Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 06 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 52479 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.126770

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 联合主动脉球囊反搏 治疗急性心肌梗死合并 心功能不全预后的 危险因素分析

秦仕婷,潘娜娜,谭丽娟*

青岛大学附属医院心血管内科,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2022年5月13日;录用日期:2022年6月1日;发布日期:2022年6月15日

摘要

目的:探讨影响应用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)联合经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)治疗急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并心功能不全患者死亡的危险因素。方法:回顾性收集2012年6月至2021年6月由青岛大学附属医院被诊断为AMI合并心功能不全并行PCI + IABP置入的52例患者临床资料,根据PCI + IABP治疗后12个月生存情况分为存活组32例和死亡组20例。统计并比较两组患者基线资料、冠状动脉造影及介入治疗相关指标,包括既往史、血压、心率、血脂、血糖、病变血管、梗死部位、心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验(TIMI)血流分级等,分析患者PCI + IABP治疗后预后不良的独立影响因素。结果:52例患者死亡患者20例,存活患者32例,其中死亡组的血糖含量显著高于存活组,而存活组的血压,无论是收缩压还是舒张压均明显高于死亡组,同时死亡组出现三支病变和术前TIMI血流 < 3级所占比例显著高于存活组。单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析显示,术前TIMI血流分级是应用PCI联合IABP治疗的AMI伴心功能不全患者死亡的独立危险因素。结论:术前TIMI血流分级是影响应用PCI联合IABP治疗的AMI合并心功能不全患者近远期预后的独立危险因素,临床对于经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)前TIMI低级别患者应加强监护,积极采取补救措施以改善患者预后。

关键词

急性心肌梗死,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,主动脉内球囊反搏, 心功能不全

Analysis of Prognostic Risk Factors of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated with Cardiac Insufficiency Treated by Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Combined with Intra-Aortic Balloon Counterpulsation

Shiting Qin, Nana Pan, Lijuan Tan*

Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: May 13th, 2022; accepted: Jun. 1st, 2022; published: Jun. 15th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the risk factors of death in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated with cardiac insufficiency treated with intra aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) combined with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: The clinical data of 52 patients with AMI complicated with cardiac insufficiency who received PCI + IABP implantation treatment in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, from June 2012 to June 2021 were collected retrospectively. According to the 12-month survival after PCI + IABP treatment, they were divided into survival group and death group. The baseline data, coronary angiography and interventional therapy related indexes of the two groups were counted, including previous history, blood pressure, heart rate, blood lipid, blood glucose, diseased vessels, infarct location, TIMI blood flow classification, etc. And the independent influencing factors of poor prognosis after PCI + IABP treatment were analyzed. Results: Among the 52 patients, 20 died and 32 survived. The blood glucose content in the death group was significantly higher than that in the survival group, while the blood pressure, whether systolic or diastolic, in the survival group was significantly higher than that in the death group. At the same time, the proportion of three vessel lesions and preoperative TIMI blood flow < 3 in the death group was significantly higher than that in the survival group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative TIMI blood flow classification was an independent risk factor for death in AMI patients with cardiac insufficiency treated with PCI combined with IABP. Conclusion: Preoperative TIMI blood flow classification is an independent risk factor affecting the short-term and long-term prognosis of AMI patients with cardiac insufficiency treated by PCI combined with IABP. Clinically, we should strengthen the monitoring of low-grade TIMI patients before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and actively take remedial measures to improve the prognosis of patients.

Keywords:Acute Myocardial Infarction, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Counterpulsation, Cardiac Insufficiency

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

近年来,急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction, AMI)是一种心血管危急重疾病且患病率呈逐年增长趋势,同时患有该病的患者甚至出现逐渐年轻化趋势。但是随着心血管内科侵入性治疗方式的临床广泛应用,包括早期血运重建以及重症医疗保健等治疗,使目前急性心肌梗死的死亡率同样也出现大幅的下降 [1]。因此,目前经皮冠状动脉介入治疗是急性心肌梗死患者再灌注治疗的首选策略。尽管如此,对于急性心肌梗死患者伴有持续性低血压、心源性休克或者心力衰竭时,患者的死亡率可增加至45%~80% [2] [3] [4]。有研究表明,主动脉球囊反博(intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation, IABP)是可以通过心脏舒张期增加冠状动脉血流量来增加主动脉根部压力的一种简单有效的机械性辅助装置,同时该装置也可以降低收缩期主动脉压力,降低左心室后负荷,从而降低心肌耗氧量 [5] [6]。正是这些作用可以使动力不足的心脏恢复其功能。同时,它也可以通过增加10%~20%的心输出量的作用,以达到一定程度上改善流向内脏器官的血流量 [7]。近年来该装置于临床应用于急性心肌梗死的范围也越来越大,并且IABP已成为世界范围内应用最广泛的循环设备。有研究证实,AMI伴有心功能不全的患者行经皮冠状动脉介入术(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)的IABP支持治疗后,可以更好地改善心功能 [8]。但是目前鲜有报道分析IABP联合PCI在治疗AMI合并心功能不全后预后不良的危险因素 [9]。本研究主要探讨AMI合并心功能不全行IABP + PCI手术后导致患者死亡的独立危险因素,为该病于临床防治中提供参考依据。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 一般资料

