Advances in Psychology
Vol. 14  No. 05 ( 2024 ), Article ID: 88116 , 9 pages
10.12677/ap.2024.145326

正念认知疗法在复发性抑郁中的应用研究

高鑫智,葛 波,杨奇伟*

成都医学院心理学院,四川 成都

收稿日期:2024年3月29日;录用日期:2024年5月16日;发布日期:2024年5月31日

摘要

本研究针对复发性抑郁症患者,深度梳理了国内外关于正念认知疗法(MBCT)的最新进展。现有证据证实,正念认知疗法在防止抑郁症复发方面展现出了良好的疗效。考虑到抑郁症治疗情境的多样性和复杂性,目前业界尚未形成一套普遍适用的标准治疗程序,构建并验证标准化的正念认知疗法在复发性抑郁症治疗中的具体操作流程,将是未来研究亟待解决和深化探索的关键议题。

关键词

正念认知疗法,复发性抑郁症,正念,正念干预,综述

Research on the Application of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Recurrent Depression

Xinzhi Gao, Bo Ge, Qiwei Yang*

School of Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Sichuan

Received: Mar. 29th, 2024; accepted: May 16th, 2024; published: May 31st, 2024

ABSTRACT

This study is aimed at patients with recurrent depression, and the latest progress of the positive cognitive therapy (MBCT) is deeply reviewed. Existing evidence confirms that mindfulness cognitive therapy has shown good results in preventing the recurrence of depression. Considering the diversity and complexity of the treatment situation of depression, the present industry has not yet formed a universal standard treatment program, and the concrete operation process of the standardized mindfulness cognitive therapy in the treatment of recurrent depression is a key issue in future research to solve and deepen the exploration.

Keywords:Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, Recurrent Depression, Mindfulness, Mindfulness Intervention, Summarize

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

世界卫生组织数据显示(World Health Organization, 2012),抑郁症现为全球首要致残原因,全球患病率约4%,患者逾3.5亿。我国抑郁症患者数达9000万,患病率为6.8%,女性患者约为男性的两倍(1:2),且呈年轻化和高复发趋势(Dwyer et al., 2022)。抑郁症以持久情绪低落、社会功能障碍和思维迟缓为主要表现,影响个体生活质量,尤其在身体健康、社交交往和职业发展方面造成功能损伤。针对抑郁症风险因素的分析表明,在针对1363名大学生的研究中,通过结构方程模型揭示出人格特质和家庭环境是抑郁症的关键诱因,它们决定了个体对待生活事件的积极或消极态度(Jin et al., 2009)。因此,理解并干预这些因素对抑郁症的防控至关重要。

1.1. 复发性抑郁症的简述

复发性抑郁是指患者在首度抑郁发作后,疾病反复出现,即使短暂恢复,也可能频繁复发或存留较高残留症状(Kessler & Bromet, 2013)。现实数据显示,抑郁症初愈者有一半可能性再次复发,而经历三次及以上发作的个体,复发率陡增至80%以上(Banov, 2018)。现今,心理治疗,尤其是正念认知疗法,已成为复发性抑郁主流且高效的干预手段。

1.2. 正念认知疗法在复发性抑郁症的应用

由Segal等人开创的正念认知疗法(MBCT)作为一种专门针对复发性抑郁的治疗方法已得到广泛应用(Segal et al., 2018)。该疗法旨在引导患者加深对自己思想、情感和身体感觉的认识,并学会建立全新的应对方式,从而有效辨识并妥善处理可能触发抑郁复发的因素。临床实践中,MBCT已被证明能显著降低抑郁复发的风险,并逐渐确立其在预防抑郁复发及治疗多种精神障碍领域的有效性及重要地位。例如,Catherine S. Ames等学者(2014)针对具有抑郁残留症状的12~18岁青少年开展了一项研究,他们接受了为期八周的MBCT治疗。结果显示,经过正念训练并在后续一个月的追踪评估中,这些青少年的抑郁评分显著减少(Ames et al., 2014)。与此同时,冯春娣等中国研究者对比了常规护理疗法与MBCT的效果,发现在接受MBCT治疗后,试验组受试者的HAMD抑郁量表、PSQI睡眠质量指数以及SF-36生活质量量表得分均有明显改善,且符合抑郁诊断标准的人数相较于对照组有所减少(冯春娣,薄伟,杨琴,2023)。更深层次的探究揭示,MBCT在治疗复发性抑郁时的作用机制可能在于通过提升正念水平和自我慈悲意识来实现调控作用(Kuyken et al., 2016)。值得注意的是,正念认知疗法(MBCT)已在临床中被证实可作为复发性抑郁症的有效替代治疗方案(Kuyken et al., 2015)。MBCT可调整患者对心理应激的认知反应模式,从而改变抑郁结果的本质属性。

