Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 03 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 62284 , 10 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.133450

血清肿瘤标志物联合胆汁酸检测在胃癌诊断中的价值

李芃萌,慈向男,修辉,张珊,姜娜,王荣玉,张海燕,刘希双*

青岛大学附属医院消化内科,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2023年2月8日;录用日期:2023年3月2日;发布日期:2023年3月9日

摘要

目的:探讨血清肿瘤标志物(CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4)及胆汁酸(TBA)在胃癌诊断中的价值。方法:收集842例临床资料完整的胃癌患者的数据,采用秩和检验、受试者工作特征曲线分析CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4与TBA单独及联合检测在胃癌诊断中的价值。结果:胃癌组血清CEA、CA72-4、TBA水平明显高于健康对照组(Z = −7.013~−3.387, P < 0.05),胃癌组与对照组在CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA不同升高水平间有差异(P < 0.01),且在升高小于等于1倍时,对照组胃癌患者占比均明显高于胃癌组。CEA升高大于4倍,CA19-9升高1~2倍、2~4倍、大于4倍,CA72-4升高1~2倍、2~4倍、大于4倍,TBA升高1~2倍、2~4倍时,胃癌组胃癌患者占比明显高于对照组。胃癌组不同分化程度血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4水平及升高程度均无统计学意义。有淋巴结转移组血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA水平明显高于无淋巴结转移组(Z = −4.897~−1.826, P < 0.01),有淋巴结转移的患者比例在不同升高水平的血清CEA、CA19-9中均明显高于无淋巴结转移的患者比例(P < 0.01);胃癌有、无淋巴结转移在不同升高水平的血清CA72-4、TBA中均未见统计学意义(P > 0.05)。血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA联合检测的灵敏度高于单独检测,且四项指标联合检测灵敏度最高。ROC曲线中,CEA、CA72-4、TBA联合检测曲线下面积(AUC)最大为0.616。结论:血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA对胃癌的诊断价值不高,仅当其升高大于4倍时意义较大。只有当血清CEA、CA19-9水平升高大于4倍时,对胃癌是否有淋巴结转移预测价值较大。

关键词

胃癌,肿瘤标志物,胆汁酸

The Value of Serum Tumor Markers Combined with Bile Acid Detection in the Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer

Pengmeng Li, Xiangnan Ci, Hui Xiu, Shan Zhang, Na Jiang, Rongyu Wang, Haiyan Zhang, Xishuang Liu*

Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: Feb. 8th, 2023; accepted: Mar. 2nd, 2023; published: Mar. 9th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the value of serum tumor markers (CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4) and bile acid (TBA) in the diagnosis of gastric cancer. Methods: The data of 842 gastric cancer patients with complete clinical data were collected, and the value of single and combined detection of CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4 and TBA in the diagnosis of gastric cancer was analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and receiver operating characteristic curve. Results: The levels of serum CEA, CA72-4 and TBA in gastric cancer group were significantly higher than those in healthy control group (Z = −7.013~−3.387, P < 0.05). There were differences in the levels of CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4, and TBA between the gastric cancer group and the control group (P < 0.01), and when the increase was less than or equal to 1 times, the proportion of gastric cancer patients in the control group was significantly higher than that in the gastric cancer group. The proportion of patients with gastric cancer in the gastric cancer group was significantly higher than that in the control group when CEA increased by more than 4 times, CA19-9 increased by 2 times, 2 times, more than 4 times, CA72-4 increased by 2 times, 2 times, more than 4 times, and TBA increased by 1 times, 2 times, 4 times. There was no statistical significance in the levels of CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4 and TBA in different degrees of differentiation in gastric cancer group. The serum levels of CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4 and TBA in patients with lymph node metastasis were significantly higher than those without lymph node metastasis (Z = −4.897~−1.826, P < 0.01). The proportion of patients with lymph node metastasis was significantly higher than that of patients without lymph node metastasis (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between gastric cancer with lymph node metastasis and without lymph node metastasis in different elevated levels of serum CA72-4 and TBA (P > 0.05). The sensitivity of combined detection of serum CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4 and TBA was higher than that of single detection, and the sensitivity of combined detection of four indexes was the highest. In the ROC curve, the maximum area under the curve (AUC) of CEA, CA72-4 and TBA joint detection is 0.616. Conclusion: The value of serum CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4 and TBA in the diagnosis of gastric cancer is not high, but it is of great significance only when it increases more than 4 times. Only when the serum levels of CEA and CA19-9 increase more than 4 times, it is of great value in predicting whether there is lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer.

