Pharmacy Information
Vol. 10  No. 04 ( 2021 ), Article ID: 43794 , 6 pages
10.12677/PI.2021.104026

中药调控肠道菌群降脂减肥作用机制研究

姜振武,黄杭旗,吴慧婷,蔡汶含

浙江中医药大学,浙江 杭州

收稿日期:2021年6月10日;录用日期:2021年7月5日;发布日期:2021年7月9日

摘要

中医药因其疗效和预防作用促使其在治疗肥胖症方面有独特的优势,但其结构复杂、作用机制不明确等限制了其现代化、国际化和产业化的发展。肠道菌群与中药组分之间的相互作用在治疗过程中有着至关重要的作用。本文从肠道菌群影响肥胖症的分子机制出发,结合中药靶向肠道菌群治疗肥胖的疗效和作用机制,发现中药可调控肠道菌群结构、增加益生菌、降低致病菌等来抑制体质量增加、改善内毒素血症和胰岛素抵抗进一步达到预防肥胖等作用,同时肠道菌群又可促进中药化学成分的分解、提高生物利用性和生物活性、介导中药活性组分之间的拮抗和协同作用,分析了中药通过调控肠道菌群达到降脂减肥的研究进展,以期阐明中药、肠道菌群、肥胖三者之间的内在联系,为研发高效低毒的减肥中药提供研究思路。

关键词

肥胖症,中药,肠道菌群,代谢产物,作用机制

The Therapeutic Mechanisms of Gut Microbiota Regulated by Traditional Chinese Medicines for Obesity Epidemic

Zhenwu Jiang, Hangqi Huang, Huiting Wu, Wenhan Cai

Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou Zhejiang

Received: Jun. 10th, 2021; accepted: Jul. 5th, 2021; published: Jul. 9th, 2021

ABSTRACT

Traditional Chinese medicine has unique advantages in the treatment of obesity due to its curative effect and preventive effect, but its complex structure and unclear mechanism of action limit its modernization, internationalization and industrialization. The interaction between intestinal flora and TCM components plays a vital role in the treatment process. In this paper, starting from the molecular mechanism of intestinal flora affecting obesity, combined with the curative effect and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine targeting intestinal flora in the treatment of obesity, it is found that traditional Chinese medicine can regulate the structure of intestinal flora, increase probiotics and reduce pathogenic bacteria to inhibit weight gain, improve endotoxemia and insulin resistance to further prevent obesity. At the same time, intestinal flora can promote the decomposition of chemical components of traditional Chinese medicine, improve bioavailability and bioactivity, and mediate the antagonism and synergy between active components of traditional Chinese medicine. The research progress of traditional Chinese medicine through regulating intestinal flora to reduce obesity is analyzed, in order to clarify the internal relationship between traditional Chinese medicine, intestinal flora and obesity, and provide research ideas for the development of high efficiency and low toxicity traditional Chinese medicine.

Keywords:Obesity, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Intestinal Flora, Metabolite, Metabolic Mechanism

Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 前言

肥胖症是机体能量代谢失衡的结果,即能量摄入、消耗和储存之间的平衡出现紊乱。随着生活水平的提高和高脂饮食摄入的增加,肥胖症已成为主要的公共卫生问题 [1]。调查表明,全球有近1.08亿儿童和6.04亿成人患有肥胖症 [2]。肥胖症是心脑血管疾病、高血压、糖尿病、肿瘤等多种疾病的危险因素,甚至可直接导致死亡。研究表明,肥胖人群肠道菌群结构和丰度方面与正常人群具有差异,说明通过调节肠道菌群可以预防和治疗肥胖 [3]。肠道菌群是寄存在人体肠道中的正常微生物,种类繁多,数量庞大,可介导宿主消化吸收影响能量摄入、维持肠道稳态、抑制炎症的产生形成免疫应答、影响中枢神经等,与肥胖、糖尿病、非酒精性脂肪肝、癌症、炎症性肠病和肠易激惹综合征等多种疾病有关。肠道菌群可通过两方面影响炎症:肥胖人群致病菌丰度增加,可使得血清脂多糖水平升高,进而激活TLR-4/NF-κB信号通路诱发炎症反应 [4];双歧杆菌增加,CD4+CD25+TReg的数量也增加,可抑制炎症诱导的NF-κB活化、形成炎症免疫 [5] [6]。现应用于临床上治疗肥胖的药物多为脂肪酶抑制剂奥利司他、去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺再摄取抑制剂安非他酮等,但此类药物具有较强的副作用,存在引起过敏、急性肝肾损伤等风险。中医药是中华民族的瑰宝,具有多活性、多靶点、副作用小等优点。中药可通过减少“肥胖菌群”、增加“减肥菌群”等方式调控肠道菌群的结构,同时肠道菌群又可促进中药有效成分的吸收、代谢和转化 [7],肠道菌群很可能是中药药效发挥的重要“靶点” [8]。因此,本文从肠道菌群影响肥胖症的分子机制出发,结合中药靶向肠道菌群治疗肥胖的疗效和作用机制,探讨了中药调控肠道菌群降脂减肥作用机制,为高效低毒减肥中药的研发提供研究思路。

