Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 10 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 73400 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.13102174

异环磷酰胺脑病全身抽搐发作表现1例并文献回顾

张瑞祺,赵艳霞

青岛大学附属医院,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2023年9月6日;录用日期:2023年10月1日;发布日期:2023年10月9日

摘要

目的:整理、分析异环磷酰胺致中枢神经系统毒性的临床特点、危险因素、影像学及电生理特点、治疗及预后,为临床及早发现和治疗异环磷酰胺脑病提供参考。方法:参与1例异环磷酰胺致中枢神经系统毒性患者的治疗过程。该患者行第3疗程异环磷酰胺方案化疗第4天时出现全身抽搐症状,查体示肌张力增高、病理征阳性,经多学科会诊后,考虑该不良反应与异环磷酰胺有关,停用该药并给予支持治疗后24小时内症状好转。结合上述病例,收集异环磷酰胺致中枢神经系统毒性的相关文献,归纳、总结其临床表现、发病机制、危险因素、干预及转归等特征。结论:神经系统毒性为异环磷酰胺的罕见不良反应,多发生在用药后12小时到6天内,可表现为嗜睡、昏迷、全身抽搐发作等多种症状。当患者出现该不良反应时,应及时停药并给予支持治疗,必要时静脉给予亚甲蓝或硫胺素治疗。临床医师应加强对异环磷酰胺神经系统毒性的认识,及时识别相关症状,保证用药安全。

关键词

异环磷酰胺,异环磷酰胺脑病,药物不良反应

A Case of Ifosfamide Encephalopathy Characterized by Generalized Convulsions and Literature Review

Ruiqi Zhang, Yanxia Zhao

The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: Sep. 6th, 2023; accepted: Oct. 1st, 2023; published: Oct. 9th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective: To summarize and analyze the clinical characteristics, risk factors, imaging and electrophysiological characteristics, treatment and prognosis of central nervous system toxicity induced by ifosfamide, and to provide reference for early detection and treatment of ifosfamide encephalopathy. Methods: The researcher participated in the treatment of a patient with central nervous system toxicity caused by ifosfamide. On the fourth day of the third course of ifosfamide chemotherapy, the patient developed generalized convulsions, increased muscle tone, and positive pathological signs. After multi-disciplinary consultation, considering that the adverse reaction was related to ifosfamide, symptoms improve within 24 hours after discontinuation of medication and supportive treatment. Combined with the above cases, collecting relevant literatures on central nervous system toxicity induced by ifosfamide, and their clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, risk factors, intervention and outcome were summarized. Conclusion: Neurotoxicity is a rare adverse reaction of ifosfamide, which occurs within 12 hours to 6 days after administration. It can be manifested as drowsiness, coma, generalized seizures and other symptoms. When the patient has this adverse reaction, the drug should be discontinued in time and supportive treatment should be given. If necessary, methylene blue or thiamine should be given intravenously. Clinicians should strengthen the understanding of the neurotoxicity of ifosfamide, timely identify related symptoms, and ensure the safety of medication.

Keywords:Ifosfamide, Isocyclophosphamide Encephalopathy, Adverse Drug Reaction

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

异环磷酰胺是一种烷化剂,通过与DNA的烷基化发挥其化疗活性,导致DNA合成抑制和细胞死亡,常用于生殖细胞肿瘤、肉瘤和淋巴瘤等多种肿瘤的一线联合化学治疗 [1] [2] [3] 。异环磷酰胺的不良反应包括骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应、出血性膀胱炎、中枢神经系统毒性、肾毒性等,其中,骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应、出血性膀胱炎等更为常见,与药物剂量有关,中枢神经系统毒性国内报道较少 [4] [5] [6] 。本研究就1例异环磷酰胺致中枢神经系统毒性患者的临床特点、治疗效果进行分析,结合相关文献,以加强临床医师对异环磷酰胺神经系统毒性的认识。

