Advances in Psychology
Vol.
12
No.
10
(
2022
), Article ID:
57371
,
8
pages
10.12677/AP.2022.1210443
青少年自我同情与实现论幸福感的关系: 自尊的中介作用
荔蕊1*,金童林2
1陕西工商职业学院,陕西 西安
2内蒙古师范大学,内蒙古 呼和浩特
收稿日期:2022年9月28日;录用日期:2022年10月21日;发布日期:2022年10月31日
摘要
目的:探讨青少年自我同情水平、自尊及幸福感之间的关系机制;探讨自尊在青少年积极自我同情、消极自我同情与实现论幸福感之间的作用机制;为提高青少年实现论幸福感提供思路。方法:采用方便抽样法,对陕西省7~12年级的850名青少年进行问卷调查。结果:1) 青少年积极自我同情、自尊和实现论幸福感两两之间相关显著(r = 0.41, P < 0.01; r = 0.41, P < 0.01);青少年消极自我同情、自尊和实现论幸福感,两两之间相关显著(r = −0.42, P < 0.01; r = −0.40, P < 0.01)。2) 自尊部分中介积极自我同情和实现论幸福感之间的关系,其95%的置信区间为(0.20~0.33);自尊部分中介消极自我同情和实现论幸福感之间的关系,其95%的置信区间为(−0.32~−0.14)。结论:积极自我同情与消极自我同情分别对青少年实现论幸福感有着正向及负向的预测作用,自尊在青少年积极自我同情、青少年消极自我同情与实现论幸福感的关系中均起部分中介作用。
关键词
积极自我同情,消极自我同情,自尊,实现论幸福感
The Relationship between Self-Compassion and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Adolescent: Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem
Rui Li1*, Tonglin Jin2
1Shaanxi Business College, Xi’an Shaanxi
2Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot Inner Mongolia
Received: Sep. 28th, 2022; accepted: Oct. 21st, 2022; published: Oct. 31st, 2022
ABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the relationship among adolescents’ self-compassion, self-esteem and eudaimonic well-being, and to explore the mechanism of self-esteem between positive self-compassion, negative self-compassion and eudaimonic well-being in adolescents, and to provide ideas for improving the eudaimonic well-being of adolescent. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted on 850 adolescents in grades 7-12 in Shaanxi Province using the convenience sampling method. Results: 1) There was a significant correlation between positive self-compassion, self-esteem and eudaimonic well-being in adolescents (r = 0.41, P < 0.01; r = 0.41, P < 0.01); adolescents had a significant correlation between negative self-compassion, self-esteem, and eudaimonic well-being (r = −0.42, P < 0.01; r = −0.40, P < 0.01). 2) The self-esteem plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between positive self-compassion and eudaimonic well-being, and the 95% confidence interval was 0.20~0.33; the self-esteem plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between positive self-compassion and eudaimonic well-being, and the 95% confidence interval was −0.32~−0.14. Conclusion: Positive self-compassion and negative self-compassion have positive and negative predictive effects on adolescent eudaimonic well-being, and self-esteem plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between adolescent positive self-compassion, adolescent negative self-compassion, and eudaimonic well-being.
