Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 06 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 52468 , 5 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.126762

玫瑰痤疮的药物治疗研究进展

刘丽琴

青海大学,青海 西宁

收稿日期:2022年5月13日;录用日期:2022年6月1日;发布日期:2022年6月15日

摘要

玫瑰痤疮的药物治疗包括外用甲硝唑、克林霉素、红霉素、伊维菌素、壬二酸、过氧化苯甲酰、α肾上腺素能受体激动剂及水杨酸等,口服多西环素、异维A酸、羟氯喹、β肾上腺素能受体抑制剂及抗焦虑类药物等,此外多种类型的激光已经越来越多地用于玫瑰痤疮的治疗。本文将综述其药物治疗方面的最新进展。

关键词

玫瑰痤疮,药物治疗,研究进展

Research Progress of Drug Therapies for Rosacea

Liqin Liu

Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

Received: May 13th, 2022; accepted: Jun. 1st, 2022; published: Jun. 15th, 2022

ABSTRACT

The drug treatment of rosacea includes topical metronidazole, clindamycin, erythromycin, ivermectin, azelaic acid, benzoyl peroxide, α-adrenergic receptor agonist and salicylic acid, oral doxycycline, isotretinoin, hydroxychloroquine, β-adrenergic receptor inhibitors and anti-anxiety drugs, etc. In addition, several types of laser have been increasingly used in the treatment of rosacea. This article will review the latest progress in drug therapy.

Keywords:Rosacea, Drug Therapy, Research Progress

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

玫瑰痤疮(rosacea)又称酒渣鼻或酒糟鼻,是一种好发于面中部,主要累及面部血管、神经及毛囊皮脂腺单位的慢性复发性炎症性疾病 [1]。临床表现主要是面中部皮肤潮红、红斑、毛细血管扩张或丘疹、脓疱等,少数患者会有增生肥大及眼部改变,部分患者还可出现干燥、刺痛、瘙痒等自觉症状。根据中国玫瑰痤疮诊疗专家共识(2016),玫瑰痤疮分为四种类型:红斑毛细血管扩张型、丘疹脓疱型、肥大增生型及眼型 [2]。玫瑰痤疮损毁外貌,且容易反复发作,给患者的工作生活带来不便,影响精神心理健康。本文将对玫瑰痤疮的药物治疗进展进行综述,为其诊治提供一定参考。

2. 一般护理

在玫瑰痤疮的治疗中,皮肤屏障的修复是基础治疗,可以使用具有修复皮肤屏障作用的医学护肤品。紫外线暴露是玫瑰痤疮的诱因之一,应注意防晒,如戴宽檐帽子、戴墨镜、穿防晒衣物等物理防晒措施。避免过度清洁 [3],避免使用“三无”护肤品 [4],慎用隔离霜及彩妆 [5]。此外,还应改善生活方式,避免使玫瑰痤疮反复或加重的刺激因素,如精神压力、冷热刺激、辛辣刺激性食物以及某些药物等。

3. 外用药物治疗

1) 抗微生物类外用制剂:包括甲硝唑、克林霉素或红霉素、伊维菌素。甲硝唑为硝基咪唑类抗生素,具有杀灭毛囊蠕形螨及抗炎抗氧化的作用,外用甲硝唑对丘疹、脓疱有较好疗效,对红斑也有一定治疗效果,对血管扩张无效 [6]。本药是美国FDA批准用于治疗玫瑰痤疮的外用药物之一,常用0.75%甲硝唑凝胶、霜剂和洗剂,1%甲硝唑凝胶和霜剂 [7]。克林霉素或红霉素均对丘疹、脓疱有一定的疗效,对红斑和毛细血管扩张效果欠佳,可用于丘疹、脓疱的二线治疗 [8]。克林霉素常用剂型为乳膏或凝胶,常用浓度为0.3%和1%;红霉素为乳膏剂型,常用浓度为2%。伊维菌素是较新的治疗玫瑰痤疮的药物,美国FDA批准1%伊维菌素乳膏用于丘疹脓疱型玫瑰痤疮的治疗。伊维菌素治疗玫瑰痤疮的机制可能与其抗毛囊蠕形螨及抗炎作用有关 [9]。一项循证医学研究结果显示,针对中重度玫瑰痤疮的治疗,外用1%伊维菌素霜每日1次的疗效优于外用15%壬二酸凝胶每日2次或0.75%甲硝唑霜每日2次 [10]。

2) 壬二酸:通过抑制紫外线诱导的细胞因子释放、减少激肽释放酶5 (KLK5)和抗菌肽的表达发挥抗炎症作用,从而改善玫瑰痤疮的丘疹、脓疱 [11]。姜媛等 [12] 外用15%壬二酸凝胶联合羟氯喹、盐酸多西环素治疗丘疹脓疱型玫瑰痤疮,0.1 g/次,1次/天,治疗12周,结果显示,联合壬二酸治疗组有效率(91.67%)明显优于传统治疗组(70.37%)。常用浓度为10%、15%或20%的乳膏或凝胶,每日2次 [13]。少数患者用药初期可能会出现灼热、瘙痒及刺痛感,但上述症状一般持续时间短且较轻微。

3) 过氧化苯甲酰:具有抗微生物作用而用于玫瑰痤疮治疗 [14]。有研究显示,外用过氧化苯甲酰凝胶治疗丘疹脓疱型玫瑰痤疮,每天1次,持续12周,疗效明显优于对照组 [15]。常见不良反应为红斑、鳞屑及局部瘙痒等,故该药仅用于鼻部或口周丘疹脓疱型患者,点涂于皮损处。