2. 复发性抑郁症的现状

由于抑郁症患者占人口比重较大,而复发性抑郁症的发病率又较高,因此对复发性抑郁症的研究显得日趋重要。通过在OPEN KNOWLEDGE MAPS网站以关键词“MBCT”、“复发性抑郁症”、“relapse depression”为核心,获得以复发性抑郁症为中心的相关研究,并在知网、万方、PubMed平台上获取关于复发性抑郁干预方式的13篇研究。从表1可知,从干预程序来看,所有的13篇研究均采用八周及以上的干预疗程;被试特征方面,所有纳入文献均有对照组与实验组,并随机分配不同干预对照研究;测量方式方面,有5篇文献使用了BDI量表,有3篇文献使用了WHQQL、RSS、SCS量表,有两篇文献使用了FFMQ、HAMD、IDS量表,有1篇文献使用了KIMS、SDS、SCSQ、KIMS、CTQ、BAI、DAS量表;干预效果方面,有10篇研究显示效果显著;有3篇研究显示效果不显著;但结果显示仍有改善。被试情况来看:大部分文献采用的研究被试为服用抗抑郁药效果不显著或正处于缓解阶段,有1篇文献验证了MBCT组合其他认知疗法的良好效果。

Table 1. The regulation effect of MBCT in recurrent depression

表1. MBCT在复发性抑郁中的调节作用研究

3. 复发性抑郁症的机制

3.1. 发病机制

Mann, J.及其团队针对有抑郁史的38位2至6岁儿童的父母,引入了访谈形式的亲子正念认知疗法(P-MBCT),实验结果显示,接受P-MBCT访谈的父母展现出更高的正念与自我同情水平。在四个月的跟踪调查中,P-MBCT组父母所抚养的孩子表现出较少的行为问题,这进一步印证了抑郁症的发生与家庭环境间的紧密联系(Mann et al., 2016)。Becky Mars、Stephan Collishaw等研究者(2012)则聚焦于复发性抑郁症父母对子女精神健康的影响,通过对337对复发性抑郁症父母及其孩子的数据分析发现,曾患抑郁症或有抑郁史的父母,其子女报告的抑郁症状更为显著。父母的抑郁严重程度和发作次数,可能是预测孩子出现精神障碍及抑郁症状的关键指标(Mars et al., 2012)。反刍本质是一种消极自我关注的心理过程,属于不适应的认知模式。Michalak, J. 等研究者(2011)利用反刍量表评估了24名有抑郁病史的患者,并在干预结束后的12个月进行结构化临床访谈,结果显示,患者的反刍水平可以预测他们在接下来12个月的抑郁复发和残留风险(Michalak, Hölz, & Teismann, 2011)。进一步地,学者de Klerk-Sluis, J. M. (2022年)运用Cox比例风险回归模型探讨了认知反应、反刍思维、自我同情与抑郁复发之间的相互关系。研究发现认知反应与抑郁复发之间存在关联,并且揭示了反刍思维与抗抑郁药物使用的显著交互效应:在干预组中,停止使用抗抑郁药物时,反刍思维与抑郁复发相关联,而在常规治疗组中并未观察到这一现象(de Klerk-Sluis et al., 2022)。