Keywords:Positive Self-Compassion, Negative Self-Compassion, Self-Esteem, Eudaimonic Well-Being
Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1. 引言
近年来,积极心理学的研究逐渐兴盛,学者们开始更多关注个体积极的心理品质如自尊、自我效能、幸福感等(Seligman, 2019)。追求个体实现论幸福感(eudaimonic well-being)的研究者认为:幸福是一种自我完善、自我实现的客观追求,是个体依据内在的标准对自我生活质量的整体性评估(Diener, 1984),包含了对自我发展的追求和潜能的激发(Tov & Diener, 2013)。而个体在追求幸福的过程中,难免遇到各种各样的困难,如压力性事件、疾病等都会给人带来痛苦,因此,如何看待压力性事件,处理自己的负性情绪也是学者们关注的领域。
研究发现,自我同情与个体的心理健康存在显著相关(e.g., Chong & Kim, 2014; Lee & Seo, 2014),是生活压力事件的缓冲剂(e.g., Kim & Hong, 2018)。能够显著预测实现论幸福感(e.g., Baer, Lykins, & Peters, 2012)。自我同情是将同情的对象指向自己,不逃避自己的痛苦,认真、友善接纳自己,以此来缓解和治愈自己(Neff, 2003)。作为一种积极的情绪调节策略,自我同情强调在面临痛苦、失败等负性事件时个体能保持对情绪的清醒认知,坦然地接受由痛苦产生的消极情绪,以积极的心态来应对消极事件,从而减少自杀风险(e.g., Kelliher-Rabon et al., 2022);增加意义感(e.g., O’Dea et al., 2022);并促进个体的幸福感,Neff在量表的建构上将自我同情(self-compassion)分为积极自我同情和消极的自我同情。值得注意的是,近年来,一些学者认为自我同情的量表建构中积极和消极的维度,对社交恐惧、孤独(Rubin & Coplan, 2004),健康功能障碍以及适应不良的应对、自尊、焦虑及抑郁感等均有着不同影响(e.g., Muris et al., 2018; Allen & Leary, 2010; Sirois, Molnar, & Hirsch, 2015)。
自尊是指个体对自己的正面或者负面的态度,自尊同一性理论(Self-esteem Identity Theory)认为,拥有较强自尊的个体对自己的自我价值判断较高。因此在现实中,为了与期待中的自己进行匹配,个体会保持自己是积极的,以保证匹配的同一性,以此来起到缓冲个体消极情绪的作用(Cast & Burke, 2002)。作为个体深层人格特质,自尊影响个人的外在行为表现和内在心理健康(熊艳,张席茹,刘小兰,2022),拥有较强自尊的人认为自己比他人更机灵、更容易与身边的人交往,更比普通人健康,是幸福感的一个最有力的预测因素(Furnham & Cheng 2000),此外,较强的自尊会促发高水平的实现论幸福感(Paradise & Kemis, 2002) 。
研究表明:自尊与自我同情之间存在适度的联系(e.g., Neff, 2003; Neff et al., 2007)。自我同情被理解为一种更为健康的自我态度,它与自尊的益处(幸福感等)有关,但与潜在的负面影响(自恋等)无关(Veneziani et al., 2017),当两个结构重叠,自尊更偏向于关注个体的积极的自我,自我同情却能在消极情境下帮助个体接纳和爱护自我(Neff & Vonk, 2009)。相关研究表明,个体的自尊能够保护积极的情绪(e.g., Orth, Robins, Trzesniewski, Maes, & Schmitt, 2009),这会使他们比其他人拥有更高的幸福感。此外,在幸福感的研究中,前人研究大多关注大学生群体并大多探究自我同情与快乐论幸福感的关系(e.g., Neff, 2003; Gilbert, 2005; Leary et al., 2007; Neff & Vonk 2009),但较少研究自我同情能否影响个体发挥自我潜能,预测个体的实现论幸福感。
综上所述,我们发现,以往的研究主要以大学生为研究对象,从自我同情的统一性出发,关注自我同情与快乐论幸福感的关系,而关于自我同情的双因素性争论,以及作为幸福感体验重要组成部分的实现论幸福感,目前却鲜有文献对自我同情与实现论幸福感的关系进行深入探究,因此,本研究基于情绪应对理论的观点,拟以青少年为研究对象,旨在考察自我同情在积极与消极两个指向上对实现论幸福感的影响,以及自尊起到的中介作用。
2. 方法
2.1. 研究对象
采用方便取样的方法,选取陕西省3所中学共900名中学生作为被试。共发放问卷900份,回收有效问卷850份,有效回收率为94.44%。其中男生423人,女生427人;被试年龄在12~16岁之间,平均值为15.69 (SD = 0.73)岁。
2.2. 研究工具