2. 临床资料

患儿男,13岁,2019年8月23日于青岛大学附属医院确诊“滑膜肉瘤”,同年9月29日于全麻下行软组织肿物扩大清除术,手术顺利,恢复好,后定期我院随诊。2021年7月22日回院复查时胸部CT发现双肺多发微小结节,行PET-CT检查示左肺上叶、右肺下叶软组织密度小结节,未见异常代谢,给予定期复查CT、观察随访处理;2022年7月18日复查胸部CT时发现双肺多发小结节,且较前增大,加做PET-CT示双肺多发类圆形软组织密度小结节,边界清晰,大部分位于胸膜下,未见异常代谢,较1年前PET/CT检查时增多、增大,考虑肺转移瘤可能性大,予“表柔比星25 g/m2 + 异环磷酰胺3 g/m2”方案化疗,美斯钠预防出血性膀胱炎。2022年9月16日患儿入院行第三疗程化疗时,9月17日至9月19日照常给予“表柔比星 + 异环磷酰胺 + 美斯钠”化疗,无不良反应,9月20日静脉输注异环磷酰胺完毕后3小时突发抽搐,表现为双目凝视、口唇青紫、牙关紧闭、口吐白沫,四肢僵硬,上肢屈曲,持续小幅度抖动,呼之不应,持续时间约5分钟。立即去枕平卧、面罩吸氧,给予静推地西泮10 mg镇静、甘露醇40 g快速降低颅内压,静滴葡萄糖酸钙注射液预防低钙抽搐治疗。测体温36.9℃,脉搏:125次/分,呼吸:26次/分,经皮测血氧饱和度示氧饱和度98%以上,急查动脉血气分析及电解质示PH 7.00,氧分压246.00 mmHg,二氧化碳分压48.00 mmHg,钾3.00 mmol/L,钠135.00 mmol/L,氯101.00 mmol/L,氧饱和度100.20%,全血碱剩余−18.80 mmol/L,乳酸15.30 mmol/L,游离钙1.33 mmol/L,葡萄糖10.10 mmol/L。患儿抽搐停止后烦躁不安、四肢屈曲,查体示四肢肌张力高,双侧巴氏征阳性。给予碳酸氢钠纠正酸中毒治疗及补钙治疗,以6 ml/h速度持续静脉泵入咪达唑仑,完善肝肾功检查未见明显异常。1天后患儿症状好转,烦躁不安症状消失,肌张力恢复正常,病理征转阴,仍有头晕、头痛,停用咪达唑仑,继续甘露醇治疗,完善颅脑MR检查及脑电图检查未见明显异常。经多学科病例讨论,考虑异环磷酰胺脑病,2022.10.11入院行第四疗程化疗时改用“表柔比星 + 安罗替尼”方案,2022.11.15经临床药学科会诊及与家属沟通后,将表柔比星改为多柔比星脂质体。后随访半年,随访期间未再出现头晕头痛、全身抽搐等症状。

3. 讨论分析

3.1. 异环磷酰胺中枢神经系统毒性

异环磷酰胺作为烷化剂常用于生殖细胞肿瘤、肉瘤和淋巴瘤等多种肿瘤的一线联合化学治疗,其在体内转化为氧化产物4-羟基异环磷酰胺的过程主要由CYP3A4异构体催化,该途径与另一个涉及到CYP3A4和CYP2B6的分解代谢异环磷酰胺脱氯乙基化途径产生竞争,导致2-和3-脱氯乙基环磷酰胺和神经毒性代谢物氯乙醛(CAA)的产生 [7] 。氯乙醛是一种亲脂性化合物,可通过血脑屏障,通过直接神经毒性作用、使中枢神经系统谷胱甘肽耗竭、抑制线粒体氧化磷酸化导致脂肪酸代谢受损等可能的机制导致神经系统毒副作用 [8] [9] 。

异环磷酰胺致中枢神经系统毒性可以表现为嗜睡、精神错乱、抑郁性精神病、幻觉等,少见的症状有眩晕、定向力丧失和脑神经功能障碍,偶尔报告有癫痫发作和致死性昏迷,统称为异环磷酰胺脑病(IIE) [2] 。美国国家癌症研究所将IIE分为4个等级:1级——头晕或轻度抑郁,2级——嗜睡或焦虑不安,3级——重度抑郁、轻度幻觉或昏睡,4级——幻觉、癫痫发作或昏迷 [10] 。由于异环磷酰胺脑病是一种排除性的诊断,可能表现为一系列中枢神经系统的症状和体征,小到心理状态异常,大到昏迷,目前无公认的临床诊断标准,因此可能被遗漏或误诊。本例患儿在异环磷酰胺方案化疗第3周期第4天时出现全身抽搐,伴头晕、头痛,查体示四肢肌力增高、病理征阳性,经多学科会诊,排除低钙惊厥、低血糖、电解质紊乱、低血压、高热惊厥等其他可引起抽搐发生的因素后,考虑抽搐由异环磷酰胺引起。

3.2. 引起异环磷酰胺脑病的危险因素

目前发现的可致异环磷酰胺脑病发生风险增加的危险因素有:较短的静脉输注时间、低血清白蛋白、血清肌酐和血红蛋白升高、既往使用过顺铂、同时使用CYP2B6抑制剂和阿片类药物、诊断为肉瘤等 [11] [12] [13] 。年龄与异环磷酰胺脑病的风险无关 [14] 。目前没有明确证据表明异环磷酰胺脑病的发生与剂量有关。有研究表明,在临床工作中,给予更大剂量的异环磷酰胺(≥9 g/m2) (淋巴瘤化疗方案中异环磷酰胺用量仅为5 g/m2)的肉瘤患者,异环磷酰胺脑病的发生率更高 [12] [15] 。且随着异环磷酰胺剂量的增加,中枢神经系统毒性会更加明显 [3] 。但也有研究认为异环磷酰胺的剂量与脑病的发生无明显相关性 [14] 。临床工作中,对存在上述危险因素的患者,应尽量避免应用异环磷酰胺治疗。本例患者化疗方案中异环磷酰胺的用量为3 g/m2,单次输注时间为4小时,且不存在低血清白蛋白、血清肌酐和血红蛋白升高情况,既往未应用过顺铂类药物,治疗过程中也并未使用CYP2B6抑制剂和阿片类药物,不存在上述危险因素。这表明,即使完全排除上述危险因素,也不能完全避免异环磷酰胺神经系统毒性的发生,不能将上述因素是否存在作为排除异环磷酰胺脑病的标准。

