Advances in Social Sciences
Vol. 11  No. 03 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 49644 , 7 pages
10.12677/ASS.2022.113125

完美主义担忧与拖延间关系的内在机制

——负性情绪和情绪调节能力的中介作用

徐俊业

西南大学心理学部,重庆

收稿日期:2022年2月13日;录用日期:2022年3月17日;发布日期:2022年3月24日

摘要

拖延这种日益常见的行为会给生活中的许多方面带来不利影响,如危害身心健康、导致工资水平的降低等。探究拖延行为产生的心理机制,对于拖延行为的预防和干预有重要意义。许多研究者发现完美主义担忧(完美主义的一个重要子维度)与拖延密切相关。但是,以往大多是相关研究,完美主义担忧与拖延间关系的内在机制并不清楚。因此,本研究采用多重中介分析的方法,探究完美主义担忧与拖延间关系的内在机制。与以往研究一致,完美主义担忧与拖延显著正相关。多重中介分析的结果表明,负性情绪和情绪调节能力可以中介完美注意担忧与拖延间的关系。综上,负性情绪和情绪调节能力可能是完美主义担忧与拖延间关系的内在机制。

关键词

拖延,完美主义担忧,多重中介分析

The Internal Mechanism Underlying Perfectionistic Concerns and Procrastination

—The Mediating Role of Negative Emotion and Emotion Regulation Ability

Junye Xu

Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing

Received: Feb. 13th, 2022; accepted: Mar. 17th, 2022; published: Mar. 24th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Procrastination, an increasingly common behavior, has been confirmed to be harmful in multiple fields, such as endangering physical and mental health as well as leading to lower wages. Exploring the psychological mechanism of procrastination is significant for the prevention and intervention of procrastination. Many researchers have found that perfectionistic concerns (an important subdimension of perfectionism) are closely related to procrastination. However, the internal mechanism underlying the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination is not clear. Therefore, this study adopted the method of multiple mediation analysis to figure out this problem. In accordance with previous studies, behavioral results indicated that the scores of perfectionistic concerns were positively correlated with procrastination scores. The results of multiple mediation analysis showed that negative emotions and emotion regulation ability can mediate the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination. Taken together, these results indicated that negative emotions and emotion regulation ability could be the internal mechanism underlying the correlation between perfectionistic concerns and procrastination.

Keywords:Procrastination, Perfectionistic Concerns, Multiple Mediation Analysis

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

近些年来,拖延(Procrastination)引起了越来越多研究者的关注。Steel在2007年指出,拖延是指尽管预见到会带来不利后果,人们仍自愿推迟开始或完成某一计划好的任务,其具有跨时间的稳定性和跨情景的一致性 [1]。拖延对生活中的许多方面都会产生不利影响,如学业成绩、身心健康、经济状况及幸福感等 [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]。在探究拖延的影响因素时,研究者们发现神经质、尽责性以及特质焦虑等人格特质与拖延密切相关 [7] [8]。此外,许多研究发现,完美主义这一人格特质也与拖延存在稳定的相关关系 [9] [10] [11] [12]。几个元分析的结果表明,完美主义担忧(Perfectionistic concerns) (完美主义的非适应维度)与拖延存在显著的正相关关系 [13] [14]。但是,以往大多是相关研究,完美主义担忧与拖延间关系的内在机制还不清楚。

完美主义担忧是完美主义的非适应性维度,指由对于失败及失败相关后果的恐惧而产生的完美主义追求,包括行动疑虑、担心错误、对他人负性评价的恐惧以及对不完美的消极反应,主要由担心错误、行动疑虑和社会定向的完美主义表征 [15]。许多研究者探究了与完美主义担忧相关的认知特征。首先,有研究者发现,非适应性的完美主义者存在明显的负性认知偏向,他们即使对积极信息也会以消极的方式做出反应 [16] [17]。其次,非适应性完美主义者通常都会存在过度自我批评的倾向 [18]。负性自我评价是完美主义担忧的一个重要特征,与自我批评、自我责备和自我贬低的想法有关 [19]。还有研究者探究了非适应性完美主义与情绪失调间的关系,从情绪体验、情绪意识及情绪调节策略三个方面指出了非适应性完美主义者更容易情绪失调的原因 [20]。在情绪体验上,当诱发负性情绪的事件引起了过度思考(反刍),他们更可能缺少将注意力转移到其他刺激上的能力,而持续的反刍会导致更加强烈且持续时间更长的负性情绪 [18]。在情绪意识上,非适应性完美主义者被发现会有更低的情绪意识 [21]。最后,在情绪调节策略上,非适应性完美主义者的负性认知偏向会使他们更多地关注负性刺激,这不利于他们通过调整注意的方式缓解负性情绪 [22],而且有研究表明他们会更倾向于使用回避、压抑等不利于降低负性情绪的方式进行情绪调节 [23] [24]。综合以往研究,非适应性完美主义(完美主义担忧)得分高的个体会因为自身的负性认知过程更容易体验到更强烈、更持久的负性情绪,而且他们的情绪调节能力也容易偏低。根据拖延的时间决策模型,个体是否拖延主要取决于其对任务的负性过程引发的任务厌恶和任务的正性结果引发的执行动机之间的权衡。当任务厌恶水平更高时,个体会更容易通过拖延来降低负性情绪 [25]。此外,拖延的短期情绪修复理论也指出,当面临会引发负性情绪(如任务厌恶)的任务时,如果个体的情绪调节能力不足,他们会把拖延作为一种情绪调节方法,优先进行情绪调节而放弃长远目标 [26]。根据完美主义担忧个体的认知特征,他们的负性认知偏向及问题性情绪调节等认知特征,很可能会使他们在面对负性任务时产生更多的负性情绪和情绪调节问题,从而选择拖延。综上,完美主义担忧可能会通过负性情绪和情绪调节能力来与拖延产生联系。

