Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 05 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 65165 , 8 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1351028

急性胰腺炎严重程度预测

孙兆栋1,杨生虎2*

1青海大学研究生院,青海 西宁

2青海大学附属医院,普外三科,青海 西宁

收稿日期:2023年4月9日;录用日期:2023年5月3日;发布日期:2023年5月11日

摘要

急性胰腺炎是多种病因导致胰酶在胰腺内被激活后引起胰腺组织自身消化、水肿、出血甚至坏死的炎症反应。临床以急性上腹痛、恶心、呕吐、发热和血胰酶增高等为特点。病变程度轻重不等,轻者以胰腺水肿为主,临床多见,病情常呈自限性,愈后良好,又称为轻症急性胰腺炎。少数重症患者的胰腺出血坏死,常继发感染、腹膜炎和休克等,病死率高,称为重症急性胰腺炎。随着该疾病临床上的发展出现了各种对急性胰腺炎严重程度的预测因子,本文从急性胰腺炎患者因素、免疫因素、细胞因子因素、生化因素、影像因素、评分系统、对目前临床上广泛应用且研究的预测因子进行总结。

关键词

急性胰腺炎,严重程度预测

Severity Prediction of Acute Pancreatitis

Zhaodong Sun1, Shenghu Yang2*

1Graduate School of Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

2Third Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

Received: Apr. 9th, 2023; accepted: May 3rd, 2023; published: May 11th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory response caused by pancreatic enzymes to be activated in the pancreas, causing self-digestion, edema, bleeding and even necrosis of pancreatic tissue. Clinically, it is characterized by acute epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased blood and pancreatic enzymes. The degree of lesions varies from mild to severe, mainly pancreatic edema, which is more common clinically, and the condition is often self-limited, and the recovery is good, which is also known as mild acute pancreatitis. A small number of severe pancreatic hemorrhage necrosis, often have secondary infection, peritonitis and shock, etc., and the mortality rate is high, which is called severe acute pancreatitis. With the clinical development of the disease, various predictors of the severity of acute pancreatitis have emerged, and this article summarizes the predictors that are widely used and studied in clinical practice from the patient factors, immune factors, cytokine factors, biochemical factors, imaging factors, scoring systems, and currently widely used and studied in acute pancreatitis.

Keywords:Acute Pancreatitis, Severity Prediction

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

急性胰腺炎指因胰酶异常激活对胰腺自身及周围器官产生消化作用而引起的、以胰腺局部炎性反应为主要特征,甚至可导致器官功能障碍的急腹症。2012年的亚特兰大分型将重症胰腺炎(Severe acute pancreatitis, SAP)改为中度重症急性胰腺炎(Moderately severe acute pancreatitis, MSAP)和重症急性胰腺炎(Severe acute pancreatitis, SAP),是否存在持续48 h的器官衰竭是鉴别MSAP及SAP的关键。对于急性胰腺炎严重程度的预测目前临床上主要在患者因素、免疫因素、细胞因子因素、生化因素、影像因素、评分系统进行评测。

2. 患者因素

胰腺炎患者病因主要包括:胆道疾病、饮酒、高甘油三酯血症(Hypertriglyceridemia, HTG)和内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP) [1] [2] 。其主要结局是严重程度,次要结局是器官衰竭、重症监护病房入院率、复发率、胰腺坏死、死亡率、住院时间、假性囊肿、积液和全身炎症反应综合征。急性胰腺炎最常见的病因是35%~55%的病例为胆结石 [3] 。其中对于急性胆源性胰腺炎,早期行胆囊切除术比晚期行胆囊切除术更有优势 [3] 。

一项研究表明,饮酒与胰腺炎风险之间的剂量反应关系对于男性慢性胰腺炎和急性胰腺炎是单调的,对于女性的急性胰腺炎是非线性的 [4] 。饮酒量低于40 g/天的女性急性胰腺炎风险降低,超过这个水平的饮酒对任何类型的胰腺炎都越来越有害 [4] 。

众所周知,吸烟和酒精是并发的风险因素,吸烟习惯增加酒精线性消费,两者相互交互。一项研究表明,吸烟者患慢性胰腺炎的风险比不吸烟者更高 [5] 。此外,一项研究进行了单独分析患者重度吸烟者和控制饮酒,发现吸烟是一个独立的危险因素高度过渡到慢性胰腺炎 [6] 。

高甘油三酯血症诱导的急性胰腺炎中非轻度(中重度和重度)疾病的风险最高,其次是酒精性胰腺炎,胆道胰腺炎(Biliary acute pancreatitis, BAP)和内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术所致胰腺炎 [6] 。

