Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 05 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 65194 , 4 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1351038

超微经皮肾镜(SMP)与超细经皮肾镜(UMP)在治疗肾结石的应用研究进展

艾孜买提·艾尔帕提1,李九智2*

1新疆医科大学研究生院,新疆 乌鲁木齐

2新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院泌尿外科,新疆 乌鲁木齐

收稿日期:2023年4月9日;录用日期:2023年5月3日;发布日期:2023年5月12日

摘要

肾结石作为在全世界范围内都较为常见的病种,其如今变得越来越常见。如果不及时处理肾结石,随后可能会引起更严重的并发症,如泌尿系统的恶性病变及肾功能的丧失。其在临床上的症状常表现为:疼痛(通常性质严重)、肾区压痛、血尿或消化系统症状(如恶心、呕吐或腹泻)等。伴随手术技术和微创手术设备的改进,肾结石的治疗迎来了巨大的变化,曾经用于治疗肾结石的体外冲击波碎石术与传统开放手术逐渐在被更微创的手术所取代,如超细经皮肾镜(Ultra-mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy, UMP)及超微经皮肾镜(Super-mini Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, SMP)等。用微通道处理肾结石的目的是以最小的创伤为代价去治疗疾病。为此,我们基于相关的临床知识和文献总结分析了超微经皮肾镜(SMP)与超细经皮肾镜(UMP)在治疗肾结石的应用进展。

关键词

超微经皮肾镜,超细经皮肾镜,肾结石,适应症,局限性

Research Progress of Super-Mini Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (SMP) and Ultra-Mini Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (UMP) in the Treatment of Kidney Stones

Aizimaiti·Aierpati1, Jiuzhi Li2*

1Graduate School of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang

2Department of Urology, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People’s Hospital, Urumqi Xinjiang

Received: Apr. 9th, 2023; accepted: May 3rd, 2023; published: May 12th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Kidney stones, a common disease worldwide, are becoming increasingly common. If left untreated, kidney stones can lead to more serious complications, such as malignant lesions of the urinary system and loss of kidney function. Its clinical symptoms are often manifested as pain (usually severe in nature), tenderness in the kidney area, hematuria or digestive symptoms (such as nausea, vomiting or diarrhea), etc. With the improvement of surgical techniques and minimally invasive surgical equipment, the treatment of kidney stones has ushered in great changes. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and traditional open surgery used to treat kidney stones are gradually replaced by more minimally invasive operations, such as Ultra-minipercutaneous nephrolithotomy (UMP) and Super-mini Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (SMP), etc. The goal of treating kidney stones with microchannels is to treat the disease with minimal trauma. Therefore, based on relevant clinical knowledge and literature, we summarized and analyzed the application progress of Super-mini Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (SMP) and Ultra-minipercutaneous nephrolithotomy (UMP) in the treatment of kidney stones.

Keywords:Super-Mini-Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, Ultra-Mini Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, Renal Calculi, Indication, Limitation

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 微通道经皮肾镜的历史与进展

肾结石作为一种给病人可带来十分剧痛的泌尿系疾病,据报道终生患病率为5%至10% [1] [2] [3] 。如今,肾结石的终生患病率已超过10%,已有研究表明,其发病率在逐年升高 [4] 。在过去的几年里,腔内泌尿学的进步和亚专门化的增加改善了患者的结石治疗管理 [5] 。经皮肾镜取石术(PNCL)作为常用的治疗上尿路结石的手术方式,深受泌尿外科医生的欢迎;PNCL的首次提出是在上世纪70年代初,并由欧洲的泌尿外科医生改进创造。虽然PNCL在治疗上可提高净石率,但在临床运用当中,出现了不少较为严重的并发症 [6] [7] 。有研究报道,通道的大小将影响数种的出血风险,而出血作为PCNL术后严重出血的独立危险因素,若不积极控制,可能会引起严重的术后并发症;因此微创经皮肾经的发明,最大限度地减少了由大通道PCNL导致的术后并发症的相关风险 [8] [9] 。随着泌尿外科医生们的不断探究,能减少并发症且给患者带来创伤小的肾镜也不断的在问世。2011年Desai [10] 在国际上第一次提出“Micro-PCNL”的概念,使用4.85 F的穿刺针外鞘完成碎石;随后其团队提出超细经皮肾镜(Ultra-mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy, UMP)的概念,并通过临床研究证实UMP对中小型结石是有效的 [11] 。2013年,曾国华等在国内首次对Micro-PCNL作了报道,他们选择了4.85 F可视穿刺针进行了微创经皮手术 [12] 。随后在2014年,曾国华等通过积极探究微型经皮肾镜的工作原理,提出了一种新的微型内镜系统,称为“超微型经皮肾镜取石术”(Super-mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy, SMP),其团队收集14个中心的146名肾结石患者,通过运用10~14 F大小的穿刺鞘进行了手术,发现最终的净石率为90.1%,并得出SMP是治疗直径 < 2.5 cm肾结石的一种安全有效的方法的结论 [13] 。