2. 肠道菌群影响肥胖的分子机制

人体肠道内存在数量超过100万亿、种类多达1000种的微生物,其中厚壁菌群、拟杆菌群和放线菌群占90%以上 [9]。肠道菌群中既有“肥胖菌群”、又有“减肥菌群”,如阴沟肠杆菌B29 Enterobacter cloacea 可产生内毒素导致肥胖症,引起炎症 [10],而双歧杆菌可促进胆固醇、脂肪等的分解,调节机体血脂代谢 [11]。肠道菌群可通过多种途径影响肥胖,发挥以下四大生理功能。

2.1. 参与宿主代谢

肠道菌群可通过代谢产生短链脂肪酸(short-chainfattyacid, SCFAs)、脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide, LPS)、胆汁酸和胆碱等,参与宿主代谢。研究表明SCFAs可通过调节能量稳态和代谢产生多方面的肠道和全身效应,是肠道菌群最重要的代谢产物之一 [12]。SCFAs传递信息至G蛋白偶联受体(G protein coupled receptor, GRK),诱导肠内分泌L细胞释放酪酪肽(Peptide YY, PYY)和胰高血糖素样肽-1(Glucagon-like peptid1, GLP-1),降低体脂含量 [13];可通过AMP激活蛋白激酶(adenosine monophosphate protein kinase, AMPK)产生的信号级联反应、评估细胞能量状态进一步减少能量的消耗 [14]。

2.2. 形成炎症免疫

肠道菌群可以刺激细胞产生各种细胞因子,通过增强肠道排屏障功能和改变肠道通透性形成宿主的炎症免疫和保持代谢稳定,进而改善肥胖。肠道生态失调,将会造成不平衡的细菌生态系统导致各类慢性炎症反应。ShamHP等 [15] 发现提高有益菌可显著改善炎性肠症,促使人体免疫。GuoB等 [5] 和EngevikMA等 [6] 在小鼠体内植入双歧杆菌,可以增加CD4+CD25+TReg的数量,抑制NF-κB的活化形成炎症免疫。傅春妮等 [16] 发现乳杆菌可抑制某些致病菌的吸附和定植、加强巨噬细胞的吞噬能力,刺激细胞产生各种细胞因子,维持肠道菌群的平衡,增强肠道屏障功能达到调节炎症的作用。Liu R等 [17] 发现消耗Muciniphila和taiotaomicron会损害肠道屏障的完整性,增加LPS的循环转运,使促炎因子TNF-α和IL-6的诱导作用,引起肥胖。

2.3. 维持肠道稳态

肠道菌群可通过影响树突状细胞、参与粘膜基糖化和促进屏障维护来维持肠道稳态。Salden BN等 [18] 研究发现肠道菌群可改变肠道树突状细胞的耐受性表型,能够减少消化系统的免疫发生;同时能激活树突状细胞,刺激免疫球蛋白IgA的产生,限制肠道共生菌和机会性病原体在肠道方面的渗透。Freitas M等 [19] 发现肠道菌群通过参与粘膜基糖化、与宿主肠道之间相互修饰,在体内启动细胞糖结合物的产生,为恢复肠道生态位提供必需物。Osadchiy V等 [20] 指出肠道菌群能促进屏障维护,进一步防止腔内病原体和有害物质进入内部环境,在促消化吸收方面也发挥作用,从而维持肠道稳态保持人体健康。

2.4. 影响大脑功能和行为

肠道菌群可影响宿主的神经系统,调整饮食行为的失调从而改善肥胖。肠道内的分泌细胞与中枢神经系统相互作用,从而影响肠道菌群及其代谢物(包括SCFAs、继发性胆汁酸和色氨酸代谢物) [7] 传递饱腹感信号影响食欲,从而改变进食行为。肠道菌群可以影响味觉感受器。Schellekens H等 [21] 介导增加GF小鼠的肠道甜味受体,发现肠道菌群能够影响味觉感受器,进而影响味觉。此外,GF小鼠的舌下FA转位酶(CD36)的表达增加,但FA受体包括GPR40、FFA3、FFA2和GPR120的肠道表达减少,表明影响脂肪生成的信号通路减少。

3. 中药靶向肠道菌群治疗肥胖

中药可以通过调控肠道菌群结构和丰度降低肥胖指标,如茶多酚 [22] 可以促进乳酸菌产生并降低体内血脂含量,根皮苷 [23] 可以通过增加菌群Akkermansia、muciniphila、Pseudomonas的含量降低大鼠体重。目前关于中药调控肠道菌群改善肥胖机制尚未完全明晰,现有研究主要从中药通过影响肠道菌群的数量和结构减少LPS、产生SCFAs和调控胆汁酸代谢等多种途径来阐述改善肥胖的作用。