4) 外用缩血管药物:α肾上腺素能受体激动剂可以特异性与血管管壁上的平滑肌α受体结合,阻断交感神经对外周血管的扩张作用,从而收缩血管 [16] [17]。国外常用0.5%酒石酸溴莫尼定凝胶 [16],每日1次。可能出现反弹性红斑/潮红加重、瘙痒和皮肤刺激等不良反应,临床上应谨慎使用。另一种αl肾上腺素能受体激动剂盐酸羟甲唑啉可通过收缩血管周围平滑肌而达到收缩血管的作用,并有一定抗炎作用,2017年美国FDA批准1%盐酸羟甲唑啉乳膏用于成人玫瑰痤疮持续性红斑的治疗 [18]。针对中重度玫瑰痤疮患者,外用1.0%盐酸羟甲唑啉乳膏,1次/天,连用29天,该临床试验结果显示,红斑减少12%~16%,表明安全有效 [19]。

5) 其他:水杨酸具有角质促成、角质溶解、杀菌和抑菌等作用,对玫瑰痤疮的丘疹和脓疱有效 [20]。近来,有报道称氨基己酸、色甘酸钠、除虫菊酯、硫化锌、叶绿素铜钠等外用对玫瑰痤疮亦有效,但疗效待证实。

4. 系统药物治疗

1) 抗生素:是玫瑰痤疮丘疹脓疱的一线系统治疗 [21]。多西环素是四环素类抗生素,通过抑制基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)、直接或间接抑制蛋白酶激活受体2 (PAR2)、抑制白细胞趋化作用、清除自由基等机制发挥抗炎作用 [22]。美国FDA批准了40 mg/d多西环素缓释剂用于治疗玫瑰痤疮,该剂量具有抗炎作用而无抗菌作用,最大程度避免了使用抗生素导致的细菌耐药和菌群失调。部分患者可能出现头晕、嗜睡及胃肠道反应等不良反应。由于国内没有40 mg的多西环素剂型,故推荐多西环素50 mg或100 mg每晚1次,或米诺环素50 mg或100 mg每晚1次,疗程8~12周 [23]。不耐受四环素类抗生素或者有用药禁忌者,可选择大环内酯类抗生素如阿奇霉素或克拉霉素。

2) 甲硝唑:具有抗毛囊蠕形螨作用。对于镜检发现较多毛囊蠕形螨的患者,可选用甲硝唑400~600 mg/d,疗程4周左右。常见不良反应为恶心、呕吐、腹胀等胃肠道反应,偶有失眠、头痛、皮疹等不良反应。

3) 异维A酸:是维A酸的天然代谢产物,其发挥作用的机制是降低基质金属蛋白酶活性、抑制炎症细胞因子。对于肥大增生型玫瑰痤疮患者可首选异维A酸作为系统治疗,异维A酸也可作为丘疹脓疱型玫瑰痤疮的二线用药 [24]。常用剂量为10~20 mg/d [25],疗程为12~16周。异维A酸主要不良反应为可能加重玫瑰痤疮患者阵发性潮红、红斑症状,可能会引起皮肤、口唇干燥,可使用保湿润肤乳及润唇膏等,以减少皮肤干燥、唇炎等不良反应。还需注意其致畸以及对血脂和肝功能的影响。异维A酸不可与四环素类药物同时使用。

4) 羟氯喹:具有抗炎、抗免疫、抗紫外线损伤等多种作用,有研究表明,羟氯喹可通过抑制LL-37诱导激活的肥大细胞,减少炎症因子的释放,对于阵发性潮红或红斑的改善优于丘疹和脓疱 [26] [27]。常用剂量为0.1~0.2 g每日2次,疗程一般8~16周,可根据病情酌情延长疗程。眼部病变是羟氯喹最严重的不良反应,但是发生率较低,研究表明眼损害与每日剂量、用药时间和累计剂量有关,服用剂量达到(600~1000 mg/d)时,其毒性作用最大,当剂量降至400 mg/d时,不良反应及其少见 [28]。对于使用时间较长的患者应注意检查眼底。

5) β肾上腺素能受体抑制剂:卡维地洛是非选择性β受体阻滞剂,可作用于血管平滑肌β肾上腺素能受体而发挥缩血管作用,对于难治性阵发性潮红和持续性红斑明显的患者可选用 [29]。常用剂量为3.125~6.25 mg/次,每日1~3次。需注意监测患者心率和血压。

6) 抗焦虑类药物:有报道抗抑郁药米氮平和帕罗西汀可通过多种机制发挥抗炎作用 [30]。对于长时间精神紧张、过度焦虑的玫瑰痤疮患者可选择应用抗焦虑类药物,面部潮红、灼热、瘙痒等自觉症状较明显的玫瑰痤疮患者也可选用。

5. 小结

玫瑰痤疮是一种顽固的、反复发作的慢性炎症性皮肤病,发病机制及诱因尚未十分明确,故其治疗是一个复杂的过程。其药物治疗包括外用药物治疗和系统药物治疗。上述药物的出现为玫瑰痤疮的治疗提供了更多的选择,但由于外用药物1%伊维菌素乳膏、壬二酸、0.5%酒石酸溴莫尼定凝胶及1%盐酸羟甲唑啉乳膏国内暂无上市,上述外用药物及抗焦虑类药物的疗效及安全性都需要更多相关临床研究数据的证据。玫瑰痤疮的治疗要考虑多方面因素,包括分型、诱因、病因等。

文章引用

刘丽琴. 玫瑰痤疮的药物治疗研究进展
Research Progress of Drug Therapies for Rosacea[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(06): 5263-5267. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.126762

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