3.2. 心理机制

认知心理学观点认为,决定个体情绪的并非事件本身,而是人们对事件的认知加工和倾向性解读。抑郁症患者不断滋生对事件的悲观认知和自我否定评价,从而产生消极情绪。其中,反刍思维,即反复纠结于负性情绪事件,被认为容易诱发抑郁(邢敏智,2021)。研究表明,家庭环境对青少年抑郁有着直接影响,如父母患病可能增加儿童形成不安全依恋,进而导致青少年抑郁(Kane& Garber, 2009)。父母的消极认知模式和长期压力应对不当,通过家庭氛围影响子女,使其表现出行为抑制、内向、自卑等特点(Goodman & Gotlib, 1999; Restifo & Bögels, 2009)。综合分析,抑郁症的心理机制涵盖遗传背景、感到无力或高压状态(Guan et al., 2013)、童年或青春期创伤经历(Yan, Zhang, & Dong, 2021)、缺乏情感支持(Mann et al., 2016)、单亲家庭环境(Yee & Sulaiman, 2017)以及低自我控制力等因素。

3.3. 神经机制

近年来,时间相关电位和脑影像技术的进步为复发性抑郁症的神经机制提供了精准定位和深入探究。孙继飞等(2022)应用静息态fMRI对比了首发与复发抑郁症患者的脑功能差异,结果显示,复发抑郁患者的左侧杏仁核和右侧海马体功能异常更为显著,并与抑郁严重度负相关(孙继飞等,2022)。这提示复发性抑郁可能与前额叶–边缘系统环路的失调密切相关。此外,有研究通过情绪Stroop任务探究抑郁患者在执行任务时的脑结构动态变化,发现抑郁患者在面对冲突情境时,海马旁回–索状回的功能连接增强,而杏仁核–眶额叶的功能连接减弱;杏仁核–眶额叶功能连接的变化可能是抑郁患者情绪冲突处理障碍的神经生理基础(李丹等,2023)。

4. 正念认知疗法在复发性抑郁症中的干预方法、效果及意义

4.1. 正念认知疗法的干预方法

正念认知疗法核心在于培养个体对当下体验的无判断接纳与专注力,涵盖对情绪、感觉和思维的觉察。包含多元化的干预手段,如正念呼吸、行走、躯体扫描、行禅等实践。研究者如Murphy和Lahtinen (2011)通过深度访谈和细致记录,探究冥想练习如何在正念课程中促进抑郁患者的改善(Murphy & Lahtinen, 2011)。另一项针对老年抑郁群体的研究中,Smith, A.等(2023)对30名65岁以上老年抑郁患者实施八周、每周两小时的正念训练,内容涵盖身体感知、情绪与思维意识,旨在去中心化思考和培养包容心态。通过BDI-II评估,发现患者在课程完成后及三个月、一年后,抑郁症状有所减轻,注意力从过去的悲观思绪转向当下的自我觉察(Smith, Graham, & Senthinathan, 2023)。同时,Claudia Beliveau等(2021)结合心理评估与临床试验,研究MBCT对老年抑郁及焦虑症患者的影响。他们组织为期八周、每周两小时的小组活动,要求参与者每日至少练习15分钟。结果显示,与常规治疗相比,MBCT显著降低了老年患者的抑郁和焦虑水平(Claudia et al., 2021)。此研究进一步突显了在认知疗法中,高效患者沟通与小组讨论方式的重要性。

