Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 10 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 56780 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.12101327

角膜屈光术后干眼的发病情况和影响因素的 研究进展

张惠1,田明霞2*

1济宁医学院临床医学院,山东 济宁

2济宁市第一人民医院,山东 济宁

收稿日期:2022年9月16日;录用日期:2022年10月5日;发布日期:2022年10月17日

摘要

随着医疗技术的不断完善与发展,角膜屈光手术作为一种具有较高安全性和有效性的矫正常规屈光不正的术式,已在临床上广泛应用。自从角膜屈光手术问世以来,其手术方式也在不断更新,该手术可根据是否采用激光分为激光性和非激光性手术,由于非激光性手术其预测性、准确性较差,现已极少用于常规屈光不正的精准矫正。目前临床上常见激光性角膜屈光手术主要有飞秒激光辅助下准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis, FS-LASIK)、飞秒激光小切口角膜基质透镜取出术(small incision lenticule extraction, SMILE)、经上皮准分子激光角膜切削术(Trans-epithe- lium Photorefractive Keratectomy, T-PRK)等,干眼是角膜屈光术后患者最常见的主诉之一,易影响术后效果及满意度,因此受到了眼科医师的广泛关注。本文针对角膜屈光术后干眼症发病影响因素以及相关情况的研究进展进行分析,仅供参考。

关键词

角膜屈光手术,干眼,影响因素

Research Progress on the Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Dry Eye after Corneal Refractive Surgery

Hui Zhang1, Mingxia Tian2*

1Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining Shandong

2Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining Shandong

Received: Sep. 16th, 2022; accepted: Oct. 5th, 2022; published: Oct. 17th, 2022

ABSTRACT

With the continuous improvement and development of medical technology, keratomileusis has been widely used in clinical practice as a highly safe and effective procedure to correct conventional refractive errors. Since the introduction of keratomileusis, the surgical approach has been constantly updated. The procedure can be divided into laser and non-laser surgery depending on whether a laser is used, and non-laser surgery is rarely used for the precise correction of conventional refractive error due to its poor predictability and accuracy. At present, the main common laser keratomileusis procedures include femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis, FS-LASIK), small incision lenticule extraction (small incision lenticule extraction, SMILE), Trans-epithelium Photorefractive Keratectomy (Trans-epithelium Photorefractive Keratectomy, T-PRK), etc. Dry eye is one of the most common complaints of post-keratomileusis patients and is of wide concern to ophthalmologists as it tends to affect postoperative outcomes and satisfaction. This article analyzes the factors influencing the development of dry eye after keratomileusis and the progress of research on the situation, for reference only.

Keywords:Corneal Refractive Surgery, Dry Eye, Influencing Factors

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

干眼又称角结膜干燥症,是指任何原因引起的泪液质或量异常,或动力学异常导致的泪膜稳定性下降,并伴有眼部不适和(或)眼表组织损害为特征的多种疾病的总称。随着电子产品及用眼习惯的改变,干眼已经成为除外屈光不正最为常见的眼科疾病,干眼也成为了眼科门诊最常见的眼表疾病之一,我国干眼患病率逐年上升 [1]。近几十年来角膜屈光术得到了迅猛发展,技术日趋成熟,越来越多的屈光不正患者选择用手术方式来解决屈光不正的问题。近年来国内外报道的研究均表明角膜屈光手术为引起手术源性干眼的主要手术类型之一,术前泪膜稳定的患者中,约有28%的患者术后3个月内会出现不同程度的干眼症状 [2] [3]。虽然屈光手术后的干眼症通常是短暂的,但有些患者抱怨症状严重,这可能会使他们对手术结果的满意度产生负面影响 [4] [5]。本文就角膜屈光术后干眼的发病情况及相关影响因素的研究进展作一综述。

