Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 07 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 68519 , 8 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1371529

215例细菌性肝脓肿的临床特征分析

刘洪亮1,江竹筠2,孙传东1*,王晓昱3

1青岛大学附属医院肝胆胰外科,山东 青岛

2青岛大学附属医院胸外科,山东 青岛

3青岛大学附属医院麻醉科,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2023年6月11日;录用日期:2023年7月5日;发布日期:2023年7月12日

摘要

目的:探究细菌性肝脓肿患者的临床特征,提供合理的诊疗依据从而提高临床治疗水平。方法:回顾性分析2020年01月~2022年12月青岛大学附属医院收治的215例患有细菌性肝脓肿病人的数据信息资料。结果:在此项研究内,我们发现肝脓肿,男性多发(150例,69.77%),发病高峰年龄段在50~69岁(65.12%)。有157例患者合并1种或者多种基础病,合并糖尿病者最多(77例,35.81%),其次是胆道疾病(50例,23.26%)、高血压(46例,21.40%)和既往肝胆手术病史(32例,14.88%)。肝脓肿最主要的临床表现是发热(191例,88.84%),其次是上腹疼痛(77例,35.81%),食欲下降(69例,32.09%),和肩背部疼痛(8例,3.72%)。患者中以单腔肝右叶脓肿居多(168例,78.14%)。在术前检查中,腹部B超检出率88.60%,腹部CT检出率87.37%,腹部MR检出率83.33%。在实验室检查异常指标中,中性粒细胞百分比升高和白蛋白降低最为显著,分别为159例,73.95%和194例,90.23%,ALT与AST异常者占126例,58.61%。51例患者行血培养,29例阳性(56.86%),在检出阳性的患者中,肺炎克雷伯菌属占86.21%。108例患者行穿刺脓液细菌学培养以及置管,98例阳性(90.74%),在检出阳性的患者中,肺炎克雷伯菌属占85.71%。治疗方式以抗菌药物联合经皮穿刺置管引流为主(192例,89.30%),手术治疗患者13例(6.05%)。182例患者治愈,10例患者好转,总有效率为89.30%。结论:细菌性肝脓肿好发于中老年男性,常合并糖尿病以及胆道疾病,主要的临床表现为高热、右上腹疼痛、食欲下降,临床中因B超检出率高以及便捷以其为首选检查,同时结合上腹部CT可协助细菌性肝脓肿的早期诊断。主要的致病病原菌是肺炎克雷伯杆菌,治疗常常选用抗菌药物联合经皮穿刺置管引流,效果好。