4.2. 正念认知疗法对复发性抑郁干预效果

正念认知疗法(MBCT)是一种融合正念冥想与认知行为疗法的团体心理教育模式,已被证实能有效降低复发性抑郁症的风险,并在临床上取得良好疗效(Velden, Piet, Møller, & Fjorback, 2017)。抑郁患者的大脑结构和功能变化通常表现为执行控制、注意力及信息处理功能连接减弱,情绪调节和自我反思区域的功能连接增强。MBCT的改善机制涉及到大脑结构和功能的重塑,通过改善特定脑区功能,提高注意力网络活跃度,提升认知功能。多项研究采用脑电图(EEG)技术,如Lomas T, Ivtzan I, Fu CH. A (2015);Tang YY, Tang R, Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2019)发现,经八周MBCT治疗的复发性抑郁患者,其后双侧额叶、左颞顶区和右枕区θ波功率增加,右半球θ波段相位同步增强,尤其是右枕区与右前额叶、中央和顶叶区间θ波相位同步增加与抑郁症状减轻有关,而左侧顶叶区域θ波段的增强与反射性反刍行为的改善相关联。另外,Hui Li等学者(2022)运用静息态功能磁共振成像(fMRI)分析了60名晚年抑郁症患者,结果发现八周MBCT增强了患者右侧杏仁核、右侧额极、左侧枕上外侧皮层以及左侧小脑间的连通性,同时减少了左岛–左中央前回、左岛–右小脑、左海马–右肌肉内皮质的功能连接强度(Li et al., 2022)。然而,有些研究也得出了不同结果。Dikaios,Elena等人的研究指出,虽然MBCT可以改善晚年抑郁和焦虑症状,但在预防复发方面,对于晚年抑郁症状的作用有限,而对于晚年焦虑症状具有一定帮助(Dikaios, et al., 2020)。从长远角度来看,Wood,Lauren Clare等学者进行的一项长达49个月的随访研究显示,MBCT可以有效降低三次或三次以上复发性抑郁症患者的抑郁水平(Wood, 2011)。同时,也有研究证实MBCT配合抗抑郁药物治疗,能更好地维持抗抑郁效果并降低未来复发率(Wood, 2011; Kuyken et al., 2010)。在与其他社会心理干预手段的比较中,Probst,Thomas等人的研究发现,针对复发性/自我中心性抑郁患者,基于人际关系问题的认知行为分析系统(CBASP)在总体上优于MBCT (Probst et al., 2020)。未来研究可继续对比探究MBCT与其他心理干预手段(如认知疗法、人际治疗)在预防抑郁复发方面的差异,以及不同人口群体对干预效果的影响(Kuyken et al., 2012)。

4.3. 正念认知疗法在复发性抑郁症中的意义

复发性抑郁的缓解不仅包括临床病理上的改善,还应改善患者心理健康,生活质量。冯春娣等人(2023)发现MBCT能显著改善抑郁患者的睡眠质量、日常生活状态和心理健康水平(冯春娣,薄伟,杨琴,2023)。Kingston等学者(2007)在随机对照试验中发现,MBCT组在WHOQOL-BREF生活质量量表各维度及总分均优于常规治疗组,并在6个后依然维持显著改善(Kingston et al., 2007)。正念的提高意味着个体能够有效地从负性情绪和经历中抽离出来,转而专注于当下的自我状态,这对于抑郁症状的缓解至关重要。研究发现,先前反刍评分较高的患者在接受MBCT后,正念评分变化尤为显著(Frostadottir & Dorjee, 2019)。针对抗抑郁治疗未达缓解的重度抑郁患者的研究显示,经过MBCT干预并在多个时间点随访后,患者正念和生活质量水平显著提升(Chiesa et al., 2015)。Foroughi等人(2020)也证实了MBCT能显著提高受试者的正念水平,且改善效果在一个月后仍然稳定(Foroughi et al., 2020)。李娟等人(2022)对具有抑郁症状的大学生进行MBCT干预后,发现MBCT提升了大学生的正念水平,减少了反刍思维对抑郁情绪的影响(李娟,罗香群,王婧,2022)。Raes, Dewulf, Van Heeringen 和 Williams(2009)认为MBCT缓解抑郁潜在机制是通过改变对消极事件的认知反应(Raes et al., 2009)。Rudi De Raedt等(2012)进一步探究了MBCT对抑郁患者情绪注意模式的影响,采用负情感启动任务(Negative Affective Priming Task),结果发现,干预后患者对消极情绪信息的偏向和对积极情绪信息的抑制都得到了减弱(De Raedt et al., 2012)。

