Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 11 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 74752 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.13112409

超声内镜在贲门部平滑肌瘤和胃肠道间质瘤鉴别诊断中的意义

苏燊*,任琳琳,许玉双,毛涛#

青岛大学附属医院,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2023年10月3日;录用日期:2023年10月27日;发布日期:2023年11月3日

摘要

背景和目的:贲门处上皮下肿物(SLE)主要为平滑肌瘤和胃肠道间质瘤(GIST),两者临床预后截然不同,前者为良性肿物,可进行随访观察,后者具有潜在恶性,需要内镜下切除。贲门处病变术后具有并发胃食管反流和狭窄的风险,因此该部位的术前评估更应谨慎以避免不必要的损害。超声内镜(EUS)对SLE的术前诊断具有重要价值,本研究的目的是分析贲门部SLE的超声内镜下特征与病理结果的对应关系,以达到术前鉴别诊断平滑肌瘤和GIST,为病患提供个体化诊疗意见(切除或随访)的目的。材料和方法:本研究纳入了2017年1月至2021年11月于青岛大学附属医院住院行内镜下贲门肿物切除术且术后病理示平滑肌瘤和GIST的患者。定量资料使用t检验进行分析,分类变量使用fisher确切概率法进行分析比较差异。P < 0.05认为差异有统计学意义。结果:本研究共纳入6例GIST和30例平滑肌瘤,对肿物的基线资料、肿物的大小、形态、起源层次、生长模式、内部回声、内镜下血流信号影和弹性成像进行分析,肿物形态(P = 0.024)及超声内镜下内部回声(P = 0.003)差异具有统计学意义。对形态及内部回声进行综合分析,内部回声对平滑肌瘤和GIST的鉴别诊断价值更高。结论:超声内镜检查可对贲门部平滑肌瘤及GIST进行鉴别诊断,肿物形态为广基形及内部低回声,尤其是低回声,提示平滑肌瘤可能性大。超声内镜检查是贲门肿物的术前鉴别诊断的一种有效、安全、可靠的方法。

关键词

平滑肌瘤,胃肠道间质瘤,超声内镜

Significance of Ultrasound Endoscopy in the Differential Diagnosis of Cardiac Leiomyomas and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Shen Su*, Linlin Ren, Yushuang Xu, Tao Mao#

Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: Oct. 3rd, 2023; accepted: Oct. 27th, 2023; published: Nov. 3rd, 2023

ABSTRACT

Background & Purpose: The main subepithelial leisons (SEL) at the cardia are leiomyomas and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), both of which have a different clinical prognosis, with the former being benign and allowed to be followed up, and the latter being potentially malignant and requiring endoscopic resection. Because of the risk of postoperative gastroesophageal reflux and stenosis at the cardia, preoperative evaluation of this area should be more cautious to avoid unnecessary damage. Ultrasound endoscopy (EUS) is valuable for the preoperative diagnosis of SLE. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the characteristics under EUS and pathological findings of SLE in the cardia, to achieve the preoperative differential diagnosis of leiomyomas and GIST, and to provide patients with individualized treatment advice (resection or follow-up). Materials and Methods: We included patients hospitalized in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2017 to November 2021 for endoscopic resection of the cardiac mass with postoperative pathology showing leiomyomas and GIST. Quantitative data were analyzed using the t-test, and categorical variables were analyzed using the Fisher exact probability method to compare differences. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There were 6 cases of GIST and 30 cases of leiomyomas included in this study. We analyzed the baseline data, size, morphology, level of origin, growth pattern, internal echogenicity, endoscopic blood flow signal image, and flexibility imaging, the differences in the shape of the mass (P = 0.024) and ultrasonographic endoscopic internal echogenicity (P = 0.003) were statistically significant. A comprehensive assessment of shape and internal echogenicity showed that internal echogenicity had a higher value in the differential diagnosis of leiomyomas and GIST. Conclusion: Ultrasound endoscopy can be performed to differentiate between leiomyomas and GIST in the cardia. Broad-based shape and internal hypoechogenicity, especially hypoechogenicity, suggest a high probability of leiomyomas. Ultrasound endoscopy may provide an effective, safe, and reliable method for the preoperative differential diagnosis of cardiac masses.