2. 术前人体眼表基本状况对术后干眼发病的影响

眼表的健康取决于眼表上皮的完整和泪膜的稳定两方面。干眼的发生与泪膜的稳定性息息相关。稳定的泪膜可以对眼表起到保护和润滑作用,且对进入视觉系统的光线提供主要的折射面至关重要 [6]。一般认为完整的泪膜由3层构成:表层为脂质层,中间层为水液层,底层为黏蛋白层,完整的泪膜又对眼表健康的维持及对外界环境刺激的保护起着重要作用 [7]。Yu等 [8] 报道术前Schirmer试验检测值 < 10 mm的患者,可使术后干眼的发病风险增加1.58倍。且因其眼表已经存在炎症反应或损伤,因此在行角膜屈光手术后其干眼的发病率往往高于正常人 [9] [10]。而角膜屈光手术通过对角膜前表面的切削达到矫正屈光度的目的,可能会暂时影响泪膜的完整 [11]。Konomi等 [12] 通过接受准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(laser in situ keratomileusis, LASIK)患者的24只眼,根据术后9个月的干眼状态,将患者分为两个结局组,即非干眼组(NDEG)和慢性干眼组(CDEG),在手术前2周和手术后1周、3个月和9个月评估泪液破裂时间、麻醉和不麻醉的Schirmer测试、孟加拉玫瑰红染色(rose bengal staining)、中央角膜敏感性、核质比和杯状细胞密度,得出术前泪量可能影响角膜屈光手术后眼表的恢复,并可能增加慢性干眼症的风险的结论。因此,如患者在行角膜屈光术前已患有慢性干眼症,则在泪液分泌量大幅下降的影响下,极易出现眼表干燥、泪膜缺乏稳定性等问题,同时也将使眼表的动态平衡受到相应的破坏,进而导致人体眼表上皮细胞的修复进度受阻,不利于患者术后的恢复 [13] [14] [15]。

3. 手术方式选择对术后干眼发病的影响

屈光手术发展至今,其具体术式已经出现多次变革。放射性角膜切开术(radial keratotomy, RK)在19世纪末作为治疗近视的一种手段开始应用于临床,激光屈光手术被认为是对低度至中度屈光不正极为有效和安全的手术 [16]。由于此术式的预测性和准确性较差,术后会出现视力波动、畏光以及角膜瘢痕形成,会导致结膜上皮细胞分泌黏液蛋白减少,致使泪液的黏附性下降,最终导致长期术后干眼。1994年,Ruiz发明自动板层角膜刀,与之前提出的原位角膜磨削术以及准分子激光屈光性角膜切削术相结合,提出了准分子激光原位角膜磨削术(LASIK),为屈光不正矫治开辟了一个新的领域。LASIK是治疗屈光不正应用较多的术式,与PRK相比,LASIK保留了角膜上皮及前弹力层的完整性,更加符合角膜的解剖生理,并避免了PRK手术表面切削引起角膜雾状混浊(Haze)、屈光回退及长期使用激素造成的高眼压 [17]。飞秒激光首先引用于制作LASIK手术的角膜瓣,虽然其较传统LASIK手术有角膜瓣均一性高级精确度高的优点 [18],但由于其制作的角膜瓣依然切断了大部分的角膜神经纤维,相比之下,SMILE手术因其微创性对角膜损伤更小 [19],它能最大限度地保留角膜前部神经以及结构的完整性,因此术后出现干眼的几率更小。有研究者对不同的手术方式进行比较,Hovanesian等 [11] 发现准分子激光角膜切削术(PRK)术后干眼发生率明显高于LASIK,Zhang等 [20] 及Xu等 [21] 发现SMILE术后干眼相关参数明显优于FS-LASIK;不同手术方式之间的差异可能在于切削方式以及角膜切口大小的优化能够更少的破坏角膜表面神经,保留更多的角膜基质下神经丛 [22]。现在屈光不正患者对术后效果的要求越来越高,一旦术后出现干眼极易影响术后效果,因此选择更好且更适合于患者个体的手术方式显得尤为重要。