5. 讨论

正念认知疗法(MBCT)将正念状态融入到认知行为中,强调改变患者的负性认知模式,通过自我接纳和减少回避来脱离不良认知模式带来的消极状态。Hui Li等(2022)证明,正念认知疗法通过增强右侧杏仁核、右侧额极、左侧枕上外侧皮层以及左侧小脑之间的连通性,减少左岛–左中央前回、左岛–右小脑、左海马–右肌肉内皮质的功能连接强度,从而使复发性抑郁得到改善。通过培养正念和改变思维方式,正念认知疗法帮助个体更好地理解和应对自己的内在体验,从而减轻情感和心理问题。这种疗法对于处理焦虑、抑郁和其他情绪问题具有显著效果。然而,正念认知疗法的研究尚不成熟,正念认知疗法功效的研究仍不充分,可以作为后续研究的一个方向。

6. 结论与展望

本研究从复发性抑郁症的病理机制出发,分析了正念认知疗法对复发性抑郁的心理机制和脑机制干预,MBCT的逐渐推广为抑郁复发的治疗提供了科学有效的干预方案,并对患者心理技能、正念水平、生活满意度具有积极影响。由于正念认知疗法本身相比于传统治疗,MBCT具有经济成本低、患者易接受,易于习得并更可能长期保持。从心理机制上,抑郁患者的抑郁状态来源于长期消极思维模式和负性自我评价,MBCT干预通过减少消极的自我偏见,恢复内心平静,打破高度批判性和无价值循环的思想来遏制因消极思维而造成的情绪低落,提高正念水平和改善思维模式来增强患者对抑郁情绪的“免疫力”从而达到降低抑郁复发的目的。从神经机制上,复发性抑郁的发病机制与大脑结构和功能密切相关,通过对使用了正念认知疗法患者的脑电评估指标评估,证实了MBCT疗法可通过患者心身的改善而进一步对大脑功能产生积极的影响,继而降低抑郁复发的风险。尽管现有研究从多方面证实其功效,但目前的研究仍存在局限性,患者干预过程中依从性差、选择缓解期患者可能限制了正念干预的全面评估,以及对严重抑郁症患者临床干预数据的匮乏(Snippe et al., 2017; Avest et al., 2020);在对复发性抑郁水平的评估上,不同的研究存在差异,有些是通过结构化临床访谈确定,而有些则是通过简单的患者自我报告次数收集;同时,抗抑郁药物依赖可能影响患者对正念疗法的期待值(Tickell et al., 2020),未来研究需纳入治疗预期和信任度的纵向评估,对于MBCT如何引起患者特定认知和神经心理的状态的变化从而减少复发率,需要进一步结合抑郁患者的认知、注意水平的神经机制研究来深入分析正念认知对抑郁的干预作用。此外,针对不同病因、合并症、社会背景及年龄段的抑郁症患者,定制个性化MBCT方案,构建科学严谨的抑郁预测模型和评估体系,有望获得更优疗效。

文章引用

高鑫智,葛 波,杨奇伟. 正念认知疗法在复发性抑郁中的应用研究
Research on the Application of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Recurrent Depression[J]. 心理学进展, 2024, 14(05): 394-402. https://doi.org/10.12677/ap.2024.145326

参考文献

  1. 1. 冯春娣, 薄伟, 杨琴(2023). 正念认知疗法对抑郁症患者的影响分析. 心理月刊, 18(9), 111-113, 116.

  2. 2. 李丹(2015). 抑郁症患者反应抑制和情绪冲突的ERPfMRI研究. 硕士学位论文, 重庆: 重庆医科大学.

  3. 3. 李娟, 罗香群, 王婧(2022). 正念认知疗法对大学生抑郁情绪的干预研究. 心理月刊, (15), 18-20, 24.

  4. 4. 孙继飞, 马跃, 郭春蕾, 等(2022). 复发性与首发性抑郁症杏仁核静息态功能连接的对比研究. 磁共振成像, 13(10), 144-149.

  5. 5. 王欣, 坦力甫江∙买买提(2022). 正念认知疗法联合药物对抑郁症患者残留症状疗效及生活质量影响. 中国现代医生, 60(17), 128-131, 139.

  6. 6. 邢敏智(2021). 反刍思维在认知功能和抑郁症状间的中介效应. 硕士学位论文, 温州: 温州医科大学.