回顾性选择2012年6月至2021年6月于青岛大学附属医院进行PCI + IABP治疗的AMI合并NYHA III~IV心功能不全的患者60例。根据PCI + IABP治疗后1个月发生死亡情况,分为死亡组(20例)和存活组(32例)。纳入标准:1) 符合国际心脏病学会和世界卫生组织AMI诊断标准;2) 符合NYHA心功能III~IV级诊断标准;3) 行IABP置入;4) 心脏射血分数 ≤ 50%;5) 临床资料完整。排除标准:1) 严重肝肾功能不全及精神疾患;2) 合并心源性休克、免疫系统疾病、血液系统疾病、结缔组织疾病;3) 肥厚型心肌病、扩张性心肌病等疾病终末期者;4) 随访失联者。研究方案经青岛大学附属医院医学伦理委员会通过,患者或家属在接受PCI + IABP治疗前均签署知情同意书。

2.2. 方法

所有患者均经桡动脉或股动脉按常规操作完成PCI,由术者决定IABP放置时机,通常采用股动脉经皮穿刺建立。患者均口服双联抗血小板药物,阿司匹林与氯吡格雷或者阿司匹林与替格瑞洛,术后给予阿司匹林坚持长期服用;氯吡格雷或者替格瑞洛术后服用至少12个月。患者出院后进行电话或门诊随访。

2.3. 观察指标

统计患者一般资料包括性别、年龄、心率、吸烟史、既往PCI史、脑梗病史、合并高血压基础疾病、血压、心电图检查结果(梗死部位);心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction, TIMI)血流分级;实验室检查指标包括空腹血糖、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)、血红蛋白、血小板、尿酸;病变血管数、支架植入数。

2.4. 统计学处理

采用SPSS 22.0版统计软件进行数据分析。计数资料均采用均数 ± 标准差(χ ± s)表示,两组间均数的比较采用t检验。计数资料用例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。Logistic回归分析影响AMI合并心功能不全行PCI + IABP治疗后预后不良的独立危险因素。

3. 结果

3.1. 两组患者临床基本资料比较

死亡组的空腹血糖含量显著高于存活组,而存活组的血压,无论是收缩压还是舒张压均明显高于死亡组(p < 0.05)。见表1

Table 1. Comparison of clinical baseline data from two groups of patients

表1. 两组患者临床基线资料比较

注:Cr:肌酐;BUN:尿素氮;PCI:经皮冠状动脉介入治疗;LDL-C:低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。

3.2. 两组患者介入手术相关指标的比较

结果如表2所示,死亡组出现3支病变的概率明显高于存活组,同时死亡组中术前TIMI血流出现低于3级的概率也显著高于存活组(p < 0.05)。

Table 2. Comparisonofinterventionalsurgery-relatedindicatorsbetweenthetwogroupsofpatients

表2. 两组患者介入手术相关指标的比较

注:TIMI:心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验。

3.3. 影响AMI伴有心功能不全患者行IABP + PCI手术治疗预后不良的单因素回归分析

将AMI伴有心功能不全行IABP + PCI手术治疗后死亡的患者作为因变量,将血糖、收缩压、舒张压、3支冠脉病变以及术前TIMI血流 < 3级作为自变量,分别纳入Logistic回归分析模型。分析结果显示,血糖(OR = 1.404, 95% CI: 1.136~1.736)、3支冠脉病变(OR = 5.083, 95% CI: 1.894~13.643)以及术前TIMI血流 < 3级(OR = 0.184, 95% CI: 0.058~0.580)是AMI伴有心功能不全患者IABP + PCI治疗后死亡的危险因素(p < 0.05),见表3

Table 3. Logistic univariate analysis of prognosis of AMI patients with cardiac insufficiency treated with IABP + PCI