关键词

细菌性肝脓肿,临床特征,回顾性研究

Clinical Characteristics of 215 Bacterial Liver Abscesses

Hongliang Liu1, Zhuyun Jiang2, Chuandong Sun1*, Xiaoyu Wang3

1Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

2Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

3Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: Jun. 11th, 2023; accepted: Jul. 5th, 2023; published: Jul. 12th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective: To explore the clinical characteristics of patients with bacterial liver abscess, and to provide reasonable diagnosis and treatment basis to improve the clinical level of bed treatment. Methods: 215 patients admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2020 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The data of 215 patients with bacterial liver abscess were analyzed. Results: In this study, we found that liver abscess was more common in males (150 cases, 69.77%), and the peak age of liver abscess was (50~69) years (65.12%). There were 157 patients with one or more underlying diseases, most of which were diabetes mellitus (77 cases, 35.81%), followed by biliary diseases (50 cases, 23.26%), hypertension (46 cases, 21.4%) and previous history of hepatobiliary surgery (32 cases, 14.88%). The main clinical manifestations of liver abscess were fever (191 cases, 88.84%), followed by upper abdominal pain (77 cases, 35.81%), decreased appetite (69 cases, 32.09%), and shoulder and back pain (8 cases, 3.72%). The most common abscess (168 cases, 78.14%) was right lobe of liver abscess. In the preoperative examination, the detection rate of abdominal B-ultrasound was 88.60%, abdominal CT was 87.37% and abdominal MR was 83.33%. Among the abnormal indexes of laboratory examination, the percentage of neutrophil increased and albumin decreased were the most significant, which were 159 cases (73.95%) and 194 cases (90.23%), respectively. The abnormal ALT and AST accounted for 126 cases (58.61%). Of the 51 patients who underwent blood culture, 29 cases were positive (56.86%). Among the positive patients, Klebsiella pneumoniae accounted for 86.21%. 108 patients underwent puncture pus bacteriological culture and catheterization, 98 patients were positive (90.74%). Among the positive patients, Klebsiella pneumoniae accounted for 85.71%. The main treatment methods were antibiotics combined with percutaneous puncture and drainage (192 cases, 89.30%), and surgery (13 cases, 6.05%). 182 patients were cured, 10 patients improved, the total effective rate was 89.30%. Conclusion: Bacterial liver abscess usually occurs in middle-aged and elderly men, often complicated with diabetes and biliary tract diseases. The main clinical manifestations are high fever, right upper abdomen pain and loss of appetite. In clinical practice, B-ultrasound is the first choice due to its high detection rate and convenient, and combined with upper abdominal CT can assist in the early diagnosis of bacterial liver abscess. The main pathogenic bacteria is Klebsiella pneumoniae. The treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae is often combined with antibacterial drugs and percutaneous puncture and drainage, and the effect is good.

Keywords:Bacterial Liver Abscess, Clinical Features, Retrospective Study

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

细菌性肝脓肿是指由细菌通过多种感染途径入侵肝脏,在肝内形成化脓性感染病灶,其中所说的感染途径主要包括胆系疾病、门静脉系统疾病或肝周感染性病灶的直接蔓延 [1] [2] 。主要的临床表现是发热、上腹痛,以及食欲减退。患者常合并糖尿病、胆道疾病以及高血压等疾病。由于糖尿病、高血压等疾病的患病率升高以及抗生素的不合理使用 [3] ,使得细菌性肝脓肿的患病率逐年升高且愈发复杂。现为提高临床医师对细菌性肝脓肿的诊治水平,避免误诊误治,本研究对本院确诊的215例细菌性肝脓肿的临床资料进行了回顾性分析,现报道如下。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 研究资料

通过我院病例检索系统回顾性分析2020年01月~2022年12月青岛大学附属医院收治的215例患有细菌性肝脓肿病人的数据信息资料。其中男150例,女65例,男:女比例为2.31:1;年龄4~90岁,平均(56.66 ± 13.35)岁。本研究中纳入的病例均符合细菌性肝脓肿的诊断标准 [4] [5] 。

2.2. 伦理知情同意

本研究所有实验过程均遵照《人体医学研究的伦理准则》中的要求进行,并获得青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会审核批准,患者或家属均签署知情同意书。

2.3. 观察指标

性别、发病年龄、合并基础疾病、主要临床表现、脓肿大小及特征、病原学检测、影像学检查、血常规、肝肾功能、C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、治疗方式、及转归等。

2.4. 统计学方法

所得临床资料运用SPSS 14.0软件进行统计,计量资料结果以 x ¯ ± s 表示。

3. 结果

3.1. 患者的年龄性别资料

215例患者中,男性150例,占69.77%,女性65例,占30.23%。平均年龄56.66岁。患者的性别与年龄分布见表1以及表2,可见细菌性肝脓肿多发于男性且发病的高峰年龄段为50~69岁。

Table 1. Sex distribution of the patients

表1. 患者的性别分布

Table 2. Age distribution of the patients

表2. 患者的年龄分布

3.2. 患者的基础病情况

215例患者中有157例存在一种或合并一种以上基础疾病。其中,糖尿病 77例(35.81%),胆道疾病50例(23.26%),高血压46例(21.40%),肝类疾病17例(7.91%),既往肝胆手术32例(14.88%),冠心病16例(7.44%),其他为肺类疾病、脑梗死和支气管类疾病,见表3