  7. 7. Aalderen, J. R., van Donders, A. R. T., Giommi, F., Spinhoven, P., Barendregt, H. P., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2012). The Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Recurrent Depressed Patients with and without a Current Depressive Episode: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Psychological Medicine, 42, 989-1001. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/109819 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002054

  8. 8. Ames, C. S., Richardson, J., Payne, S., Smith, P., & Leigh, E. (2014). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression in Adolescents. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19, 74-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12034

  9. 9. Avest, M. J. ter, Greven, C. U., Huijbers, M. J., Wilderjans, T. F., Speckens, A. E. M., & Spinhoven, P. (2020). Prospective Associations between Home Practice and Depressive Symptoms in Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Recurrent Depression: A 15 Months Follow-Up Study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45, 250-261. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3184561

  10. 10. Banov, M. (2018). Management of Depression, Part 2: Treatment Options. Decker Med Psychiatry.

  11. 11. Belliveau, C., Nagy, C., Escobar, S., Mechawar, N., Turecki, G., Rej, S., & Torres-Platas, S. G. (2021). Effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Peripheral Markers of Stress and Inflammation in Older-Adults with Depression and Anxiety: A Parallel Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, Article 804269. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.804269

  12. 12. Bondolfi, G., Jermann, F., der Linden, M. V., Gex-Fabry, M., Bizzini, L., Rouget, B. W., Myers-Arrazola, L., Gonzalez, C., Segal, Z., Aubry, J. M., & Bertschy, G. (2010). Depression Relapse Prophylaxis with Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: Replication and Extension in the Swiss Health Care System. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122, 224-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.07.007

  13. 13. Chiesa, A., Castagner, V., Andrisano, C., Serretti, A., Mandelli, L., Porcelli, S., & Giommi, F. (2015). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy vs. Psycho-Education for Patients with Major Depression Who Did Not Achieve Remission Following Antidepressant Treatment. Psychiatry Research, 226, 474-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.02.003

  14. 14. Cladder-Micus, M. B., Vrijsen, J. N., Becker, E. S., Donders, R., Spijker, J., & Speckens, A. E. (2015). A Randomized Controlled Trial of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) versus Treatment-As-Usual (TAU) for Chronic, Treatment-Resistant Depression: Study Protocol. BMC Psychiatry, 15, Article No. 275. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0647-y

  15. 15. De Klerk-Sluis, J. M., Huijbers, M. J., Löcke, S., Spijker, J., Spinhoven, P., Speckens, A. E., & Ruhe, H. G. (2022). Factors Associated with Relapse and Recurrence of Major Depressive Disorder in Patients Starting Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy. Depression and Anxiety, 39, 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23220

  16. 16. De Raedt, R., Baert, S., Demeyer, I., Goeleven, E., Raes, A., Visser, A., Wysmans, M., Jansen, E., Schacht, R., Van Aalderen, J. R., & Speckens, A. (2012). Changes in Attentional Processing of Emotional Information Following Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in People with a History of Depression: Towards an Open Attention for All Emotional Experiences. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36, 612-620. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2958432

  17. 17. Dikaios, E., Escobar, S., Nassim, M., Su, C. L., Torres-Platas, S. G., & Rej, S. (2020). Continuation Sessions of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT-C) vs. Treatment as Usual in Late-Life Depression and Anxiety: An Open-Label Extension Study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 35, 1228-1232. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5360

  18. 18. Dwyer, J. B., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Johnson, J. A., Londono Tobon, A., Flores, J. M., Nasir, M. et al. (2022). Efficacy of Intravenous Ketamine in Adolescent Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Midazolam-Controlled Trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 352-362. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20010018

  19. 19. Finucane, A., & Mercer, S. W. (2006). An Exploratory Mixed Methods Study of the Acceptability and Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Patients with Active Depression and Anxiety in Primary Care. BMC Psychiatry, 6, Article No. 14. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/6/14 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-6-14

  20. 20. Foroughi, A., Sadeghi, K., Parvizifard, A., Parsa Moghadam, A., Davarinejad, O., Farnia, V., & Azar, G. (2020). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Reducing Rumination and Improving Mindfulness and Self-Compassion in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 42, 138-146. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0016