表3. 影响AMI伴有心功能不全患者行IABP + PCI手术治疗预后的Logistic单因素分析结果

3.4. 影响AMI伴有心功能不全患者行IABP + PCI手术治疗死亡的多因素回归分析

将AMI伴有心功能不全行IABP + PCI手术治疗后死亡的患者作为因变量,将血糖、3支冠脉病变以及术前TIMI血流 < 3级作为自变量,纳入Logistic回归分析模型。表4结果显示,术前TIMI血流 < 3级(OR = 0.230, 95% CI: 0.059~0.900)是AMI伴有心功能不全患者IABP + PCI治疗后死亡的独立危险因素(p < 0.05)。

Table 4. Logistic multivariate analysis of prognosis of patients with AMI with cardiac insufficiency undergoing IABP + PCI

表4. 影响AMI伴有心功能不全患者行IABP + PCI手术治疗预后的Logistic多因素分析结果

4. 讨论

目前,PCI是临床上治疗急性心肌梗死的重要手段之一,有研究也证实了,早期且及时有效开通阻塞血管,恢复缺血心肌的血流灌注,可减少心肌凋亡,从而减少心血管不良事件的发生 [10]。同时IABP作为治疗心功能不全的一种辅助循环设备,近年来临床上常利用该设备辅助介入手术,一些研究已经证实,AMI患者早期应用IABP可以更有效地稳定血流动力学 [11],而血流动力学障碍是降低血运重建术成功率、增加死亡率和并发症的一个重要因素。同时有研究证实,IABP不仅仅可以改善室内的高压力使左室做功增加,也可以降低后负荷,降低心室壁张力,从而改善心肌缺血缺氧,最终可降低心肌损害 [12]。另外,有研究证实IABP延长对患有终末期心力衰竭和右心功能不全的患者的诱导可显著改善右心室和周围器官的功能,从而可以有效提高心力衰竭患者的生存率 [13]。

尽管PCI与IABP联和使用已经在临床中被广泛接受,但相对于AMI合并心功能不全患者来说,由于该类患者血流动力学显著低于AMI患者不伴心功能不全患者,因此对于这种高危猝死患者来说,疗效并未达到一个理想状态,仍存在部分患者未能挽救其生命,而针对这些高危患者在使用PCI联合IABP前需要注意的问题仍然值得我们去探寻。本研究通过两个方面寻找该类患者危险因素,一方面进行临床基本资料分析,考虑到术前高血压以及低血压状态极有可能危害着患者的生命,另一方面进行介入手术相关指标分析了解到,3支病变的患者与冠脉血流低于3级的患者对AMI合并心功能不全的高危患者的生命有显著的危害,另外对于这些可能的危害的因素进行单因素和多因素分析后,我们主要发现了冠脉血流是影响患者生存的独立的危险因素。对于TIMI血流 < 3级的患者也可称为慢血流或者无复流,而慢血流和无复流的发生会严重影响心肌再灌注,是心血管不良事件发生的独立预测因子。该现象的机制目前仍然不明确,有研究猜测,由于心肌持续缺血状态会导致远端毛细血管床肿胀,诱发心肌细胞损伤,最终导致微血管床被破坏,最终出现慢血流甚至无复流现象 [14]。因此临床上应该重视TIMI低级别的AMI合并心功能不全的患者,应该早期积极采取措施改善冠脉灌注甚至做好更进一步的治疗的准备,以提高该类高危患者的生存率。

虽然本研究证实血糖,血压,3支病变因素可能导致AMI合并心功能不全患者导致死亡的风险增加,但通过回归研究确定,上述因素并非是影响AMI合并心功能不全患者PCI + IABP治疗后生存的独立影响因素,但是由于本研究所纳入的样本量过少,因此这些因素还有待我们今后进一步研究。

5. 结论

综上所述,AMI合并心功能不全患者PCI + IABP治疗后预后不良受多种因素影响,临床上仍然有较高的死亡率,术前TIMI血流分级是影响应用IABP + PCI治疗AMI合并心功能不全患者近远期预后的独立危险因素,临床上对于该类患者应该增加重视,且对于这类患者尽量进行早期干预或者适当调整治疗方案。

文章引用

秦仕婷,潘娜娜,谭丽娟. 经皮冠状动脉介入治疗联合主动脉球囊反搏治疗急性心肌梗死合并心功能不全预后的危险因素分析
Analysis of Prognostic Risk Factors of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated with Cardiac Insufficiency Treated by Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Combined with Intra-Aortic Balloon Counterpulsation[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(06): 5312-5318. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.126770

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  15. NOTES

    *通讯作者Email: qdtanlijuan@126.com

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