4. 术后角膜神经的破坏对术后干眼发病的影响

角膜屈光手术导致的干眼症主要是由于对角膜感觉神经的损害。在当前现有的板层类角膜屈光手术中,除了SMILE不需要制作角膜瓣,其余术式均需要制作角膜瓣。角膜屈光术需要制作角膜瓣并对角膜进行激光切削,角膜的传入神经在角膜瓣制作及激光切削过程中被切断,这种因手术原因导致的角膜神经损伤被认为是引起干眼的主要原因之一 [23]。神经损伤使角膜–三叉神经–脑干–面神经–泪腺反射弧中断,使泪腺分泌泪水减少,瞬目频率下降,泪液分泌不足加之蒸发加速使得干眼症状进一步加重,多项研究表明,接受角膜屈光手术患者的角膜敏感度下降和角膜下神经丛密度降低,在术后早期尤为明显,大约在术后5年后角膜敏感度和角膜下神经丛密度才能恢复到术前水平 [23] [24] [25] [26] [27]。另外,角膜的神经性破坏可能会改变上皮细胞的细胞膜相关粘蛋白表达,导致泪液稳定性下降。Ablamowicz等人 [28] 在他们的评论中提出,膜相关粘蛋白的表达改变可发生在各种眼表疾病状态,包括干眼症。Song等人 [29],报道了在小鼠的神经营养状态下,结膜中的膜相关粘蛋白如MUC-4的表达较低,并引起干眼症,表明神经网络的破坏对眼表的稳态有重要影响。因此,角膜的神经破坏会导致泪液稳定性下降,上皮神经修复速度缓慢,使患者眼表呈长时间干燥状态,对其眼部恢复不利。

5. 用药对术后干眼发病的影响

术前干眼症是术后发生严重干眼症的主要风险因素,应在术前确定,但在术前可以使用人工泪液、营养补充剂、点状封闭和外用环孢素A实现眼表的优化,这可以减少术后干眼症状恶化的发生率 [30]。角膜屈光手术使用的表面麻醉中含有防腐剂,较长时间的使用易导致角膜上皮的损伤 [31],从而影响术后眼表泪膜稳定性,导致术后干眼。有报道称,通过在矫正高度近视的PRK术中单次使用稀释的丝裂霉素C(MMC)减少术后的角膜上皮(Haze)的发生率,取得了令人鼓舞的结果 [32]。

除了术前和术中积极预防干眼的发生,术后辅以治疗干眼的药物亦能降低干眼的发生率。Toda等 [33] 和Mori等 [34] 发现3%地夸磷索钠滴眼液(DIQUAS滴眼液3%,日本大阪参天制药有限公司),一种嘌呤能P2Y2受体激动剂,可刺激结膜分泌水和粘蛋白上皮细胞和杯状细胞, [35] 对LASIK术后干眼症有效。另一种粘蛋白补充剂瑞巴派特(MUCOSTA,Otsuka,Tokyo,Japan)可有效稳定角膜前泪膜和保护眼表 [36] [37]。据报道,对干眼症患者来说,使用外用皮质类固醇的抗炎治疗也是一种有效的疗法 [38]。角膜屈光术后为避免术后发生角膜上皮下雾状混浊以及屈光回退,大多会常规使用激素类滴眼液,激素类滴眼液对角膜表面创口愈合存在抑制作用,长期使用会破坏泪膜稳定性 [39],导致泪液分泌减少,诱发术后干眼。因此,术前注重干眼的筛查,术中减少表面麻醉剂的使用,术后严格控制使用激素类滴眼液的时间并且辅以治疗干眼的药物,可以有效降低屈光术后干眼的发生率。

6. 结语

综上所述,屈光术后干眼的发生与术前患者眼表状态、手术方式的选择、手术对角膜神经的破坏以及围手术期的用药都有重要关系。因此,在临床工作中,要在术前对患者的眼表情况进行评估,若已有干眼症状要及时进行药物干预,选择最适合最优于患者的手术方式,规范操作,围手术期科学用药,提高手术疗效,尽量避免术后干眼的发生。

文章引用

张 惠,田明霞. 角膜屈光术后干眼的发病情况和影响因素的研究进展
Research Progress on the Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Dry Eye after Corneal Refractive Surgery[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(10): 9174-9179. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12101327

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