Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 02 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 48709 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.122141

先兆冲动与Tourette综合征患儿抽动症状严重程度关系研究

刘鑫,衣明纪*

青岛大学附属医院儿童保健科,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2022年1月14日;录用日期:2022年2月8日;发布日期:2022年2月16日

摘要

目的:探究先兆冲动与Tourette综合征(Tourette syndrome, TS)患儿抽动症状严重程度相关性,为抽动障碍的临床诊断及心理干预提供新的理论依据。方法:按照年龄将105例TS患儿进行分组,小年龄组患儿(年龄在8~10岁)62名,大年龄组患儿(年龄 ≥ 11岁)43名,采用先兆冲动量表(PUTS)和耶鲁综合抽动严重程度量表(YGTSS)对患儿进行评价,对比不同年龄组患儿的PUTS、YGTSS评分差异,同时研究先兆冲动、年龄是否是抽动严重程度的影响因素。结果:两组患儿的PUTS、YGTSS评分差异均有统计学意义,小年龄组PUTS得分显著低于大年龄组患儿(15.35 ± 4.72 vs. 17.81 ± 6.53, P < 0.05),YGTSS评分小年龄组得分显著低于大年龄组患儿(31.76 ± 13.11 vs. 35.37 ± 12.55, P < 0.05);对患儿进行整体分析,Pearson相关分析结果显示PUTS得分与YGTSS总分及各子量表均显著相关(r为0.266~0.542,P < 0.05)。小年龄组PUTS得分与YGTSS总分、抽动频率、强度、复杂性、干扰及损害程度呈正相关(r为0.260~0.562,P < 0.05),大年龄组PUTS得分与YGTSS总分、抽动次数、频率、强度及损害程度呈正相关(r为0.314~0.513,P < 0.05);多元回归分析显示,先兆冲动可以显著影响抽动症状严重程度(β = 1.271, P < 0.05),而年龄不是抽动症状严重程度的影响因素(β = −0.375, P > 0.05)。结论:先兆冲动与年龄有关;先兆冲动能够作为预测TS患儿抽动严重程度的影响因素。

关键词

Tourette综合征,先兆冲动,抽动严重程度,影响因素

The Correlation between Premonitory Urges and Tic Symptoms Severity in TS Children

Xin Liu, Mingji Yi*

Department of Child Health Care, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: Jan. 14th, 2022; accepted: Feb. 8th, 2022; published: Feb. 16th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective: To explore the correlation between premonitory urges and severity of tic symptoms in children with Tourette syndrome (TS), and to provide a new theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and psychological intervention of tic disorder. Methods: A total of 105 TS children were divided into four groups according to age, including 62 in the younger age group (8~10 years old) and 43 in the older age group (≥11 years old). All the children were evaluated with the Onset Impulse Scale (PUTS) and Yale Comprehensive Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS). Compared the difference of PUTS and YGTSS scores in different age groups, and investigated whether premonitory urges and age were relevant factors of tic severity. Results: The PUTS and YGTSS scores of the two groups were significantly different. The PUTS score of the younger age group was significantly lower than that of the older age group (15.35 ± 4.72 vs. 17.81 ± 6.53, P < 0.05), and the YGTSS score was the same (31.76 ± 13.11 vs. 35.37 ± 12.55, P < 0.05). Overall analysis of the children showed that PUTS score was significantly correlated with YGTSS total score and all subscales (r was 0.266~0.542, P < 0.05). The younger age group PUTS score was positively correlated with YGTSS total score, tic frequency, intensity, complexity, disturbance and damage degree (r was 0.260~0.562, P < 0.05). The older age group PUTS score was positively correlated with YGTSS total score, tic number, frequency, intensity and damage degree (r was 0.314~0.513, P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that premonitory urges could significantly affect tic symptoms severity (β = 1.271, P < 0.05), while age was not a relevant factor of tic symptoms severity (β = −0.375, P > 0.05). Conclusion: Premonitory urges is related to age and can be used as an effective relevant factor to predict the severity of tic in TS children.

Keywords:Tourette Syndrome, Premonitory Urges, Tic Symptoms Severity, Relevant Factors

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

Tourette综合征(Tourette syndrome, TS)是一种起病于儿童和青少年时期的慢性神经发育障碍,其特征是具有多种运动性抽动及1种或多种发声性抽动,且病程持续一年以上 [1]。在儿童和青少年中的患病率约为0.8% (范围为0.3%~5.7%),男孩与女孩的患病比例为(3~4):1 [2] [3] [4]。多达93%的TS患者反映在抽动之前会经历不适的躯体感觉,称为先兆冲动 [5]。近期研究将先兆冲动分为两类:某些身体区域的“瘙痒”或“压力”之类的感官感觉,或某些事物“不是恰到好处”或“不完整”的感觉等精神现象 [6] [7]。先兆冲动属于非运动症状,通常伴随在运动症状发生的过程中,有时比运动症状更令人痛苦 [8]。

