少年手机依赖不仅会对亲子关系同伴关系产生影响(Zhen et al., 2020),对学校适应也产生着严重影响(张彩等,2022),因此探究产生手机依赖的影响因素,对于青少年不良心理产生的预防来说尤为重要。

父母学业压力是指父母强迫孩子更加努力学习或对孩子的学业成绩抱有很高的期望(Raufelder et al., 2015)。研究指出父母学业压力是青少年的手机依赖的重要影响因素与青少年的手机依赖呈显著正相关(Bai et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2022b),当青少年面对父母学业压力的时候,不仅会通过过度的手机使用来缓解放松心情(Wang et al., 2020),而且还会产生不安全感以及孤独感这在一定程度上又加强了其手机依赖(Zhang et al., 2022a; Zhang et al., 2022c)。以上研究表明父母学业压力与手机依赖存在密切关系。在此基础上本研究进一步探讨父母学业压力与手机依赖的内在心理机制。

成长型思维是指个人对自己的能力持有发展观的态度,认为个体的能力不是固定不变的,而是随着后天的学习逐渐增长的,因此他们面对困难的时候总是抱有积极乐观的态度不怕挑战(Dweck, 2006)。拥有成长型思维的青少年不仅拥有积极的情绪情感(Chan et al., 2022)而且在面对父母学业压力的时候拥有更好的推理能力,从而站在父母角度去思考理解问题(Hu et al., 2022)进行合理归因(Mrazek et al., 2018),这在一定程度上减轻了父母学业压力所带来的影响。同时研究指出拥有成长型心态可以显著缓解手机依赖(Lai et al., 2022; Sridharan et al., 2019)从而对青少年的心理健康产生积极影响,因此本研究假设成长型思维在父母学业压力与手机依赖中起到中介作用。

自我同一性也称自我认同,是个体内在心理的表达,是对于自身状态的明晰,对于个体实现自我一致的统合感(黄希庭等,2002)。青少年在面对来自父母学业压力的时候,青少年很容易产生不良情绪(Boughton & Lumley, 2011)这种不良情绪和压力如果得不到解决就会影响其自我认同感(Cohen & Sherman, 2014)。父母学业压力与青少年的自我认同密切相关,自我认同感高的青少年可以显著缓解父母学业压力带来的消极情绪(Leung & Shek, 2019)。青少年自我认同感密切相关,自我认同感与成长型思维密切相关。自我认同感高的青少年可以通过积极的自我肯定更好促进其成长型思维的发展(Wang et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2022d),因此本研究假设,自我同一性对父母学业压力和成长型思维起到调节作用。综上本研究提出假设模型,见图1

Figure 1. Hypothetical model of the parental academic pressure and mobile phone dependence

图1. 父母学业压力与手机依赖的假设模型

2. 对象与方法

2.1. 被试对象

采用整群抽样法,在山东省某中学共发放问卷958份,测试前争取被试同意,同时强调匿名性与保密性。有效回收问卷903份,有效回收率94.3%。男生450人占比49.8%,女生453人占比50.2%,初一471人占比52.2%,初二432人占比47.8%;独生子女150人占比16.6%,非独生子女753人占比83.4%。

2.2. 方法

2.2.1. 父母学业压力量表

父母学业压力量表(Parent Academic Pressure scale),采用Campbell (1994)编制的中文版本的父母学业压力量表,该量表来自父母影响清单(Inventory of Parental Influence, IPI)下的分量表,用来评估青少年对于父母在自己学业上给予压力的感知。该量表一共18个项目,采用Likert 5点评分法,从低到高“1”表示“坚决不同意”“5”表示“坚决同意”,得分越高表示父母学业压力越大。该量表在我国被证明具有良好的信效度(Quach et al., 2015)。父母学业压力量表在本研究中α系数为0.90。

2.2.2. 手机依赖量表

手机依赖量表(Mobile Phone Addiction Index Scale, MPAI),采用香港学者Louis (2008)编制的手机依赖量表。该量表一共17个项目,采用Likert 5点评分法,1表示非常不符合,5表示非常符合,得分越高表示其手机依赖程度越高。手机依赖量表在本研究中α系数为0.89。

2.2.3. 自我认同量表

自我认同又叫自我同一性(Self-identity)采用加藤厚编制,张日昇(2000)修订的自我同一性量表,该量表共12个项目。采用Likert 6点评分法,1表示完全不是,6表示完全是,其中反向计分的题目有2、4、5、7、10、12,同时1、2、3、4、为现在自我投入,5、6、7、8、为过去危机,9、10、11、12为将来自我投入。该量表在本研究中α系数为0.69。

2.2.4. 成长型思维量表

成长型思维量表(Growth Mind Scale),采用Dweck (2006)编制,家晓余(2018)翻译并应用的成长型思维量表(简称GMS),该量表共20个项目,采用Likert 4点评分法,1表示非常不同意,4表示非常同意,其中反向计分的题目有,1、4、7、8、11、12、14、16、17、20,总分越高表示越具有成长型思维,该量表在本研究中α系数为0.72。

2.3. 统计处理

采用SPSS26、PROCESS模型7程序对数据进行有调节额中介效应分析。

2.4. 共同方法偏差检验

采用Harman单因子法检验进行共同方法偏差检验,第一个因子的变异解释量为16.74%,小于临界值40%。因此本研究不存在严重的共同方法偏差。

3. 结果

3.1. 父母学业压力、自我认同感、成长型思维和手机依赖的相关分析

分析结果表明父母学业压力与成长型思维存在显著负相关与手机依赖存在显著正相关。成长型思维与手机依赖存在显著负相关。自我同一性以及各个维度与成长型思维存在显著正相关。自我同一性以及现在自我投入和将来自我投入两个维度与父母学业压力存在显著负相关。成长型思维与父母学业压力存在显著负相关,手机依赖与父母学业压力存在显著正相关,见表1