Keywords:Leiomyomas, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors, Ultrasound Endoscopy

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 背景

胃上皮下肿物(SLE)多是在胃肠镜检查中偶然发现的粘膜下隆起,根据临床预后可分为良性和恶性 [1] 。位于贲门部的肿物数量较少,以平滑肌瘤和胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)为主 [2] 。前者为良性肿瘤,可随访观察,后者具有潜在恶性,建议内镜下手术切除 [1] 。内镜下切除SLE,尤其是内镜粘膜下剥离术(ESD),虽然创伤较传统的外科手术小 [3] ,但也有出血、穿孔等并发症 [4] 。而贲门处因为解剖学位置特殊、手术难度大,术后具有并发胃食管反流和术后狭窄的风险,严重影响患者生活质量 [5] ,因此对于贲门处的肿物,术前更应谨慎评估,避免不必要的手术及相关并发症。综上所述,为了减少医疗资源的浪费和避免不必要的损害,术前明确诊断是必要的。

平滑肌瘤和GIST的术前鉴别诊断较为困难,病理为诊断的金标准,超声引导下细针穿刺术(EUS-FNA)是临床常用的获取病理的方法,但该方法对较小的肿物活检率不高,且存在肿瘤播散、促进肿物生长及出血的风险 [6] ,一直是存在争议,因此临床上需要一种非侵入性的方式以提高术前诊断的准确率。超声内镜(EUS)能够表征SLE的大小、回声、起始层、形状、血管性和位置 [7] [8] ,对于SLE的术前诊断具有重要的价值。既往研究发现贲门部的肿物多为平滑肌瘤,而贲门部两者的内镜下鉴别诊断并未深入讨论 [9] [10] [11] [12] 。

本研究的目的是分析贲门处SLE的超声内镜下特征与病理结果的关系,以达到术前鉴别诊断平滑肌瘤和GIST,为病患提供个体化诊疗意见(切除或随访)的目的。

2. 材料与方法

2.1. 纳入排除标准

本研究纳入了2017年1月至2021年11月于青岛大学附属医院住院行内镜下贲门肿物切除术且术后病理示平滑肌瘤和GIST的患者。排除术后病理诊断不明确及临床资料缺失者。所有纳入患者均知情同意,本研究得到青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会支持。

2.2. 超声内镜检查

所有患者术前均由经验丰富的医师行超声内镜(Olympus Optical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan)检查,我们记录了贲门肿物的大小、形态、起源层次、生长模式、内部回声、内镜下血流信号影及弹性成像。

2.3. 病理诊断

所有肿物术后均行组织病理学及免疫组化检查明确诊断。平滑肌瘤和GIST均由梭形细胞组成。平滑肌瘤Desmin和SMA呈弥漫性阳性,CD34和CD117呈阴性。GIST显示CD117和CD34阳性。

2.4. 统计分析

定量资料以均数 ± 标准差(SD)表示,使用t检验进行分析;分类变量使用fisher确切概率法进行分析比较差异。P < 0.05者认为有差异具有统计学意义。以上统计检验使用软件IBM SPSS 26.0。

3. 结果

3.1. 临床特征

Table 1. Clinical characteristics of GIST and leiomyomas

表1. GIST与平滑肌瘤的临床特征

本研究共纳入36例患者,其中GIST 6例,平滑肌瘤30例。患者临床特征见表1。两者在性别、年龄、BMI、吸烟史、饮酒史、高血压病史和糖尿病病史等方面无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。两者的大小差异无统计学意义(P = 1.00),均以10~20 mm为主。内镜下形态方面,GIST以半球形为主(n = 5, 83.33%),平滑肌瘤以广基形为主(n = 21, 70%),差异具有统计学意义(P = 0.024)。

3.2. 超声内镜下特征

Table 2. Ultrasound endoscopic characteristics of GIST and leiomyomas

表2. GIST和平滑肌瘤的超声内镜特征

平滑肌瘤和GIST超声内镜特征见表2。内部回声方面,GIST以混合回声为主(n = 5, 83.33%),平滑肌瘤以低回声为主(n = 25, 83.33%),差异具有统计学意义(P = 0.003)。GIST均起源于固有肌层(n = 6, 100%),平滑肌瘤起源于固有肌层(n = 25, 83.33%)、黏膜肌层(n = 4, 13.33%)及黏膜下层(n = 1, 3.33%),但差异无统计学意义(P = 1.00)。两者均以腔内生长为主,内部弹性成像质地偏硬,内部血流信号影虽然在GIST中出现,但差异无统计学意义(P = 0.143)。

3.3. 肿物的内部回声及形态

内部回声及肿物形态对GIST和平滑肌瘤的鉴别诊断均有统计学意义,我们对两者进行综合性分析,具体见表3。贲门处平滑肌瘤以低回声广基形为主(n = 19, 63.33%),GIST以混合回声半球形为主(n = 4, 66.67%)。混合回声肿物中,无论是广基形还是半球形,两者数量相当;低回声肿物中,平滑肌瘤数量远超GIST。因此虽然内部低回声和广基形态都有助于诊断平滑肌瘤,但前者效果更佳。