Table 3. The combined underlying diseases of the patients

表3. 患者合并的基础病

3.3. 患者的临床表现

最主要的临床表现是发热(191例,88.84%),其次是上腹疼痛(77例,35.81%),食欲下降(69例,32.09%)和肩背部疼痛(8例,3.72%)和其他(50例,23.26%),见表4

Table 4. Clinical presentation characteristics of the patients

表4. 患者的临床表现特征

3.4. 患者的检出率以及肝脓肿的特征

患者中以单腔肝右叶脓肿居多(168例,78.14%),见表5。在术前检查中,腹部B超检出率88.60%,腹部CT检出率87.37%,腹部MR检出率83.33%,见表6

Table 5. Characteristics of liver abscess in patients

表5. 患者的肝脓肿特征

Table 6. Detection rates of the patients

表6. 患者的检出率

3.5. 患者的血常规以及肝功能检查

在实验室检查异常指标中,中性粒细胞百分比升高和白蛋白降低最为显著,分别为159例,73.95%和194例,90.23%,ALT与AST异常者占126例,58.61%,见表7

Table 7. Blood routine and liver function results of the patients

表7. 患者血常规及肝功能结果

3.6. 患者病原学检测结果

51例患者行血培养,29例阳性(56.86%),在检出阳性的患者中,肺炎克雷伯菌属占86.21%。108例患者行穿刺脓液细菌学培养以及置管,98例阳性(90.74%),在检出阳性的患者中,肺炎克雷伯菌属占85.71%,见表8

Table 8. Pathological testing results of the patients

表8. 患者的病原学检测结果

3.7. 治疗与转归

治疗方式以抗菌药物联合经皮穿刺置管引流为主(192例,89.30%),手术治疗患者(13例,6.05%),单纯抗菌药物治疗者(10例,4.65%),见表9。经随访,182例患者治愈,10例患者好转,总有效率为89.30%,无死亡病例。