血清甘油三酯水平升高与更严重的胰腺炎病程独立相关。必须强调的是,HTG患者局部并发症的频率升高,随着HTG严重程度分级的增加,频率呈比例和显著增加 [7] 。

总体而言,病因与急性胰腺炎的发展和病程之间存在潜在关联,高甘油三酯血症胰腺炎与最多的并发症相关。此外,酒精性胰腺炎可能比胆道胰腺炎或内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术所致胰腺炎更严重 [6] 。其中饮酒和吸烟是从急性胰腺炎过渡到慢性胰腺炎的重要因素 [6] 。

ERCP在十二指肠和胰胆疾病的治疗和诊断中创伤有限、手术简单、恢复时间短等优点优于传统手术,但诊断和治疗ERCP可引起胰腺炎、胆管炎、穿孔、出血(尤其是括约肌切开术后)、胆囊炎、心肺抑制、无症状高淀粉血症、误吸、缺氧、出血、脓毒症、药物不良反应和死亡 [8] 。

现有证据表明,内脏脂肪组织具有临床相关影响,是AP严重程度的重要预后指标。然而,它尚未被证明是发生AP风险的独立危险因素 [9] 。BMI高于25会增加严重AP的风险,而BMI > 30会增加死亡风险。BMI < 18.5会使AP的死亡风险几乎高出两倍 [10] 。此外,其他研究表明,高血压会增加肾功能衰竭的风险,从而导致重度AP的风险增加和住院时间的增加 [11] 脂肪性肝炎也与AP的风险和严重程度有关 [12] 。

3. 生化因素

3.1. 免疫相关标志物:B7、淋巴细胞亚群、致癌抑制因子2、人类白细胞DR抗原

B7家族为重要的协同刺激分子,是T淋巴细胞活化的第2个信号,在抗原特异性免疫反应中起着重要作用,机体受到炎症刺激时在细胞中异常表达 [13] 。B7家族参与了AP炎症的发展,体外研究表明,外周血单核细胞中可溶性B7-H4 (sB7-H4)的表达和膜B7-H4阳性CD14细胞的比例响应AP患者血浆刺激,脂多糖或肿瘤坏死因子α (TNF-α)的刺激而上调 [14] 。

人类急性胰腺炎的特征是外周血T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞显著减少 [15] [16] 。在一项研究20例轻度急性胰腺炎和15例重度急性胰腺炎,采用流式细胞仪检测第1~3天、第5天、第10天和第30天外周血淋巴细胞。结果:AP中循环淋巴细胞明显减少。在AP早期,T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞的损耗程度相似。在急性胰腺炎后期,B淋巴细胞比T淋巴细胞耗竭更多。在第10天,CD7/CD19比值发生强烈变化,提示急性胰腺炎中B淋巴细胞占优势。在T淋巴细胞中,重度急性胰腺炎和轻度急性胰腺炎的CD4细胞明显减少,而CD8细胞在正常范围内。发现淋巴细胞强烈表达激活标志物:CD69,CD25,CD28,CD38和CD122。

sST2蛋白受体可作为白细胞介素IL-33的诱饵受体,以防止IL-33/抑制致瘤性2L (ST2L)途径介导的辅助性T受体Th2免疫应答。血清可溶性抑制致瘤性2 (sST2)可作为预测AP严重程度的新型炎症标志物,并可能调节IL-33/ST2介导的Th1和Th2淋巴细胞在AP稳态中的功能和分化 [17] 。

有人提出,免疫反应受损与细菌感染易感性之间存在关系。因此,监测免疫反应可能有助于早期识别败血症和开发有效的治疗方法。单核细胞诱导抗原特异性T细胞活化和释放各种细胞因子的能力改变阻碍了入侵病原体的清除。人类白细胞抗原-D在急性胰腺炎中单核细胞群中表达HLA-DR的细胞百分比低是脓毒症发展的可靠预测指标。监测单核细胞HLA-DR表达可能是识别急性胰腺炎脓毒症高风险患者的有用标志物 [18] [19] [20] 。

3.2. 细胞因子

各种细胞因子参与AP和多器官衰竭的发展。研究试图使用不同细胞因子的浓度来预测AP的严重程度。一项研究显示,IL-10和血清钙联合用药以相对准确的方式预测器官衰竭(敏感性88%,特异性93%) [21] 。此外,有一项meta分析称,AP和IL-6 (超过50 pg/mL)的早期生物标志物在早期预测进展为中重度或重度AP (敏感性87%,特异性88%)方面发挥作用 [22] [23] [24] 。虽然其他生物标志物如IL-8和肿瘤坏死因子α用于预测AP的严重程度,但存在一些局限性需要克服,例如基于大规模研究的有力证据以及缺乏轻松测量这些细胞因子的方法。因此,这些局限性干扰了细胞因子预测AP严重程度的临床意义 [25] 。