Table 3. Internal hypoechogenicity and shape of GIST and leiomyomas

表3. GIST和平滑肌瘤的内部回声和形态

4. 讨论

GIST和平滑肌瘤是上消化道最常见的SLE,但来源和恶性潜能的差异应决定两类肿瘤的治疗策略。两者的诊断需要依靠病理及免疫组化,然而,在进行手术治疗之前,通常很难区分这两种类型的肿瘤。贲门部的手术难度和术后风险大于其他区域 [5] ,因此,我们需谨评估贲门部位的手术指征,以避免对患者造成继发性伤害。

我们的研究发现,贲门部平滑肌瘤和GIST均为主要起源于固有肌层、边界清晰、腔内生长、弹性成像示质地偏硬的肿物,两者形态及内部回声是鉴别诊断的显著特征。内部回声是否均匀的鉴别要点与既往研究相一致 [9] [10] [13] 。Kim等人的研究发现,内部回声是否均匀、消声间隙和凹陷或溃疡这几个特征,内部回声是否均匀是唯一鉴别点 [9] 。既往研究还报道GIST内部回声高于固有肌层 [13] 。平滑肌瘤和GIST的生长模式相近,但前者的形态更为扁平,隆起幅度更低,可作为鉴别诊断的另一要点,目前未有相关文献对此进行分析报道。对形态及内部回声进行综合性分析:混合回声肿物中,无论是广基形还是半球形,平滑肌瘤和GIST两者数量相当;低回声肿物中,平滑肌瘤数量远超GIST。我们的研究证实虽然内部低回声和广基形态都有助于诊断平滑肌瘤,但前者效果更佳。

就起源层次而言,两者均主要起源于固有肌层,但平滑肌瘤有4例起源于黏膜肌层,1例起源于黏膜下层,GIST全部起源于固有肌层。虽然无统计学差异,但该部分数据提示起源于黏膜肌层的肿物多为平滑肌瘤。

既往研究发现,CT下观察到的GIST近半数表现为腔外生长,而平滑肌瘤更多表现为腔内生长 [14] ,我们的研究中并未观察到该现象,考虑既往研究所纳入的GIST更多的是胃底和胃体的,贲门部的数量较少,无法对贲门部位的SLE生长模式进行有效评估。

值得注意的是,内镜下血流信号影虽然差异无统计学意义,但在平滑肌瘤中,12例均无血流信号,GIST共2例,1例有1例无。既往研究表明,GIST内部具有血流信号影,且其存在与高风险分类显著相关 [15] [16] ,由于本研究纳入的GIST病例数量过少,无法得出有效结论,可进一步扩大样本量探索超声内镜下内部血流信号影对GIST的鉴别诊断意义。

Lee等人报道,贲门部的GIST较其他部位体积更小,低和极低风险的恶性程度所占比例也较其他地方高 [12] 。不论有丝分裂计数如何,2 cm或以下的胃间质瘤的转移率都极低(0%) [17] 。对于3~5 cm且有丝分裂计数低的病变,这一风险增加到3%,对于有丝分裂计数高的病变,这一风险增加到16% [18] 。因此对于贲门部的GIST,转移风险相对较低,<2 cm的肿物可进行随访观察,无需行内镜下切除,避免不必要的术后并发症损害。

本研究存在一定的局限性。首先本研究纳入的研究数量较少,仅纳入于我院行内镜手术切除的患者,其次本研究为单中心回顾性研究,需要更多中心的前瞻性研究以获取更准确的数据。本研究纳入的超声内镜指标较为基础,部分特征如内部消声空间、囊性间隙等未纳入,可行进一步分析。

5. 结论

超声内镜检查可对贲门处平滑肌瘤及GIST进行鉴别诊断,肿物形态为广基形和内部低回声,尤其是低回声,提示平滑肌瘤可能性大,可作为贲门肿物的术前鉴别诊断提供一种有效、安全、可靠的方法。

文章引用

苏 燊,任琳琳,许玉双,毛 涛. 超声内镜在贲门部平滑肌瘤和胃肠道间质瘤鉴别诊断中的意义
Significance of Ultrasound Endoscopy in the Differential Diagnosis of Cardiac Leiomyomas and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(11): 17185-17191. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13112409

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  19. NOTES

    *第一作者。

    #通讯作者。

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