2. SMP技术的碎石原理

SMP设备由 [14] :1) 一个达40,000像素的超微型肾镜组成,其外径为8.0-F,内径为7.5-F,可拆卸鞘,2) 冲洗–抽吸鞘,其可在14 F鞘下建立通道并使用;冲洗–抽吸鞘为双层金属结构,其特点是分别允许冲洗和抽吸(通过鞘的两层之间的空间流入,通过鞘的中心腔流出。在手上当中,运用SMP将结石打成小片段的碎石后,通过设备的负压吸引作用将打碎的小石头吸出,通过这一原理不仅提高了净石率,也一定程度的防止了出现肾内压力过大的困境,还使得手术视野变得较清晰,给术者带来了舒适的手术环境 [15] 。SMP中使用特殊设计的负压吸引装置,有效降低肾盂内压力,进而使术后重度感染率大幅降低 [16] 。SMP的优势包括:① 绝大多数结石通过负压吸引取出,缩短手术时间;② 保持相对较低的肾盂内压,进而降低了术后感染的发生率;③ 所有碎石均收集在指定收集瓶。

3. UMP技术的碎石原理

UMP基本套装包括:肾镜,内管鞘,外管鞘,闭孔器;经皮通道常为11F,通过钬激光结石被分解成小碎片后,入路管鞘内有细管,通过其侧口注射生理盐水,形成漩涡冲出结石碎片。从流体动力学而言,漩涡因液体遇到阻碍后反向流动而成,流动的液体在阻挡物下游形成“空白区”,小碎石后面的液体流进空白区,在其边缘形成漩涡,小碎石被冲入管鞘,自动排出体外 [11] ;UMP技术的优势与SMP大致相同,其不同点主要是两种术式对结石的处理原理不同。

4. SMP与UMP碎石方式的比较

净石率作为治疗肾结石有效性的重要参考指标,目前在已有报道的关于UMP与SMP在治疗肾结石中的探究中,TolgaKarakan [17] 等人在通过对比UMP与sPCNL治疗 ≤ 2.5 cm的肾结石的研究后,发现两组的净石率并无统计学差异(88% VS 89.3%, P = 0.33),Raja Sekhar等人通过研究比较SMP与sPCNL治疗 < 2 cm的肾结石,发现两种术式在治疗中小型肾结石方面,并无统计学差异(97.33% VS 98.66%, P = 0.56)。此外,在本研究中SMP组手术时间显著缩短(57.86 min VS 44.17 min, P < 0.001)。有研究曾报道,轻微出血引起的视野模糊也是是影响手术时间的另一个因素,而经皮通道大小的减小降低了肾血管损伤的风险 [18] ;这使得微创的经皮肾镜在临床的运用及开展变得十分普遍。因此,微通道的经皮肾镜作为 PCNL技术的进一步升级及改造,对术者的手术技术要求较高,这使得需要对PCNL有丰富经验的手术医生在临床上去运用微创肾镜。

5. 讨论

微创化作为治疗尿路结石的一种趋势,手术技术的诊疗标准包括观察结石的清除率、治疗时间的长短、给患者带来的创伤程度等方面。而在目前,有不少的微创经皮肾镜技术已运用在临床上,如MPCNL、SMP、UMP和MICRO-PCNL。一个良好的微型PCNL系统的基本要求是一个小的内窥镜,并且可以提供良好的灌洗液进出,有效地取出结石碎片,清晰的视野和低的腔内压力 [19] [20] 。而SMP就是符合了这些理想的标准。总结来说,净石率作为评估肾结石疗效的重要参考指标,其与结石密度、大小、所在肾盏的位置、患者的身体条件有关。不同密度、大小、部位的结石在选择何种术式上是不同的,因此随着结石的自身特点,如何选择治疗方案是十分重要的步骤。所以,针对肾结石实行的个体化疗法,必须严格把握不同治疗方法的适宜性与禁忌证。而SMP与UMP这两种术式在治疗肾结石方面,凭借创伤较小、减少了出血量、净石率也较高的特点在临床上逐步广泛运用。

文章引用

艾孜买提·艾尔帕提,李九智. 超微经皮肾镜(SMP)与超细经皮肾镜(UMP)在治疗肾结石的应用研究进展
Research Progress of Super-Mini Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (SMP) and Ultra-Mini Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (UMP) in the Treatment of Kidney Stones[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(05): 7443-7446. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1351038

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  21. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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