  21. 21. Frostadottir, A. D., & Dorjee, D. (2019). Effects of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) on Symptom Change, Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Rumination in Clients with Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 422491. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01099

  22. 22. Gex-Fabry, M., Jermann, F., Kosel, M., Rossier, M. F., Van der Linden, M., Bertschy, G., Bondolfi, G., & Aubry, J. M. (2012). Salivary Cortisol Profiles in Patients Remitted from Recurrent Depression: One-Year Follow-Up of a Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Trial. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46, 80-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.09.011

  23. 23. Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999). Risk for Psychopathology in the Children of Depressed Mothers: A Developmental Model for Understanding Mechanisms of Transmission. Psychological Review, 106, 458-490. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.458

  24. 24. Gu, S. M., Li, Y. W., Liang, F., Feng, R., Zeng, Z., & Wang, F. S. (2020). The Mediating Effects of Coping Style on the Effects of Breath Count Mindfulness Training on Depressive Symptoms among International Students in China. Neural Plasticity, 2020, Article ID: 8859251. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8859251

  25. 25. Guan, C., Wen, X., Gong, Y., Liang, Y., & Wang, Z. (2013). Family Environment and Depression: A Population-Based Analysis of Gender Differences in Rural China. Journal of Family Issues, 35, 481-500. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12474624

  26. 26. Jin, J., Tang, Y. Y., Ma, Y., Lv, S., Bai, Y., & Zhang, H. (2009). A Structural Equation Model of Depression and the Defense System Factors: A Survey among Chinese College Students. Psychiatry Research, 165, 288-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.03.012

  27. 27. Kane, P., & Garber, J. (2009). Parental Depression and Child Externalizing and Internalizing Symptoms: Unique Effects of Fathers’ Symptoms and Perceived Conflict as a Mediator. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 465-472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-008-9250-x

  28. 28. Kessler, R. C., & Bromet, E. J. (2013). The Epidemiology of Depression across Cultures. Annual Review of Public Health, 34, 119-138. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409

  29. 29. Kingston, T., Dooley, B., Bates, A., Lawlor, E., & Malone, K. (2007). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Residual Depressive Symptoms. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 80, 193-203. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608306X116016

  30. 30. Kuyken, W., Byford, S., Byng, R., Dalgleish, T., Lewis, G., Taylor, R. et al. (2010). Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy with Maintenance Anti-Depressant Treatment in the Prevention of Depressive Relapse/Recurrence: The PREVENT Trial. Trials, 11, Article No. 99. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-11-99

  31. 31. Kuyken, W., Crane, R., & Dalgleish, T. (2012). Does Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy Prevent Relapse of Depression? BMJ, 345, e7194. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7194

  32. 32. Kuyken, W., Hayes, R., Barrett, B., Byng, R., Dalgleish, T., Kessler, D. et al. (2015). Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Compared with Maintenance Antidepressant Treatment in the Prevention of Depressive Relapse or Recurrence (PREVENT): A Randomised Controlled Trial. The Lancet, 386, 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62222-4

  33. 33. Kuyken, W., Warren, F. C., Taylor, R. S., Whalley, B., Crane, C., Bondolfi, G., Hayes, R., Huijbers, M., Ma, H., Schweizer, S., Segal, Z., Speckens, A., Teasdale, J. D., Van Heeringen, K., Williams, M., Byford, S., Byng, R., & Dalgleish, T. (2016). Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Prevention of Depressive Relapse an Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis from Randomized Trials. JAMA Psychiatry, 73, 565-574. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0076

  34. 34. Li, H., Yan, W., Wang, Q., Liu, L., Lin, X., Zhu, X. et al. (2022). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Regulates Brain Connectivity in Patients with Late-Life Depression. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, Article 841461. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.841461

  35. 35. Lomas, T., Ivtzan, I., & Fu, C. H. (2015). A Systematic Review of the Neurophysiology of Mindfulness on EEG Oscillations. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 57, 401-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.018