Table 9. Treatment modalities of the patients

表9. 患者的治疗方式

4. 讨论

现在我们首先来谈谈细菌性肝脓肿这一病种,它是我们在临床上比较常见的一种肝脏感染性疾病,其在亚洲地区的发病率高于欧美等西方国家 [6] ,该病好发于右叶,推测可能与门静脉及右叶的血流主要由肠系膜上静脉供应有关 [8] 。细菌性肝脓肿的男性患病率较女性高 [9] ,且发病年龄主要集中于50~60岁 [10] 。近年来随着医疗技术的发展,细菌性肝脓肿的治愈率逐年上升,然而因地域及医疗技术的差异,在全球范围内其死亡率为1%~31% [7] 。化脓性肝脓肿的病原菌多为革兰阴性杆菌,但也有文献报道为链球菌属,链球菌属和厌氧菌的混合感染发生于老年患者、受损的宿主和有严重恶性疾病的患者中,为控制肝脓肿破裂引起的严重感染,应考虑早期使用手术引流 [11] 。下面我们先来谈肝脓肿的发病机制。细菌性肝脓肿的发病机制在我国细菌性肝脓肿的主要致病菌为肺炎克雷伯菌(54.1%),而在美国主要为链球菌(29.5%)和大肠埃希菌(18.1%) [12] 。肺炎克雷伯菌多见于合并糖尿病的肝脓肿患者,其脓毒性转移感染风险极高 [13] 。有文献报道,约30%的细菌性肝脓肿患者有糖尿病病史,提示糖尿病在细菌性肝脓肿的发生中起重要作用 [14] 。糖尿病患者血管内膜异常可导致肺炎克雷伯菌易通过血源播散,这在某种程度上解释了合并血源感染细菌性肝脓肿患者的致病菌株大部分为肺炎克雷伯菌 [15] 。血糖控制不佳会影响中性粒细胞的吞噬作用,吞噬活性受损会促进肺炎克雷伯菌在肝脏的沉积和增殖 [16] 。谈及新细菌性肝脓肿的诊断,我们应该根据临床各个方面综合判断。有文献表明,发热是细菌性肝脓肿最常见的临床表现,其次为寒战、恶心及呕吐和腹痛 [8] 。若细菌性肝脓肿患者出现呼吸困难、胸部不适等临床表现时,需考虑脓肿侵及肺部的可能,并怀疑有混合性感染。由于其中一部分患者隐匿性起病,容易被漏诊、误诊,且易发生全身炎症反应,因此临床对细菌性肝脓肿患者的早期诊断及治疗显得尤为重要。对于实验室检查来说,较常见的异常检查为低白蛋白血症和白细胞增多及贫血 [10] 。当胆道疾病导致化脓性肝脓肿时,67%~90%的患者可见碱性磷酸酶升高,约53%的患者可见总胆红素水平升高 [17] 。在实验室检查中,中性粒细胞对炎症反应的敏感性最高,而C反应蛋白不仅可反映感染的炎症程度,还可以评价抗感染治疗的效果,C反应蛋白水平降至正常可作为停药的指标之一 [18] ,且与引流的有效性有关,即引流有效的可能性随C反应蛋白值的增加而降低 [19] 。血清降钙素原在炎症早期2~3 h开始升高,于12~24 h达到峰值,因此对细菌感染的早期诊断、疾病的严重程度、抗生素治疗的效果评估等有特殊意义,但因其半衰期较短(20~24 h),在局部细菌感染中通常正常或轻微升高,因此在肝脓肿的诊断和评估中需与其他炎症标志物相结合 [18] 。脓肿的细菌培养对其诊断和治疗具有重要意义,但临床常因穿刺抽脓前使用抗生素,而导致其培养结果受到影响 [17] 。有研究表明,与血培养相比,脓培养的灵敏度更高,其对于免疫功能低下患者的有效治疗方案至关重要 [8] ,故对不同患者的治疗方案需结合其病情综合考虑。在临床中,因实验室检查缺乏特异性,所以需要与影像学检查相结合。目前,细菌性肝脓肿 常用的检查方法为CT、超声和磁共振成像。超声检查因其方便快捷,检出率高,已被临床医学界广泛认可。与常规超声相比,CT在敏感性方面更优,且在区分脓肿和肿瘤上,对于疾病的早期诊断方面更为准确。而磁共振成像有较好的软组织对比度及多序列成像的优势,对于肝组织充血、水肿、坏死的诊断更有价值。最后谈到肝脓肿的治疗,目前,细菌性肝脓肿的治疗方式主要为药物治疗和介入治疗相结合,但当保守治疗无效或需根治病因时,需选择手术治疗,3种治疗方案均有其使用价值,临床需结合实际情况合理选择。在抗生素用药中,特别要谈到,抗生素治疗的危险因素包括恶性肿瘤、败血性休克、老年、生化异常(贫血、氮质血症、高胆红素血症等) [20] ,对这些高危患者应长期给予抗生素治疗。同时应警惕产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended- spectrum β-lactamase, ESBL)肺炎克雷伯菌的出现,ESBL是细菌耐β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的主要原因,肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBL的检出率为13.5%,早期碳青霉烯类抗生素的使用可有效降低产ESBL患者的死亡率 [20] ,临床对怀疑有产ESBL 感染的患者可酌情考虑提升抗生素等级。综上,近年来,细菌性肝脓肿患者的临床诊治正逐年发生改变,因此应全面、细致地分析患者的基础情况,针对性地选择治疗方案。

文章引用

刘洪亮,江竹筠,孙传东,王晓昱. 215例细菌性肝脓肿的临床特征分析
Clinical Characteristics of 215 Bacterial Liver Abscesses[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(07): 10949-10956. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1371529

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  21. NOTES

    *通讯作者Email: sunchuandong@hotmail.com

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