Keywords:Gastric Cancer, Tumor Markers, Bile Acid

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

胃癌是一种高度侵袭性和致命性的恶性肿瘤,是全球第五大最常见的肿瘤和第四大致死癌症,男性发病率比女性高两倍,2020年胃癌有超过100万新病例和估计70万例死亡病例 [1] 。2015年我国恶性肿瘤发病率及死亡率统计中胃癌分别居于第二、第三位 [2] ,且我国胃癌的发病和死亡约占全球的一半 [3] 。因此,胃癌的防治仍有很长的路要走。由于早期检测和诊断是降低胃癌高发病率和死亡率的有效手段,因此迫切需要有效、及时的诊断方法和特异性生物标志物。随着胃镜的技术革新和进步,越来越多的早期胃癌被发现、诊断 [4] ,胃镜检查逐渐成为诊断胃癌最常见和可靠的方法。然而这是一种需要麻醉的、侵入性的、费用较高的检查方法,因此,它往往不是患者的首选方法 [5] 。尤其是在中国人群中,传统血清肿瘤标志物CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4在辅助诊断、监测动态进展和评估胃癌预后方面的作用不容忽视 [6] 。尽管CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4已经在临床实践中使用了几十年,其升高与胃癌的发生、复发和转移密切相关。然而,先前不同研究报告的敏感性和特异性往往不同,这导致对其在胃癌诊断中的临床意义存在争议 [7] 。多年来,在CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4的功能方面取得了一些进展,这表明其仍然可以被认为是几种有前途的肿瘤标志物 [8] 。最近的一项研究表明,CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4和其他标志物的组合可以为胃癌患者提供更准确的信息 [9] 。胆汁酸(TBA)是参与胃粘膜损伤的另一个重要毒性因素 [10] ,无论是在大鼠还是在人类中,十二指肠液的主要成分胆汁酸,与十二指肠胃反流导致的胃癌有密切关系 [11] 。而胆汁酸引起DNA损伤,可能与癌症的发生相关 [12] 。日本一项回顾性队列研究表明,胆汁酸浓度与胃癌发展之间呈正相关,胆汁酸诱导的胃炎或肠化生具有致癌作用 [13] 。作为一种生物标志物,CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4与胆汁酸结合,选择合适的参考值,改进检测技术,识别风险阈值,可以提高灵敏度和特异性。本研究旨在探究血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4联合胆汁酸检测在胃癌诊断中的意义,以便为临床工作提供新的参考指标。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 一般资料

收集2019年7月1日至2021年7月1日,于青岛大学附属医院就诊的胃癌患者842例的临床资料。纳入标准:1) 外科手术后经组织病理学确诊为胃癌的患者;2) 具有完整的病历资料;3) 未进行针对肿瘤的治疗前获取血清学指标;排除标准:1) 合并其他部位原发肿瘤;2) 已行胃癌的放疗、化疗等治疗;3) 既往有原发性胆汁性肝硬化、原发性硬化性胆管炎、IgG4相关性硬化性胆管炎。收集其年龄、性别、肿瘤分化程度、有无淋巴结转移以及血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA的检验结果。对照组为同期在青岛大学附属医院门诊就诊的834例经胃镜及其他影像学等检查,除外患有恶性肿瘤,且年龄、性别具有可比性的体检者。所有的资料数据通过电子病例系统收集。

2.2. 统计学分析

应用SPSS26.0软件进行数据统计学分析。采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)分析CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4与TBA单独及联合检测作为胃恶性肿瘤诊断指标的特异度和灵敏度。P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 胃癌组与健康对照组血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA水平分析

胃癌组血清CEA、CA72-4、TBA水平明显高于健康对照组(Z = −7.013~−3.387, P < 0.05)。胃癌组血清CA19-9水平与健康对照组比较,差异未见统计学意义(Z = −1.009, P = 0.313)。(见表1)

Table 1. Analysis of serum CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4 and TBA levels in the control group and gastric cancer group [M(P25~P75)]

表1. 对照组与胃癌组血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA水平分析[M(P25~P75)]

3.2. 血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA升高水平与胃癌的关系

将胃癌组与健康对照组分别按照血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA升高水平分为血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA分别升高小于等于1倍、1~2倍、2~4倍、大于4倍组。胃癌组与健康对照组在CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA不同升高水平有差异(P < 0.01),且在升高小于等于1倍时,健康对照组胃癌患者占比均明显高于胃癌组。CEA升高大于4倍,CA19-9升高1~2倍、2~4倍、大于4倍,CA72-4升高1~2倍、2~4倍、大于4倍,TBA升高1~2倍、2~4倍时,胃癌组胃癌患者占比明显高于健康对照组。(见表2)