  36. 36. Mann, J., Kuyken, W., O’Mahen, H., Ukoumunne, O. C., Evans, A., & Ford, T. (2016). Manual Development and Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy versus Usual Care for Parents with a History of Depression. Mindfulness, 7, 1024-1033. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0543-7

  37. 37. Mars, B., Collishaw, S., Smith, D., Thapar, A., Potter, R., Sellers, R. et al. (2012). Offspring of Parents with Recurrent Depression: Which Features of Parent Depression Index Risk for Offspring Psychopathology? Journal of Affective Disorders, 136, 44-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.002

  38. 38. Michalak, J., Hölz, A., & Teismann, T. (2011). Rumination as a Predictor of Relapse in Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84, 230-236. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608310X520166

  39. 39. Murphy, H., & Lahtinen, M. (2011). Understanding the Impact of Meditative Homeworkon Depression in the Context of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT): An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. European Psychiatry, 26, 659. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(11)72365-3

  40. 40. Probst, T., Schramm, E., Heidenreich, T., Klein, J. P., & Michalak, J. (2020). Patients’ Interpersonal Problems as Moderators of Depression Outcomes in a Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and a Group Version of the Cognitive-Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy in Chronic Depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76, 1241-1254. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22931

  41. 41. Raes, F., Dewulf, D., Van Heeringen, C., & Williams, J. M. G. (2009). Mindfulness and Reduced Cognitive Reactivity to Sad Mood: Evidence from a Correlational Study and a Non-Randomized Waiting List Controlled Study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 623-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.03.007

  42. 42. Restifo, K., & Bögels, S. (2009). Family Processes in the Development of Youth Depression: Translating the Evidence to Treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 294-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.005

  43. 43. Segal, Z., Williams, M., & Teasdale, J. (2018). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression. Guilford Publications.

  44. 44. Smith, A., Graham, L., & Senthinathan, S. (2023). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Recurring Depression in Older People: A Qualitative Study. Aging and Mental Health, 11, 346-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860601086256

  45. 45. Snippe, E., Nyklíček, I., Schroevers, M. J., & Bos, E. H. (2017). The Temporal Order of Change in Daily Mindfulness and Affect during Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62, 106-114. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000057

  46. 46. Tang, Y. Y., Tang, R., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (2019). Frontal Theta Activity and White Matter Plasticity Following Mindfulness Meditation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 294-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.04.004

  47. 47. Tickell, A., Byng, R., Crane, C., Gradinger, F., Hayes, R., Robson, J. et al. (2020). Recovery from Recurrent Depression with Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Antidepressants: A Qualitative Study with Illustrative Case Studies. BMJ Open, 10, e033892. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033892

  48. 48. Velden, A. M., Piet, J., Møller, A. B., & Fjorback, L. (2017). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Is Efficient in the Treatment of Recurrent Depression. Ugeskrift for Laeger, 179, v04160291.

  49. 49. Williams, J. M., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Brennan, K., Duggan, D., Fennell, M., Hackmann, A., Krusche, A., Muse, K., von Rohr, I. R., Shah, D., Crane, R. S., Eames, C., Jones, M., Radford, S., Silverton, S., Sun, Y., Weatherley-Jones, E., Whi-taker, C., Russell, I. et al. (2014). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Preventing Relapse in Recurrent Depression: A Randomized Dismantling Trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82, 275-286. https://eprints.glos.ac.uk/11004/

  50. 50. Wood, L. C. (2011). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Recurrent Depression and Anxiety.https://doi.org/10.25911/5d626b9044cb4

  51. 51. World Health Organization (2012). Depression Fact Sheet No. 369.

  52. 52. Yan, Y., Zhang, J., & Dong, S. (2021). Influence of Childhood Family Routines on Adult Depression: A Cross Sectional Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 654433. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.654433

  53. 53. Yee, N. Y., & Sulaiman, W. S. W. (2017). Resilience as Mediator in the Relationship between Family Functioning and Depression among Adolescents from Single Parent Families. Akademika, 87, 111-122. https://doi.org/10.17576/akad-2017-8701-08

  54. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

期刊菜单