本研究使用中文版Frost多维完美主义量表(Chinese Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, CFMPS)、一般拖延量表(General Procrastination Scale, GPS)、特质焦虑量表(trait sub-scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI-T)和简版特质性情绪智力问卷(Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form, TEIQue-SF)测量被试的完美主义担忧、拖延、负性情绪水平及情绪调节能力。然后,通过相关分析检验完美主义担忧水平、一般拖延倾向、负性情绪及情绪调节能力之间的相关关系。接着使用SPSS Process组件进行多重中介效应分析,探究完美主义担忧是否会通过影响个体的负性情绪水平和情绪调节能力来与拖延产生联系。

2. 方法

2.1. 被试

本研究共招募了225名重庆本地某高校的大学生被试(年龄:M = 20.09 ± 1.77),其中女性被试170名,男性被试55名。所有被试均无精神疾病病史或者家族史,右利手,裸眼视力或矫正视力正常且均自愿参与本研究。实验开始前,全部被试都签署了知情同意书并在实验结束后会根据实验中的实际表现收到一定数额的人民币作为实验报酬。最后,本研究获得了西南大学伦理委员会的批准。

2.2. 测量工具与材料

一般拖延量表(General Procrastination Scale, GPS):本研究使用Lay在1986年编制的GPS量表来测量个体的一般拖延倾向 [27]。该量表使用5点计分的方法(1分:完全不符合,5分:完全符合),由20个题目组成。GPS量表的总分表征被试的拖延水平,得分越高,个体的拖延程度越重。在本研究中,一般拖延量表具有良好的信度,其克朗巴赫α系数为0.875。

中文版Frost多维完美主义量表(Chinese Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, CFMPS):本量表由訾非在2006年根据Frost多维完美主义量表修订而成 [28],共包含27个题目(无反向计分题目),采用5点计分的方法(1分:不同意,5分:同意)。题目可以归纳为5个维度,分别是:担心错误、行动疑虑、条理性、个人标准和父母期望。量表总体的克朗巴赫α系数为0.883,信度达到统计学使用标准。以往有研究者将担心错误和行动疑虑归纳为非适应性的完美主义(或美主义担忧) [3],因此在本研究中,使用这两个维度的总分来表征个体的完美主义担忧水平,总分越高则程度越重。

特质焦虑量表(trait sub-scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI-T):本研究采用状态–特质焦虑量表的特质焦虑分量表来测量个体的特质焦虑水平 [29],进而表征个体的负性情绪水平。量表使用Likert4点评分,1分代表完全没有,4分代表非常明显。量表的总分越高,则个体的焦虑程度越重。在本研究中,特质焦虑量表具有良好的信度,其克朗巴赫α系数为0.888。

简版特质性情绪智力问卷(Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form, TEIQue-SF):本量表是Petrides和Furnham等人在2003年编制的TEIQue的简版 [30]。量表包含30道题目,采用Likert 7点评分(1分:完全不符合,7分:完全符合)。在本研究中,特质性情绪智力量表的克隆巴赫系数为0.900,信度达到统计学使用标准。使用“我经常难以调控自己的情绪”和“只要我想,我通常能够找到方法控制自己的情绪”两道题目的总分来表征个体的情绪调节能力以进行后续分析。

2.3. 统计处理

在收集了拖延、完美主义担忧、特质焦虑(表征负性情绪)及特质性情绪智力(表征情绪调节能力)的得分后,先使用SPSS22.0进行相关分析,探究拖延与完美主义担忧之间的关系、拖延与负性情绪、情绪调节能力的关系、完美主义担忧与负性情绪、情绪调节能力的关系。随后使用SPSS Process组件进行多重中介效应分析,探究完美主义担忧是否会通过影响个体的负性情绪水平和情绪调节能力来与拖延产生联系。