3.1. 中药抑制肠道菌群减少血液LPS含量

中药可选择性抑制肠道菌群,通过减少穿过肠道屏障进入肝–肠循环的LPS,抑制或消除由血液中低浓度LPS引发的革兰氏阴性菌、增强肠道屏障进而改善肥胖。槲皮素 [24] 可抑制肠道中以脱硫弧菌为主的革兰氏阴性菌,降低血液中LPS含量,减少了因TLR4和CD14信号释放的TNF-α和促炎细胞因子(IL-1和IL-6),减轻炎症反应并避免人体代谢紊乱,有效预防肥胖。黄连素 [25] 可以减少与HFD诱导的炎症相关的弗格森氏大肠杆菌来抑制小带闭合蛋白-1和闭合蛋白的表达,增强肠道连接紧密性,减少血液中LPS,增加了肠道和脂肪组织中禁食诱导的脂肪因子(Fiaf)基因的表达,促进葡萄糖和脂质代谢的相关免疫反应,强化其减肥作用。

3.2. 中药促进益生菌产生SCFAs

中药可选择性促进产生SCFAs的益生菌,通过维持粘膜免疫和保护肠道屏障改善肥胖。Zhang X等 [26] 发现,小檗碱可选择性富集Blautia和Allobaculum菌,使小鼠粪便中SCFAs含量显著增加,SCFAs作为上游信号刺激肠内分泌L细胞生产GLP-2、调节Treg细胞的稳态并促进肠lgA的产生,通过诱导身法中心的形成和增加lgA + B细胞数量来维持粘膜免疫达到防治肥胖的效果。Guo C等 [27] 认为多酚和类黄酮为主要成分的沙棘可通过促进产生SCFAs的阿克曼菌和拟杆菌增生,诱导肠内分

泌L细胞释放PYY和GLP-1,刺激脂肪组织中瘦素的产生及调节结肠Treg细胞稳态,保护肠道屏障,使体内TG和LDL-C水平下降,有效改善肥胖。

3.3. 影响肠道菌群调控胆汁酸代谢

中药作用肠道菌群调控胆汁酸代谢,通过增强胆汁酸受体FXR/FGF19负反馈途径,抑制CYP7A1表达使胰岛素抵抗增强、能量消耗增加、糖耐量提高达到改善肥胖的效果 [28]。Zhang Yunjin等 [28] 证明了中药熊胆的主要活性成分熊去氧胆酸可通过调控拟杆菌、梭菌、乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、李斯特菌和肠球菌等调节代谢物胆汁酸、共轭胆汁酸转化为未共轭胆汁酸;调控梭状芽孢杆菌、XI簇和硬肠杆菌等促使初级胆汁酸转化为二级胆汁酸,降低SD大鼠的血脂。

3.4. 其他

中药作用于肠道菌群后还可影响大脑功能和行为,促进脂肪分解或抑制脂肪合成,调节激素水平等。虫草素 [29] 改变了肠道菌群丰度、进一步参与影响脑结构和激素分泌,改变食物摄入水平;小檗碱 [30] 会影响双歧杆菌等多种菌群,通过AMPK上调脂肪甘油三酯脂肪酶的表达和激素敏感性脂肪酶的磷酸化,从而刺激成熟脂肪细胞的基础脂解。主效成分为分子量大于30万Da多糖的灵芝水提取物 [31] 可以通过调节肠道菌群结构谱的结构和数量,减轻高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠体重,进一步改善炎症、胰岛素敏感性增强、逆转肠道菌群生态紊乱。此外,由于中药成分和肠道菌群的多样性,中药靶向作用于肠道菌群通常为抑制作用和促进作用相结合、多种分子机制同时发生,共同改善宿主肥胖。

4. 结论与展望

目前中药调控肠道菌群由于吸收、宿主等多方面因素仍无法精确剂量,确定影响肠道菌群的因素,但肠道菌群和宿主代谢之间联系密切,特别地与宿主肥胖相关性强。肠道菌群既可通过内分泌、免疫和神经系统造成肥胖,也可影响宿主代谢、增加肠道通透性、形成炎症免疫和影响大脑功能等改善肥胖,可以作为防治肥胖的新的靶目标,目前已有通过益生菌、益生元、药物、手术和粪便移植等手段,靶向调控肠道菌群实现对肥胖症干预的治疗。中药可调控肠道菌群结构、增加益生菌、降低致病菌等来抑制体质量增加、改善内毒素血症和胰岛素抵抗进一步达到预防肥胖等作用 [32]。本文结合肠道菌群影响肥胖症的分子机制和中药靶向肠道菌群治疗肥胖的疗效,分析了中药通过调控肠道菌群达到降脂减肥的研究进展,以期阐明中药、肠道菌群、肥胖三者之间的内在联系,可为以肠道菌群为靶点的中药制剂的开发和临床合理用药提供指导。另,基于肠道菌群缓解肥胖引起的代谢综合症方面的研究也可扩展到其他中药和其他疾病,为高效低毒的重要制剂研发提供研究基础。

文章引用

姜振武,黄杭旗,吴慧婷,蔡汶含. 中药调控肠道菌群降脂减肥作用机制研究
The Therapeutic Mechanisms of Gut Microbiota Regulated by Traditional Chinese Medicines for Obesity Epidemic[J]. 药物资讯, 2021, 10(04): 203-208. https://doi.org/10.12677/PI.2021.104026

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