2.2.1. 自我同情问卷(Self-Compassion Scale, SCS)
由Neff (2003)编制。问卷共26个项目,其中13个项目为反向计分题。包含善待自己、自我批评、共通人性、自我隔离、静观当下以及过度沉迷6个分维度。采用1 (从不如此)~5 (总是如此) 5点计分。在本研究中,自我同情量表整体的Cronbach’s α系数为0.71,6个维度的Cronbach’s α系数在0.61~0.67之间。验证性因素分析表明,问卷的效度良好(χ2/df = 2.89, CF1 = 0.86, TLI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.05)。
2.2.2. 自尊量表(self-Esteem Scale, SES)
由Rosenberg (1965)编制。量表包括10个题项,其中5个题项为反向计分。采用1 (非常符合)~4 (很不符合) 4点计分。在本研究中,自尊量表整体的Cronbach’s α系数为0.76。验证性因素分析表明,量表的效度良好(χ2/df = 4.42, CF1 = 0.93, TLI = 0.90, RMSEA = 0.06)。
2.2.3. 实现论幸福感问卷(Purpose in Life Subscale, PWB)
由Ryff (1998, 2000)编制。量表共18题项,采用1 (非常同意)~6 (非常反对) 6点计分。在本研究中,心理幸福感量表整体的Cronbach’s α系数为0.78,验证性因素分析表明,量表的效度良好(χ2/df = 4.24, CF1 = 0.98, TLI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.06)。
2.3. 统计方法
采用SPSS25.0、统计软件进行数据前期处理、描述性统计、信度分析及相关分析等;采用Mplus 8.3进行各分问卷的验证性因素分析和结构方程的建模。
3. 结果
3.1. 共同方法偏差的检验
采用Harman单因素方法进行共同方法偏差的检验。对所有的测量项目进行未旋转的探索性因素分析,结果显示,共有19个特征值大于1的公共因子被提出,并且第一个公共因子解释了总变异量的11.7%,小于Podsakoff等提出的40%的判断标准。因此,本研究不存在共同方法偏差。
3.2. 积极自我同情、消极自我同情、自尊及实现论幸福感相关分析
对本研究各主变量进行描述统计和皮尔逊积差相关分析,如表1。结果表明:中学生积极自我同情与实现论幸福感、自尊呈正相关,消极自我同情与实现论幸福感、自尊呈负相关,自尊与实现论幸福感呈正相关。具体见表1。
Table 1. Descriptive outcomes and correlation matrix for positive self-compassion, negative self-compassion and eudaimonic well-being (n = 850)
表1. 积极与消极自我同情、自尊及实现论幸福感的描述性结果及相关矩阵(n = 850)
注:p < 0.05**;p < 0.01**;JJZWTQ:积极自我同情;XJZWTQ:消极自我同情;ZZ:自尊;SXL:实现论幸福感。
3.3. 自尊在积极及消极自我同情与实现论幸福感关系中的中介作用分析
运用结构方程模型验证自尊在自我同情实现论幸福感中的中介作用。基于研究的目的,建构模型如图1。模型拟合结果的指标良好,见表2。说明理论假设与实际结果相符,可以进一步进行中介效应的检验与分析。
Table 2. Fit index table of the mediation effect model
表2. 中介效应模型的拟合度指标表
注:jjzwtq,积极自我同情;sxl,实现论幸福感;dlzz,独立自主;hjkz,环境控制;grcz,个人成长;lhgx,良好关系;shmb,生活目标;zwjs,自我接受;zz,自尊。
Figure 1. The mediating effect model of positive self-compassion and negative self-compassion on eudaimonic well-being (standardized)
图1. 积极自我同情与消极自我同情对实现论的中介效应模型(标准化)
基于模型的拟合结果:
采用Bootstrap方法进行进一步进行中介效应的检验与分析,抽样2000次。结果表明:积极自我同情对自尊的预测作用显著(a1 = 0.42, t = 12.10, p < 0.01);自尊对实现论幸福感的预测作用显著(b = 0.63, t = 11.23, p < 0.01),消极自我同情对自尊预测作用显著(a2 = −0.43, t = −13.20, p < 0.01);积极自我同情对实现论幸福感的预测作用显著(c1’ = 0.23, t = 6.37, p < 0.01);消极自我同情对实现论幸福感的预测作用显著(c2’ = −0.21, t = −6.05, p < 0.01)。