3. 结果

3.1. 共同方法偏差检验

对收集的数据采用Harman单因素检验进行共同方法偏差的检验,结果显示,旋转前的探索性因子分析结果提取出特征根大于1的公共因子共有24个,最大因子方差解释率为18.64% (小于40%),表明本研究中共同方法偏差不明显。

3.2. 相关分析结果

表1所示:完美主义担忧与拖延存在显著的正相关关系,r = 0.352,p < 0.01。完美主义担忧与负性情绪(焦虑)水平显著正相关,r = .421,p < 0.01,而与情绪调节能力显著负相关,r = −0.375,p < 0.01。拖延也与负性情绪(焦虑)水平显著正相关,r = 0.453,p < 0.01,而与情绪调节能力显著负相关,r = −0.378,p < 0.01。

Table 1. The results of correlation analysis

表1. 相关分析结果

注:样本量n = 225;**表明在p < 0.01时显著。

3.3. 多重中介分析结果

表2图1所示,负性情绪和情绪调节能力在完美主义担忧与拖延的关系中起中介作用,中介效应值为0.340,占完美主义担忧与拖延间总效应的61.06%。中介效应共包含三条路径的间接效应:1) 完美主义担忧→负性情绪→拖延,效应值为0.213,占总效应的38.28%;2) 完美主义担忧→情绪调节能力→拖延,效应值为0.093,占总效应的16.67%;3) 完美主义担忧→负性情绪→情绪调节能力→拖延,效应值为0.034,占总效应的6.11%。

Table 2. The results of multiple mediation analysis

表2. 多重中介分析结果

Figure 1. The results of multiple mediation analysis

图1. 多重中介分析结果

4. 讨论

在研究1A中,我们采用相关分析和多重中介分析的方法探究了完美主义担忧与拖延间关系的内在机制。相关分析的结果显示,完美主义担忧与拖延及负性情绪显著正相关,与情绪调节能力显著负相关;拖延也与负性情绪显著正相关,与情绪调节能力显著负相关。多重中介分析的结果显示,负性情绪和情绪调节能力可以共同中介完美主义与拖延间的关系。这些结果均同假设一致,表明完美主义担忧可以通过增加个体的负性情绪、降低个体的情绪调节能力而导致拖延行为的产生。

首先,完美主义担忧与拖延间存在显著的正相关关系。这与先前几项元分析及一些研究者的发现一致 [9] [10] [11] [31]。其次,多重中介分析的结果表明负性情绪和情绪调节能力可以中介完美主义与拖延间的关系。前人研究指出完美主义担忧水平高的个体通常会更有可能去关注负性刺激,并且会习惯性地反刍过去的错误或担忧将要到来的压力事件,这些认知特征导致他们存在更大的可能体验到更加强烈而且持续时间更长的负性情绪 [12] [20] [32] [33]。此外,完美主义担忧水平高的个体也被证实会更容易产生情绪失调问题,并且会选择一些针对情绪反应的应对方式 [20] [34]。Sirois和Pychyl 2013年在短期情绪修复理论中指出,当个体在面对会引发厌恶情绪的任务但又无法调节负性情绪时,他们会把拖延作为一种不良的情绪调节手段 [26]。而当个体的完美主义担忧水平高时,他们面临厌恶任务会产生更多且更强烈的负性情绪,而且他们更难找到恰当的情绪调节方式,因此这类个体就更容易在此时选择拖延。综上,负性情绪和情绪调节能力在决定个体是否拖延中起着重要作用,而它们也可能是完美主义与拖延存在联系的内在机制。

综上,本研究使用多重中介分析的方法探究了完美主义担忧与拖延间关系的内在机制。在研究中也存在一些局限性,首先,本研究为横断研究,后续需要进行一些纵向研究来更加系统地了解二者之间的关系。其次,仅从行为层面探究了二者之间关系的内在机制,后续可以采用fMRI技术,探究完美主义担忧之间关系的神经基础,更加完整地了解二者产生联系的原因。最后,本研究使用特质性情绪智力问卷中的两道题目来表征情绪调节能力,后续需要使用专门的情绪调节能力问卷来进一步验证本研究的结果。

5. 结论

在本研究中,我们首先分析了被试完美主义担忧、拖延、特质焦虑(表征负性情绪)及情绪调节能力间的相关关系,然后进行了多重中介分析,结果发现:1) 完美主义担忧与拖延、负性情绪显著正相关,与情绪调节能力显著负相关;拖延与负性情绪显著正相关,与情绪调节能力显著负相关;2) 负性情绪和情绪调节能力可以中介完美主义担忧与拖延的关系。

文章引用

徐俊业. 完美主义担忧与拖延间关系的内在机制——负性情绪和情绪调节能力的中介作用
The Internal Mechanism Underlying Perfectionistic Concerns and Procrastination—The Mediating Role of Negative Emotion and Emotion Regulation Ability[J]. 社会科学前沿, 2022, 11(03): 906-912. https://doi.org/10.12677/ASS.2022.113125

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