Table 2. Relationship between elevated levels of serum CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4 and TBA and gastric cancer

表2. 血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA升高水平与胃癌的关系

注:aB为同一升高水平的胃癌组与对照组有差异,对照组多于胃癌组;Ab为同一升高水平的胃癌组与对照组有差异,胃癌组多于对照组。

3.3. 胃癌组不同分化程度血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA水平分析

根据胃癌组的病理分型,将胃癌组分为高、中、低分化组,组间血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA水平异未见统计学意义(P = 0.222~0.510)。(见表3)

Table 3. Analysis of serum CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4 and TBA levels at different levels of differentiation in gastric cancer group [M(P25~P75)]

表3. 胃癌组不同分化程度血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA水平分析[M(P25~P75)]

3.4. 胃癌血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA升高水平与肿瘤分化程度的关系

根据血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA升高水平,将胃癌高、中、低分化组分为血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA分别升高小于等于1倍、1~2倍、2~4倍、大于4倍组,不同升高水平的血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA,分化程度未见统计学意义(P = 0.109~0.950)。(见表4)

Table 4. The relationship between the elevated levels of CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4 and TBA in cancer serum and the degree of tumor differentiation

表4. 癌血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA升高水平与肿瘤分化程度的关系

3.5. 胃癌组有无淋巴结转移血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA水平分析

将胃癌组分为有、无淋巴结转移两组,有淋巴结转移组血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4水平明显高于无淋巴结转移组(Z = −4.897~−1.826, P < 0.05);TBA水平在胃癌有无淋巴结组差异无统计学意义(P = 0.068)。(见表5)

Table 5. Analysis of serum CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4 and TBA levels in gastric cancer patients with lymph node metastasis [M(P25~P75)]

表5. 胃癌组淋巴结转移血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA水平分析[M(P25~P75)]

3.6. 胃癌血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA升高水平与淋巴结转移的关系

根据血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA升高水平,将胃癌有、无淋巴结转移组分为血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA分别升高小于等于1倍、1~2倍、2~4倍、大于4倍组,有淋巴结转移的患者比例在不同升高水平的血清CEA、CA19-9中均明显高于无淋巴结转移的患者比例(P < 0.01);胃癌有、无淋巴结转移在不同升高水平的血清CA72-4、TBA中均未见统计学意义(P > 0.05)。(见表6)

Table 6. Relationship between elevated levels of serum CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4 and TBA in gastric cancer and lymph node metastasis

表6. 胃癌血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA升高水平与淋巴结转移的关系

注:aB为同一升高水平的胃癌组与对照组有差异,对照组多于胃癌组;Ab为同一升高水平的胃癌组与对照组有差异,胃癌组多于对照组。

3.7. 血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA单项与联合检测在胃癌中的诊断价值比较

血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA联合检测的灵敏度高于单独检测,且四项指标联合检测灵敏度最高。ROC曲线中,四项指标联合检测曲线下面积(AUC)最大为0.614。(见表7图1)

Figure 1. Logistic regression-ROC curve of serum tumor markers, bile acid single and combined detection

图1. 血清肿瘤标志物、胆汁酸单项与联合检测的Logistic回归-ROC曲线

Table 7. Comparison of diagnostic value of serum CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4, TBA single and combined detection in gastric cancer

表7. 血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA单项与联合检测在胃癌中的诊断价值比较

4. 讨论

早期胃癌5年生存率通常在90%以上 [14] ,然而在无症状患者中早期发现原发性胃癌通常很困难,因此胃癌通常在相对晚期通过症状表现被发现 [15] ,而晚期胃癌的预后往往不佳,尽管扩大手术和围手术期放化疗技术不断进步,但目前胃癌的总体生存结局仍未得到明显改善 [16] [17] 。因此,在筛查、诊断领域仍然非常需要一种有效的胃癌肿瘤生物标志物。然而,到目前为止,仍然没有胃癌的敏感或特异性肿瘤生物标志物 [18] 。血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4是临床上最常用的胃癌肿瘤标志物 [19] 。目前也有越来越多的研究表明高胆汁酸暴露与胃癌发病率增加有关 [20] [21] 。本研究将肿瘤标志物与胆汁酸联合起来,探讨了肿瘤标志物与胆汁酸单独及联合检测及升高程度对胃癌的发生、分化程度及是否淋巴结转移的价值。结果发现,血清CEA、CA72-4、TBA水平在胃癌组较健康组高,但血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA的假阴性率高达72.4%~88.1%,当其升高大于4倍时,假阳性率仅为0.2%~1.1%。所以,血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA对胃癌的诊断价值较低,仅当其升高大于4倍时有价值。而对于是否有淋巴结转移的预测价值,之前就有相关报道称肿瘤标志物升高与淋巴结转移之间有强烈相关性。据报道,血清CEA、CA19-9水平与淋巴结转移相关 [22] 。在我们的研究中,血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4虽在胃癌组均较健康组升高,但仅血清CEA、CA19-9不同升高水平较健康组有意义,假阴性率仍分别高达68.2%、82.3%,当其升高大于4倍时,假阳性率分别为0.9%、0.6%。所以,只有当血清CEA、CA19-9水平升高大于4倍时,对胃癌是否有淋巴结转移有预测价值。然而,肿瘤标志物与胃癌的分化程度之间的关系尚未被研究。在我们目前的研究中,没有发现血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA水平与分化程度的关联。