TS患儿常会共患注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)、强迫障碍(OCD)等精神障碍,并存在情绪和行为问题以及社交困难 [9] [10] [11] [12]。因此TS患儿除了受抽动症状的困扰,还常伴随不同程度的功能损害,以及生活质量的下降,他们急需有效的治疗手段来控制其抽动症状 [13] [14] [15]。

目前药物疗法作为传统的治疗方法,并非对所有的患者都有效,且这些药物可能会有副作用 [16] [17]。考虑到药物治疗的局限性,有必要发展安全有效的心理行为干预手段。有研究发现识别先兆冲动,并进行习惯逆转疗法(HRT)是改善患儿抽动症状的有效措施 [18]。因此研究先兆冲动具有重要意义,但目前国内对先兆冲动等非运动症状的研究极少,本研究对不同年龄层Tourette综合征患儿先兆冲动和抽动严重程度之间的相关性进行了分析,现报道如下。

2. 对象与方法

2.1. 研究对象

本研究获青岛大学医学院附属医院伦理委员会批准后开始实施。研究对象为2019年8月至2020年8月首次就诊于青岛大学医学院附属医院儿童保健科的105位Tourette综合征(TS)患儿,男性86例,女性19例。为鉴别年龄是否与先兆冲动存在相关,将以上患儿进行年龄分组,小年龄组(年龄在8~10岁之间)共有62名儿童,大年龄组(年龄 > 11岁)共有43名儿童。纳入标准:1) 由发育行为儿科专家进行诊治,符合《美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第5版(DSM-V)中关于TS的诊断标准;2) 个人资料完整;3) 患儿监护人知情同意。排除标准:1) 诊断不明确;2) 合并其他遗传、神经精神系统疾病;3) 合并躯体器质性疾病。

2.2. 研究工具

2.2.1. 抽动障碍一般情况问卷

抽动障碍一般情况问卷是研究者查阅国内外大量相关文献,结合国内实际情况编制而成,经过发育行为儿科专家及专科医师组内讨论并进行修改。由专项培训的专科医生对儿童及其直接抚养人(监护人)进行访谈,完成问卷。问卷内容包括儿童基本信息(姓名、性别、年龄、民族、出生情况等)、家庭信息(家庭结构、父母亲文化水平及过敏史、家族中抽动病史、其它神经精神病史、影响病情因素等)。

2.2.2. 先兆冲动量表(PUTS) [19]

此表是用于评估抽动患者先兆冲动的自我报告量表,由Woods等人开发,在儿童和青少年中具有良好的内部一致性和时间稳定性。量表包含9个项目,每项都按照4分进行评级(1 = 从不,2 = 有时,3 =经常,4 = 总是)。总分是所有9个项目的总和(分数范围从9到36)。得分越高,表明抽动前先兆冲动的存在和频率越强。

2.2.3. 耶鲁综合抽动严重程度量表(YGTSS) [20]

YGTSS量表是用于评估抽动严重程度的临床评定量表,应用广泛,具有良好的心理测量学特性。它是一项半结构化访谈量表,由儿童或其直接抚养人(监护人)填写。旨在评估最近7天运动和发声抽动的性质和严重程度。抽动的严重程度包括数量、频率、强度、复杂性和对正常生活的干扰5部分组成,分数范围从0到50分。此外还包括一个以抽动相关影响为重点的功能损害评分量表,该量表包括心理、家庭生活、社交、学习或工作对功能产生的影响,得分范围为0至50分。该量表的总分在0到100分之间,分为3个等级:轻度(<25分),中度(25~50分),重度(>50分)。

2.3. 质量控制

正式调查由发育行为儿科专家按照DSM-V标准明确TS的诊断;PUTS、YGTSS量表分别由儿童、儿童直接抚养人(监护人)完成,期间由同一名专科医师进行一对一详细解说和客观描述,同时通过访谈,完成抽动障碍一般情况问卷,确保了调查问卷的真实性和完整性。

2.4. 统计学处理

采用SPSS22.0进行统计分析,计量数据表示为平均值 ± 标准差(M ± SD);计数资料用百分比(%)表示;采用Pearson相关分析评价PUTS和YGTSS间相关性。逐步线性回归用于探讨先兆冲动和年龄是否是抽动障碍严重程度的影响因素。P值 < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 研究对象的基本情况

本次研究共统计病例105例,其中男孩86例(81.90%),女孩19例(18.10%),符合男女发病比率(3~4):1。患儿平均年龄10.27 ± 1.47岁(范围8~14.33岁),抽动发病年龄为7.38 ± 1.78岁(范围3~11岁),其中首次出现先兆冲动的年龄为9.24 ± 1.51岁(范围4~13.75岁)。8位患儿否认先兆冲动,有92.4%承认存在先兆冲动。10位患儿(8.9%)的抽动家族史为阳性,37位患儿(31.7%)有过敏史。

