Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 10  No. 07 ( 2020 ), Article ID: 36642 , 5 pages
10.12677/ACM.2020.107216

Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Liuliu Yan1, Di Han2*, Shaojun Wang2

1Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

2The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: Jul. 1st, 2020; accepted: Jul. 16th, 2020; published: Jul. 23rd, 2020

ABSTRACT

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS) is easy to be misdiagnosed and missed for clinical rarity, which is characterized by diarrhea, alopecia, skin pigmentation, malnutrition and gastrointestinal polyps. The etiology and pathogenesis of CCS are not clear. Its main clinical manifestations include multiple gastrointestinal polyps, pigmentation, alopecia, diarrhea, malnutrition. This paper reports a case of CCS and discusses it in combination with the domestic and foreign literature in order to provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of CCS in clinic.

Keywords:Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome, Diarrhea, Skin Pigmentation, Malnutrition, Polyps

Cronkhite-Canada综合征1例及文献复习

闫柳柳1,韩迪2*,王少军2

1青岛大学,山东 青岛

2青岛大学附属医院,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2020年7月1日;录用日期:2020年7月16日;发布日期:2020年7月23日

摘 要

Cronkhite-Canada综合征(Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome, CCS),又称息肉–色素沉着–脱发–爪甲营养不良综合征,因临床极为罕见而容易误诊和漏诊。CCS的病因和发病机制尚不明确,其主要临床表现包括胃肠道多发息肉、色素沉着、脱发、腹泻、营养不良。本文报道CCS患者1例并结合国内外文献进行讨论,旨在为临床上CCS的诊断和治疗提供参考。

关键词 :Cronkhite-Canada综合征,腹泻,色素沉着,营养不良,息肉

Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

Cronkhite-Canada综合征(Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome, CCS),又称息肉–色素沉着–脱发–爪甲营养不良综合征,因临床极为罕见而容易误诊和漏诊。CCS的病因和发病机制尚不明确,其主要临床表现包括胃肠道多发息肉、色素沉着、脱发、腹泻、营养不良,预后差。目前国内外关于CCS病例均较少,其治疗尚无统一标准,以营养支持治疗为主,激素治疗可能有效。现报道我院收治的一例CCS患者。

2. 病例报告

患者男,72岁,因“腹泻1年,甲床变形6月,下肢水肿1月”于2016年10月14日收入我院。1年前无明显诱因出现间断性腹泻,约5~6次/天,呈黄色稀水样,无黏液脓血,量少,无发热、腹痛,无便秘与腹泻交替,无里急后重、便血。当地医院结肠镜示:全结肠广泛0.5~0.8 cm大小不等息肉,表面充血水肿,广基(见图1),考虑结肠息肉病,病理示炎性息肉;予“思密达”口服治疗,疗效一般。6月前出现甲床变形,伴全身皮肤色素沉着,手部为著,双手指及双足趾变形、变软、增厚,伴指甲脱落,就诊至北京协和医院皮肤科考虑“黑棘皮病、甲癣”,予复合维生素治疗,疗效欠佳。1月前出现双下肢水肿,仍有腹泻,间断出现血便,伴纳差、乏力,当地医院予抑酸、调节肠道菌群、补液治疗,疗效一般。今就诊于我院门诊,实验室检查示Hb 95 g/L (参考值范围130~175 g/L),白蛋白16.53 g/L (参考值范围40~55 g/L),血钾3.25 mmol/L (参考值范围3.5~5.3 mmol/L);上腹部CT示胃体小弯侧胃壁增厚并胃腔扩张,大量腹水;胸部CT示双侧胸腔积液并邻近肺组织膨胀不全,心包积液。门诊以腹泻查因收入院。精神、食欲差,睡眠一般,小便无异常,大便如前所述,体重下降10 kg。无胃肠息肉及结直肠癌家族史。体检:T 36.6℃,P 80次/分,R 18次/分,BP 118/76 mmHg;神志清,精神欠佳,营养不良,慢性病容;面部、躯干、手掌及双下肢皮肤色素沉着,可见散在褐色斑,爪甲变厚、粗糙,部分脱落(见图2);头发稀疏,浅表淋巴结未触及;双肺语音震颤减弱,局部叩诊浊音,呼吸音减低;心脏(−);腹软,无压痛、反跳痛,肝脾肋下未及,移动性浊音阳性;双下肢重度指凹性水肿。辅助检查:Hb 96 g/L,白蛋白16.7 g/L,血钾3.25 mmol/L,血钠136.5 mmol/L,FT3 2.68 pmol/L,余生化、皮质醇、ACTH、T-SPOT、免疫相关指标、男性肿瘤标志物等化验无异常。胃镜示食管黏膜光滑;胃底、胃体、胃角、胃窦密布多发大小不等息肉样黏膜隆起,部分融合,表面充血水肿,胃腔、幽门变形(见图3);十二指肠球部及降部多发0.3~1.0 cm息肉样隆起,表面充血水肿。镜下诊断:胃、十二指肠多发隆起病变,息肉病?病理示(胃窦)中度慢性浅表性胃炎伴息肉样变;Hp (−)。小肠CT造影示:胃、部分空肠、空回肠交界区、回肠末段、结肠多发病变,符合炎性病变伴多发息肉表现。结合患者病史、症状、体征及辅助检查,诊断为Cronkhite-Canada综合征 低蛋白血症 胸腔积液 腹腔积液 低T3综合征 低钾血症 轻度贫血。鉴别诊断:1) 家族性腺瘤病:可出现腹泻、便血等症状,胃肠道息肉多为增生性改变,多有明确的家族史,无皮肤色素沉着、指甲及毛发脱落等体征,该患者不符合家族性腺瘤病。2) Peutz-Jeghers综合征:是一种常染色体显性遗传病,多有明确的家族史,发病年龄早,色素沉着多在口周、颊黏膜处,无毛发、指甲改变,息肉病变以小肠受累为主,多并发肠套叠、肠梗阻,该患者不符合Peutz-Jeghers综合征。住院期间患者家属拒绝激素治疗,予营养支持、纠正电解质紊乱、抑酸、调节菌群、对症治疗,腹泻较前缓解,双下肢水肿明显消退。随访:3月后患者就诊于北京友谊医院、积水潭医院,予强的松40 mg qd治疗,20 d减5 mg,大便平均2次/d,复查白蛋白25 g/L,一般情况尚可。2年后因白蛋白进行性减低去世。