虽然胆汁酸是人体内的一种正常生理成分,但早在20世纪40年代就被认为是一种致癌物质 [23] 。胆汁酸可以直接损伤细胞,包括诱导DNA损伤、突变和凋亡能力的降低 [24] ,最近有越来越多的证据表明,胆汁酸暴露可能是胃癌的潜在危险因素,胃内细胞长期暴露于高水平的胆汁酸可能在体外和体内诱发致癌 [25] 。此外,也有研究证实,胃癌患者胃中胆汁酸水平往往较高 [13] [26] 。日本一项对30,465例患者的回顾性研究表明,随着胃内胆汁酸浓度的增加,胃粘膜损伤程度加重 [27] 。日本的另一项研究表明,在幽门螺杆菌阳性患者中,随着胆汁酸浓度的增加,胃粘膜萎缩和肠化生的程度会加剧,而那些胃内胆汁酸浓度高的患者更有可能发展为胃癌 [28] 。然而血清总胆汁酸水平是否与胃癌相关的报道较少。我们的结果显示,血清TBA的升高对胃癌及胃癌是否淋有巴结转移均有价值,对胃癌的分化程度没有预测价值。这提示,在胃癌及是否淋巴结转移的诊断过程中,我们可以引入血清TBA水平作为参考。仍要指出的是,此结论仍然需要多中心、更大样本量的临床试验验证。

有研究提示,血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4可能在不同阶段的胃癌患者中升高 [27] 。然而,敏感性和特异性的低比率阻碍了在早期诊断中使用这些血清标记物。大部分现有的以胃癌早期诊断为重点的临床指南不建议在胃癌的诊断及术前评估和分期时进行血清标志物检测。尽管一些研究显示肿瘤标志物升高与胃癌显著相关 [28] 。我们的研究提示CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4的升高及升高水平对胃癌及胃癌是否淋巴结转移的诊断均有价值,对胃癌的分化程度没有预测价值,且四项指标联合检测灵敏度最高,当CEA、CA72-4、TBA联合检测时,AUC值达到最大,然而最大值仅为0.616。且仅当CEA升高大于4倍及CA19-9升高对是否有淋巴结转移诊断价值最大。这表明血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA的升高可以作为胃癌诊断的参考指标,但其诊断价值不高,反而由于其高达72.4%~88.1%的假阴性率,很容易误导患者,不进行进一步的胃镜检查,从而造成胃癌的漏诊。而仅当其升高大于4倍时,诊断价值较高。然而,我们的研究有几个局限性。尽管病例数量众多,但本研究是一项单中心回顾性研究,存在病例选择偏差的缺点,结果需要通过多中心前瞻性研究进一步验证。

5. 总结

综上所述,血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA对胃癌的诊断价值较低,仅当CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4升高大于4倍时意义较大。只有当血清CEA、CA19-9水平升高大于4倍时,对胃癌是否有淋巴结转移预测价值较大。血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA对胃癌的分化程度没有预测价值。根据本研究结果,不建议将血清CEA、CA19-9、CA72-4、TBA作为胃癌常规筛查的指标,其结果可提供临床参考作用,仍需结合胃镜及活组织病理检查确诊。

文章引用

李芃萌,慈向男,修 辉,张 珊,姜 娜,王荣玉,张海燕,刘希双. 血清肿瘤标志物联合胆汁酸检测在胃癌诊断中的价值
The Value of Serum Tumor Markers Combined with Bile Acid Detection in the Di-agnosis of Gastric Cancer[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(03): 3163-3172. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.133450

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  29. NOTES

    *通讯作者Email: liuxishuang1@sina.com

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