3.2. 不同年龄患儿的PUTS评分、YGTSS评分对比

大年龄组患儿的PUTS评分、YGTSS评分均显著高于小年龄组患儿,独立样本t检验分析显示两组对比有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表1

Table 1. Comparison of PUTS score and YGTSS score between the two groups (M ± SD)

表1. 两组患儿的PUTS评分、YGTSS评分对比(M ± SD)

3.3. PUTS评分与YGTSS评分的Pearson相关性分析

对所有患儿进行整体分析,Pearson相关分析结果显示PUTS得分与YGTSS总分及各子量表均显著相关(P < 0.05)。小年龄组PUTS得分与YGTSS总分、抽动频率、强度、复杂性、干扰及损害程度呈正相关,大年龄组PUTS得分与YGTSS总分、抽动次数、频率、强度及损害程度呈正相关。见表2

Table 2. Pearson correlation between PUTS score and YGTSS subscale (r)

表2. PUTS得分与YGTSS子量表的Pearson相关性(r)

*代表P < 0.05;**代表P < 0.001。

3.4. 多元回归分析

结果显示,先兆冲动可以显著影响抽动障碍的严重程度(β = 1.271, P < 0.05),而年龄不作为抽动发作严重程度的影响因素(β = −0.375, P > 0.05)。该回归模型具有较好的拟合(R2 = 0.295, F 21.389, P = 0.000)。见表3

Table 3. Regression analysis of premonitory urges, age and tic symptoms severity

表3. 先兆冲动、年龄与抽动症状严重程度的多元回归分析

4. 讨论

除抽动症状外,绝大部分TS患者还经历了先兆冲动,这些感觉被描述为瘙痒、压力或紧张感,通常在抽动后减弱或消失 [21]。在儿童时期,先兆冲动的发病年龄和发展仍然存在很多不确定性。有研究显示抽动症状首发通常在6~7岁左右,但儿童多在抽动发作的3年后才意识到自己的先兆冲动 [22] [23]。本次研究显示,105例TS患儿抽动发病年龄为7.38 ± 1.78岁,先兆冲动出现的年龄为9.24 ± 1.51岁,这意味着本项调查的研究对象多为抽动发作2年后意识到先兆冲动。考虑先兆冲动或许会受到年龄的影响,我们将本项调查研究对象8~14.3岁TS儿童分为8~10岁和≥11岁两组,结果发现90.3%的10岁以下儿童经历了先兆冲动,而≥11岁以上儿童的报告率为95.4%。这表明随着年龄增大,患儿区分先兆冲动和抽动的能力变得更加明显,报告先兆冲动的发生率更高。

从本次的研究结果来看,小年龄组患儿的PUTS评分、YGTSS评分均低于大年龄组患儿,意味着年龄较大的儿童更多的报告了先兆冲动并表现出更严重的抽动症状。且年幼儿童的抽动严重程度也与他们自身感知到的先兆冲动有关,PUTS得分与YGTSS总分密切相关,说明先兆冲动能够反应患儿的综合抽动严重程度。本次研究显示先兆冲动可以影响综合抽动严重程度的近30%,而年龄不作为抽动发作严重程度的影响因素,这一发现为使用先兆冲动作为控制工具并最终通过行为干预消除抽动的重要性提供了证据。此建议符合欧洲指南,该指南提出行为干预是治疗抽动的最有效方法,只有在行为干预不起作用时才使用药物治疗 [24]。习惯逆转疗法(HRT)是一种针对抽动障碍积极而有效的行为干预方法,通过指导患者学会辨识每次抽动症状的发生以及发生前的前驱感觉(即先兆冲动),然后及时运用一种特定的动作或行为(简称竞争性反应)与抽动症状相对抗,增强了感知觉冲动信号与抑制性运动命令之间的关联,从而阻止抽动的发生 [25]。

这项研究尚存在局限性。首先,样本量相对较小,仅包括儿童,若纳入更多的样本,涵盖儿童和成人,将更好地探讨先兆冲动与抽动症状之间的关系。其次,本研究没有评估共患病对先兆冲动和抽动的影响。

本研究为先兆冲动和抽动症状严重程度之间的相关性提供了证据,先兆冲动可影响综合抽动的严重程度,从而为通过行为干预控制先兆冲动并最终消除抽动提供了有力的依据。

文章引用

刘 鑫,衣明纪. 先兆冲动与Tourette综合征患儿抽动症状严重程度关系研究
The Correlation between Premonitory Urges and Tic Symptoms Severity in TS Children[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(02): 969-975. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.122141

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  26. NOTES

    *通讯作者Email: yimji@126.com

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