轻度急性胰腺炎患者中血浆中血管性血友病因子(VWF)的表达显着降低,这表明VWF降低可能是轻度急性胰腺炎患者出血倾向的潜在机制 [26] 。临床上也报道了血栓性血小板减少性紫癜伴AP的罕见并发症,推测全身炎症反应可能影响VWF的活性,但没有实验证据证实这一点。

3.3. C反应蛋白

目前C反应蛋白仍被认为是预测急性胰腺炎严重程度的生物标志物 [27] 。其他标志物,包括降钙素原(PCT)和白细胞介素6 (IL-6)已在一些医院实施,但未常规使用。大多数其他标志物,包括急性期蛋白(LBP, SAA, PTX3),细胞因子(Il-8, TNF-α, MIF),胰腺蛋白酶的活化肽(TAP, CAPAP, PLAP),抗蛋白酶(AAT, a2M),粘附分子(ICAM-1,选择素,E-钙粘蛋白)和白细胞衍生酶(PA2, PMN-E)已经显示出一些有希望的结果,但尚未常规实施。此外,新的和有趣的生物标志物(Copeptin, TRX-1, Ang-2, E-2)已经显示出良好的结果,但需要更多的研究来确定它们是否可以在未来发挥作用。

3.4. 胰蛋白酶-2-AAT/胰蛋白酶原-1比值

在急性胰腺炎的所有病因中,胰蛋白酶原-2和胰蛋白酶-2-AAT均显著升高,而胆道AP中的胰蛋白酶原-1优先升高。胰蛋白酶-2-AAT/胰蛋白酶原-1比值是区分胆汁和酒精诱导的AP的有希望的新标志物 [28] 。

3.5. 甘油三酯–葡萄糖指数(Triglycerides-Glucose Index, TyG)

甘油三酯–葡萄糖指数(Triglycerides-glucose index, TyG)是重度急性胰腺炎的独立危险因素。高TyG与重度急性胰腺炎和胰腺炎相关并发症密切相关 [29] 。

3.6. 入院血细胞比容

入院血细胞比容 ≥ 47%的血液浓缩或入院血细胞比容在约24小时时未能降低是胰腺坏死发展的强危险因素 [30] 。

3.7. 血尿素氮(BUN)和血红蛋白(Hgb)

在一项以医院为基础的大型观察性队列研究中,研究人员比较了血尿素氮(BUN)和血红蛋白(Hgb)测定对急性胰腺炎死亡率预测的准确性。首先,我们证明在住院的前48小时内,非幸存者与AP幸存者的平均BUN水平持续升高。其次,在控制了年龄、性别和血红蛋白的影响后,入院BUN升高和住院24小时内BUN升高都与死亡率增加独立相关。第三,连续的BUN测量是院内死亡率最准确的单一预后指标,与在入院和24小时和48小时进行的替代性常规收集的实验室检测的连续测量相比较。在控制了包括血清肌酐在内的其他常规实验室检测后,BUN的早期变化预测了死亡率。相比之下,入院血红蛋白和24小时血红蛋白的变化都与死亡率的增加无独立关系 [31] 。一个重要的发现是BUN在24小时内增加的程度与死亡风险之间的强烈关联,而不考虑入院BUN。BUN每增加5 mg/dL与死亡风险相应增加(比值比2.2;95% CL,1.8~2.7)。相比之下,在住院的头24小时内经历血尿素氮下降的患者死亡率大大降低 [31] 。

3.8. 降钙素原

降钙素原检测是检测严重急性胰腺炎的有用筛查方法。它执行简单快捷,与目前可用的多因素评分系统不同,可以很容易地采用到常规临床实践中。降钙素原测试在预测严重急性胰腺炎方面比C反应蛋白、APACHE II评分和Ranson评分更准确(92 h敏感性为84%,特异性为24%)。其阴性预测值很高(97 h为24%),并且检测到每个随后发生器官衰竭的患者(n = 22) [32] 。

3.9. 尿胰蛋白酶原活化肽

尿胰蛋白酶原活化肽,一项多中心研究,研究人员评估了通过经过验证的竞争性免疫测定法测量的尿胰蛋白酶原活化肽浓度的预测值。结果表明尿胰蛋白酶原活化肽在症状发作后24小时提供准确的严重程度预测 [33] 。