此外,运用Bootstrap法检验ab乘积的置信区间,结果发现,本研究中的a1b乘积的效应大小为0.26,其95%的置信区间为[0.20, 0.33],置信区间不包含0,a2b乘积的效应大小为−0.27,其95%的置信区间为[−0.32, −0.14],置信区间不包含0,见表3。可以认为自尊在积极自我同情、消极自我同情与实现论幸福感间的中介作用均具有可信度。
Table 3. A sequential analysis table with self-esteem as a mediating effect
表3. 以自尊作为中介效应的依次分析表
注:PSC:积极自我同情;NSC:消极自我同情;SE:自尊;PWB:实现论幸福感。
4. 讨论
本研究结果显示,自我同情能显著地预测实现论幸福感(Neff, 2004; e.g., Baer, Lykins, & Peters, 2012; Homan, 2016),情绪应对理论认为,当个体拥有较高水平的自我同情,那么他会有较高的自主感、胜任感以及个人主动性,拥有较为频繁的反省智慧和行为(Neff et al., 2007)。一方面,积极方面的自我同情因素与积极的个人成长、幸福感、乐观等积极心理特质有着显著的正相关另一方面,消极方面的自我同情因素和抑郁、焦虑、完美主义等消极心理特质有着显著的正相关(Neff, Kirkpatrick, & Rude, 2007);本研究认为,积极自我同情中善待自我,静观当下的态度与实现论幸福感的追求和谐人际关系等一些维度是一致的:其次,消极自我同情中对自我的隔离、过度的批评等维度,与实现论幸福感所要求的自我接受与良好关系的状态相背离。自我同情常常能够使人感觉到被照顾、连接和情感上的平静,能够很好地在负性事件中起到积极的作用(Gilbert, 2005),显著提高个体幸福感和心理健康(e.g., Edwards, Bostic, Hyman & Price, 2022),在体育运动中,自我同情水平也能显著预测实现论幸福感水平(e.g., Baer, Lykins, & Peters, 2012)。
本研究发现,自尊在积极自我同情及消极自我同情与实现论幸福感之间均起部分中介作用。中介效应分别达到了15.4%与12.9%。研究发现,自我同情和自尊都能够促进个体的幸福感,三者之间也存在着密切的联系(Dclinpsy, Eames, & Dclinpsy, 2016)。Lazarus & Folkman (2013)在情绪应对理论中提出的情绪指向策略,强调个体关注自我的情感状态、把控自身消极情感持续的时间与强度,尝试保持清醒的意识状态,努力地探索和理解自我情绪,不断向积极的情感方面转化,以此来降低个体在压力条件下产生的苦痛等情绪烦恼,这种积极的应对方式不仅能促进个体的幸福感水平(Stanton et al., 2000),也能够很好地保护个体的自尊(冯晓伟,2011)。在日常生活中,并不是所有的应激事件都存在着完美的解决方案,因此,以情绪为指向就显得尤为重要。处于负性事件中的个体,可以通过自我同情努力理解自己的情绪,善待自我不足,达到平静温和的状态,降低自身的压力和焦虑感(陈红,2008),从而不断提升个体的幸福感水平。另一方面,当个体处于被他人同情的状态时,会感受到外在社会的支持,从而增加自尊的水平,而对于付出同情心的个体,其获益将大于得到同情的个体,因此利他行为与自尊也是高度相关(Mongrain et al., 2011)。也就是说,个体所处的心理状态无论是同情他人还是被他人同情,都可以提高个体的自尊水平。自我同情是将同情的对象指向自己,同情和被同情对象是同一个人,从而也增加了个体自尊的水平。在实践意义上,培养自我同情特质,关注中学生群体自我同情水平对实现论幸福感的影响,有利于降低学生学业压力,提高学习效率与学业成就(e.g., Antaramian, Scott, Hills, & Valois, 2010),提升幸福感(Neff, 2016)。
致谢
感谢内蒙古自治区自然科学基金项目(2022MS03004)支持,感谢文章中所用到问卷的编辑,感谢提供被试的学校以及每一位被试的认真填写!
基金项目
内蒙古自治区自然科学基金项目(2022MS03004)。
文章引用
荔 蕊,金童林. 青少年自我同情与实现论幸福感的关系:自尊的中介作用
The Relationship between Self-Compassion and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Adolescent: Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem[J]. 心理学进展, 2022, 12(10): 3651-3658. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2022.1210443
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NOTES
*通讯作者。