3.3. 异环磷酰胺脑病的影像学及电生理表现

尽管异环磷酰胺脑病通常情况下都是短暂的和可逆的,但在某些情况下可能导致持续的神经功能障碍及死亡,临床医师可以根据患者的影像学及电生理特点判断患儿预后情况,及时进行干预。

1) 部分患儿颅脑MRI和脑电图可无任何改变 [16] 。

2) 部分患儿可出现颅脑MRI一过性改变,停用异环磷酰胺并给予支持治疗后恢复正常。在1篇对异环磷酰胺脑病的病例报道中,一名13岁肉瘤男童在应用异环磷酰胺、长春新碱、放线菌素和美司钠联合化疗10天后出现癫痫样症状,颅脑MRI示右额叶皮质下低密度病变,停药2周后复查颅脑MRI发现病变消失 [10] 。

3) 异环磷酰胺脑病最常见的脑电图表现为具有3期形态的广泛放电,其不同的脑电图表现与不同临床表现之间并不存在明显的相关性 [17] 。但是不同的脑电图变化可以在一定程度上反应异环磷酰胺神经毒性的严重程度,在轻症患者中可表现为具有3期形态的广泛性慢性或广泛性周期放电,在中度影响的患者中可表现为癫痫样放电,在最严重的患者中,可出现脑电图持续性癫痫样放电 [18] 。

4) 影像学改变和脑电图改变并不一定同时发生,可以单独出现。在一例对15岁骨肉瘤患儿的治疗过程中,应用异环磷酰胺后出现持续约5分钟的全身强直痉挛发作,颅脑MRI检查未见明显异常,脑电图示源自左半球的神经元过度兴奋 [19] 。

3.4. 异环磷酰胺脑病的治疗及预后

异环磷酰胺脑病常在输注异环磷酰胺后的12小时~6天内发生,停药后24~72小时症状改善 [20] 。目前关于异环磷酰胺脑病的指导方针是停用异环磷酰胺并提供支持护理,本例患儿在停用异环磷酰胺,静脉泵入咪达唑仑并给予抗惊厥治疗后24小时内症状好转 [21] 。目前,亚甲蓝和硫胺素已被用于IIE的治疗,而且还一起用于预防异环磷酰胺相关的神经毒性 [22] [23] [24] [25] 。亚甲蓝通过抑制氯乙醛形成中涉及的单胺氧化酶从而抑制氯乙醛的形成,在30分钟内起效,持续3天 [26] 。补充硫胺素可以促进TDP和ttp依赖性酶的正常功能,从而防止相关的神经效应 [3] 。早期研究认为异环磷酰胺引起的神经毒性在48小时内是可逆的,不需要任何治疗,现在大多数研究建议异环磷酰胺脑病发生后给予亚甲蓝50 mg,每天4~6次,快速输注至少2天 [24] [27] 。

发生异环磷酰胺脑病后,可以再次应用异环磷酰胺,但应在静脉给予亚甲蓝的预防性治疗下进行 [19] [28] 。考虑患者存在再次发生异环磷酰胺脑病的风险,且没有确切证据表明预防性使用亚甲蓝和硫胺素可以降低异环磷酰胺脑病的发生率,该患者在第四周期化疗时改用“表柔比星 + 安罗替尼”方案 [3] [29] 。

4. 结语

异环磷酰胺可以导致中枢神经系统毒性,多发生在用药后12小时到6天内,可能表现为各种中枢神经系统的症状和体征,容易被遗漏和误诊。当进行异环磷酰胺化疗的患者出现嗜睡、昏迷、全身抽搐发作等症状,怀疑异环磷酰胺脑病时,应立即停用异环磷酰胺并给予支持治疗,给予亚甲蓝和硫胺素以缩短脑病的持续时间,完善颅脑MRI及脑电图检查评估患儿预后。希望本研究能为临床及早发现和治疗异环磷酰胺脑病提供参考。

文章引用

张瑞祺,赵艳霞. 异环磷酰胺脑病全身抽搐发作表现1例并文献回顾
A Case of Ifosfamide Encephalopathy Characterized by Generalized Convulsions and Literature Review[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(10): 15541-15546. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13102174

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