Table 1. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis results of each variable (r)

表1. 描述性统计以及各变量的相关性分析结果(r)

注:*P < 0.05,**P < 0.01,***P < 0.001,下同。

3.2. 有调节的中介效应检验

首先,采用Hayes编制的process中的模型4检验成长型思维在父母学业压力与手机依赖之间的中介作用。结果表明父母学业压力对手机依赖存在显著正向预测作用(β = 0.36, t = 11.63, P < 0.001),随后纳入成长型思维为中介变量,结果显示父母学业压力对手机依赖的直接效应依然显著(β = 0.31, t = 9.49, P < 0.001)。父母学业压力对成长型思维的预测作用显著(β = −0.32, t = 9.99, P < 0.001),成长型思维对手机依赖的预测作用显著(β = −0.18, t = −5.46, P < 0.001)。父母学业压力对手机依赖的影响,以及成长型思维的中介效应的bootstrap 95%置信区间的上下限均不包含0,说明父母学业压力不仅可以预测手机依赖,而且还能通过成长型思维对手机依赖间接产生影响,见表2

Table 2. Test of mediated effects with growth mindset

表2. 成长型思维中介效应检验

其次为了检验自我同一性各个维度的在父母学业压力与成长型思维之间的调节作用,使用process模型7进行有调节的中介效应检验。结果显示,父母学业压力与将来自我投入的乘积项对成长型思维的预测作用显著(β = 0.06, t = −2.4, P < 0.05)。说明将来自我投入可以调节父母学业压力对成长型思维的影响,见表3

Table 3. Test of the moderating effects of various dimensions of ego-identity

表3. 自我同一性各个维度的调节效应结果检验

为进一步揭示将来自我投入愿望在父母学业压力与成长型思维关系中的调节效应,本研究进行简单斜率分析,并通过简单斜率图对不同将来自我投入愿望水平下父母学业压力对成长型思维的影响进行探讨,结果如图2所示。在低将来自我投入背景下,父母学业压力对成长型思维的负向预测结果显著(simple slope = −0.11, t = −2.62, P < 0.01),而在高将来自我投入下父母学业压力对成长型思维的负向预测明显增强(simple slope = −0.23, t = −5.95, P < 0.001)。

Figure 2. The moderating effect of self-involved in the future

图2. 将来自我投入的调节作用

4. 讨论

4.1. 父母学业压力与手机依赖的关系

研究结果表明,青少年父母学业压力是影响手机依赖的重要因素之一,受父母学业压力影响的青少年更容易出现手机依赖,这也与以往的研究结果一致(Wang et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2022b)。随着教育重视程度的提高,青少年所面对的父母学业压力也日益升高。当强烈的父母学业压力出现的时候,他们就容易产生焦虑抑郁等症状(Quach et al., 2015),这种焦虑的症状进一步会加深青少年的手机依赖(Louis, 2008),从而对他们的身心发展产生消极的影响。由此可见父母学业压力是影响手机依赖的重要因素。

4.2. 成长型思维的中介作用

本研究发现,成长型思维在父母学业压力与手机依赖之间起到部分中介的作用。父母学业压力与成长型思维之间密切相关。当父母给予青少年的学业压力越多,越不利于他们成长型思维的发展(Kwok & Fang, 2022)。但是成长型思维高的青少年在面对来自父母学业压力的时候会主动调节自己的情绪,这在一定程度上减轻了来自父母学业压力的消极影响,从而有利于他们身心健康(Miller & Srougi, 2021)。除此之外,青少年的手机依赖与心理健康水平密切相关(Zhang et al., 2020)但拥有成长型思维的青少年可以显著降低焦虑抑郁的负面影响,提升心理健康水平,进而在手机使用上会显著降低(Lai et al., 2022)。

4.3. 将来自我投入愿望的调节作用

本研究发现,青少年将来自我投入的愿望调节了父母学业压力与成长型思维这条路径,相对于低水平的将来自我投入愿望来说,在高水平的青少年将来自我投入愿望下,父母学业压力对成长型思维负向预测作用更显著。这主要是因为对于将来自我投入愿望强的青少年来说,他们拥有更强的希望感,这种希望感与成长型思维关系密切,可以在他们遇到困难的时候进行有效的自我调节(Napolitano et al., 2020; Schmid et al., 2011),因此青少年在高将来自我投入愿望下,其父母学业压力对成长型思维的损坏效应更显著。

综上所述,本研究主要探讨教育背景下父母学业压力这一主流现象以及时代背景下青少年手机依赖之间的关系。结果表明父母学业压力与青少年手机依赖存在显著负相关,成长型思维在父母学业压力与手机依赖之间起到中介作用,即通过成长型思维可以减弱父母学业压力对青少年手机依赖所带来的消极影响。同时将来自我投入愿望调节了父母学业压力与成长型思维之间的负相关。研究结果更好解释了同样父母学业压力水平下不同青少年的手机依赖程度不同的关系。为青少年手机依赖的相关工作提供了心理依据。

文章引用

郭 真,丁伊婷,唐本钰. 初中生父母学业压力与手机依赖的关系:一个有调节的中介模型
The Relationship between Parental Academic Pressure and Mobile Phone Dependence among Junior Middle School Students: A Moderated Mediator Model[J]. 心理学进展, 2023, 13(08): 3264-3271. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2023.138409

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