4. 放射因素CT、超声、MRI

目前CT广泛应用于AP患者的病情评估,尤其是增强CT扫描呈现出了更大的优势,其可准确直观的评估胰腺形态、坏死部位及面积、炎症范围以及有无局部并发症 [34] 。经腹超声检查仅限于评估胰腺坏死。内镜超声检查(Endoscopic ultrasonography, EUS)可用于观察胰腺的结构和实质变化,但并没有研究表明EUS优于CT [35] 。通常进行超声检查以评估胆囊或总导管中是否存在结石,或随访已知存在假性囊肿的患者。然而,超声检查对急性胰腺炎早期分期的价值有限 [36] 。

MRI不仅有助于评估坏死,还可用于评估局部并发症,例如出血、积液、假性囊肿、脓肿和假性动脉瘤MRI需要患者的配合并屏住呼吸以防止运动伪影,而MRI是一种耗时的方式 [37] 。因此,在临床领域实际执行MRI存在局限性。

一项研究结果表明APACHE II是最准确的死亡率预测指标,但CTSI评分是死亡率和AP严重程度的良好预测指标 [34] 。EUS和MRCP都应作为补充技术用于特发性急性胰腺炎(IAP)的诊断性检查。在IAP的病因学诊断中,EUS的诊断准确性高于MRCP (64% vs 34%),应优先用于确定可能的胆道疾病和CP诊断,而S-MRCP在诊断胆胰管系统可能的解剖学改变(如胰腺分裂)方面优于EUS和MRCP [38] 。一项研究中总共招募了454名患者研究对每位患者的首次造影增强计算机断层扫描进行了L3水平的脂肪和肌肉组织参数评价。通过逻辑回归分析分析与疾病严重程度的关联。研究结果表明,低肌肉衰减水平与严重AP的风险增加有关 [39] 。

5. 评分系统

Ranson评分开发于1974年,是第一个预测AP的评分系统。在过去的几十年里,虽然兰森评分仍然被广泛使用,但它被认为具有一定的局限性,例如预测能力低。它还因其计算最终分数的48小时要求而受到批评,这被认为可能会延迟管理。专家表明Ranson评分始终表现出与其他较新的评分系统相当的预后准确性,计算完整Ranson评分的48小时时间框架是一种内在优势,而不是劣势 [40] [41] 。

格拉斯哥评分(Glasgow)适用于所有病因。它使用简单,准确性与Ranson评分相似,AUC为0.78,用于预测AP严重程度 [42] 。

APACHE II评分,该评分不是对特定疾病的评估。相反,APACHE II评分是用于对需要在重症监护病房(ICU)接受治疗的患者进行分类的指标,并评估总共12项临床指标 [43] 。在APACHE II评分低于8分的患者中,死亡率低于4%。但是,如果APACHE II分数高于8分,死亡率在11%至18%之间。APACHE II评分是预测严重AP的有效量表;但是,这种评分系统复杂且不方便。此外,APACHEII在年龄较大的组中得分过高。由于肥胖是预测急性胰腺炎死亡率的重要因素,因此在将BMI添加到先前的APACHE II评分后,提出了一种新的APACHE-O评分系统;然而,与APACHE II相比,APACHE-O评分的准确性没有提高 [40] 。

急性胰腺炎床边严重程度指数评分根据住院后24小时测量的五个因素预测严重程度BISAP与其他评分系统具有相同的水平 [44] 。一项研究表明,BISAP的预后准确性与其他评分系统相似。BISAP评分 ≥ 3与发生器官衰竭、持续性器官衰竭和胰腺坏死的风险增加相关 [45] 。

无害的急性胰腺炎评分(Harmless acute pancreatitis score, HAPS)是另一个由腹部反跳痛和/或保护、血清血细胞比容和肌酐水平组成的系统 [46] 。HAPS能够在入院后约30分钟内识别出病情为轻度病程的急性胰腺炎患者。该测试的高准确性(98%)将使医生能够快速识别不需要重症监护的患者,以及可能根本不需要住院治疗的患者。因此,HAPS可以节省大量的医院费用 [46] 。

迄今为止,没有一个评分系统可以在早期阶段准确预测严重程度,是非侵入性的,或者易于在患者中使用。各种评分系统对AP严重程度的预测准确性相似,需要独特的模型来进一步提高预后的准确性 [47] 。

6. 总结展望

尽管随着急性胰腺炎的临床发展进行了大量研究,但总体死亡率并未显著改善。这表明早期诊断和适当预测AP的严重程度至关重要。但目前临床无论是生化因素还是评分系统,都没有一个准确的模型对急性胰腺炎进行早期而又准确的评估。随着临床的发展,临床上有望研发出一个准确而又实用的预测模型,用于预测和评估急性胰腺炎患者的严重程度。

文章引用

孙兆栋,杨生虎. 急性胰腺炎严重程度预测
Severity Prediction of Acute Pancreatitis[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(05): 7361-7368. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1351028

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