Figure 1. In the colon, there are extensive polyps of 0.5 - 0.8 cm in size, hyperemia and edema on the surface, and broad base

图1. 结肠可见广泛0.5~0.8 cm大小不等息肉,表面充血水肿,广基

Figure 2. Palmar pigmentation, brown spots, thick and rough nails, and partially desquamated

图2. 手掌色素沉着,褐色斑,指甲变厚粗糙,部分脱落

Figure 3. There were multiple polypoid like mucosal protrusions in the gastric horn and antrum, partial fusion, and hyperemia and edema on the surface

图3. 胃角、胃窦多发大小不等息肉样黏膜隆起,部分融合,表面充血水肿

3. 讨论

CCS是临床上极为罕见的非遗传性疾病,发病率百万分之一,于1955年首次报道 [1] [2] [3] [4]。目前约500例,日本占75%,平均发病年龄在50~60岁,男女比例3:2 [4] [5] [6] [7]。CCS也称息肉–色素沉着–脱发–爪甲营养不良综合征,主要症状是腹泻、腹痛、消瘦和厌食,其次是指甲营养不良、脱发、皮肤色素沉着等,白癜风相对少见 [3] [8]。CCS发病机制尚不清楚,可能与精神压力、疲劳、IgG4水平升高导致自身免疫紊乱有关 [9]。CCS随病程加重,预后极差,5年死亡率55%,与营养不良、消化道出血、贫血、感染、休克、严重电解质失衡有关,仅5%的病例出现完全缓解 [4] [10] [11] [12] [13]。CCS的诊断依据主要包括老年男性,症状以腹泻、腹痛、水肿、体重下降为主,有皮肤色素沉着、脱发及指(趾)甲萎缩等外胚层病变,实验室检查提示贫血、营养不良,内镜检查提示胃肠道广泛多发息肉 [14]。息肉分布可遍及整个消化道,胃、结肠多见,近100%合并胃息肉,2%~12%见于食管 [6] [10] [15]。病理组织学无特异性,多为炎性息肉、错构瘤性息肉、幼年性息肉和管状腺瘤等 [16] [17]。需与幼年性息肉、家族性肠息肉、Peutz-Jeghers综合征、炎症性肠病及小肠淋巴瘤等鉴别 [13] [14] [18]。

本例患者就诊过程复杂,体现了CCS易误诊和漏诊的特点。患者临床表现较典型,基本符合上述诊断依据。此外,本例患者FT3减低提示合并低T3综合征,可能与机体长期的营养不良状态有关。CCS患者常有抗核抗体滴度和IgG4水平升高,可能与甲状腺功能减退、自身免疫性疾病相关 [19]。本例患者长期腹泻、营养不良导致严重的低蛋白血症,进而出现胸腔积液、腹腔积液,预后差。少数病例腹泻程度与低蛋白血症不平行,可能与肠道过分泌有关,胃肠核素显像证实存在胃肠道丢失蛋白 [20]。

CCS治疗方案目前尚无统一标准,主要包括营养支持、糖皮质激素、美沙拉嗪、PPI、H2R拮抗剂、根除幽门螺杆菌、手术等 [2] [6] [16]。短期随访患者症状改善,但低蛋白血症纠正不明显,其直接死因可能与严重的低蛋白血症有关,这也提示了营养支持在CCS患者治疗的重要性。由于免疫因素可能参与了CCS的发生 [9],故部分CCS患者激素治疗有效的机制可能与减轻胃肠道炎症及抑制自身免疫反应有关 [21]。本例患者发病早期拒绝使用糖皮质激素治疗,可能失去了最佳的治疗时期。有研究显示,糖皮质激素可改善90%以上CCS患者腹泻症状,联合美沙拉嗪可能达到完全缓解 [4] [22] [23]。激素抵抗型患者应用环孢素后也取得了较好的效果 [15] [24]。CCS患者胃肠道息肉少数可癌变,建议手术切除所有> 1.0 cm的肠息肉以预防结直肠癌发生 [7]。

同意书

该病例报道已获得病人的知情同意。

文章引用

闫柳柳,韩 迪,王少军. Cronkhite-Canada综合征1例及文献复习
Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature[J]. 临床医学进展, 2020, 10(07): 1437-1441. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2020.107216

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