Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 02 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 48783 , 10 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.122163

内侧半月板突出(MME)及软骨损伤对内侧开放胫骨高位截骨术临床效果的影响

林文蔚1,王丰坤1,张浩运1,信芳杰2,代晓燕2,于腾波1*

1青岛大学附属医院运动医学科,山东 青岛

2青岛大学附属医院病理科,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2022年1月16日;录用日期:2022年2月9日;发布日期:2022年2月18日

摘要

目的:探讨内侧半月板突出(MME)及软骨损伤对因膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎患者行内侧开放胫骨高位截骨术(MOWHTO)术后临床效果的影响。方法:回顾性分析于青医附院运动医学科因膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎行内侧开放胫骨高位截骨术的患者,于术前及术后1个月、3个月、1年进行随访并于末次随访进行评分及影像学检查,分析MOWHTO的影响因素。结果:术前HKA (P < 0.05)、半月板损伤评分(P < 0.05)、BMI (P < 0.05)、K-L分级(P < 0.05)与MME严重程度有关系。将患者根据MME相对值分为4组,各组间术后1年时HSS评分有差异(P < 0.05),将术后1年HSS评分作为因变量行多因素回归显示,软骨损伤评分、MME相对值、K-L分级的严重程度是术后1年HSS评分较差的预测因子。结论:术前更大程度的半月板突出、软骨损伤和更高级别的K-L分级与MOWHTO术后1年疗效较差有关系。

关键词

内侧半月板突出,内侧开放胫骨高位截骨术,软骨损伤,临床疗效

Medial Mensical Extrusion (MME) and Cartilage Injury on the Clinical Outcome after Medial Opening Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy (MOWHTO)

Wenwei Lin1, Fengkun Wang1, Haoyun Zhang1, Fangjie Xin2, Xiaoyan Dai2, Tengbo Yu1*

1Sport Medicine Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

2Pathology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: Jan. 16th, 2022; accepted: Feb. 9th, 2022; published: Feb. 18th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the effect of medial mensical extrusion (MME) and cartilage injury on the clinical outcome after medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) in patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on the patients who underwent medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy for medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University. The patients were followed up preoperatively and at 1 month, 3 months, and 1 year postoperatively, and the HSS score and imaging examination were performed at the last follow-up to analyze the influencing factors of MOWHTO. Results: Preoperative HKA (P < 0.05), meniscus injury score (P < 0.05), BMI (P < 0.05), K-L grade (P < 0.05) were correlated with the severity of MME. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to the relative value of MME, and there were differences in HSS scores at 1 year after surgery between each group (P < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that cartilage injury score, relative value of MME and severity of K-L grading were predictors of poor HSS scores at 1 year after surgery. Conclusion: Greater MME, cartilage injury, and higher K-L grade were associated with poorer postoperative outcomes 1 year after MOWHTO.

Keywords:Medial Meniscal Extrusion, Medial Opening Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy, Cartilage Injury, Clinical Outcome

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

随着人口老龄化的加重,膝关节骨性关节炎患者日趋增多,其中以膝内翻畸形引起内侧间室膝关节骨性关节炎的患者居多,内侧开放胫骨高位截骨术(MOWHTO)在治疗以内侧间室为主的膝关节骨性关节炎患者中取得了不错的效果,在较好的把握适应征的情况下,可以保证良好的生存率和临床疗效,并使部分患者避免了膝关节置换手术 [1] [2]。膝关节内翻畸形使负重线向内侧转移,内侧间室压力增大,产生软骨磨损、内侧间隙狭窄等一系列病理变化,近年来发现,膝关节骨性关节炎患者常伴有内侧半月板突出 [3]。大量研究表明,半月板退变、半月板撕裂、膝关节骨性关节炎等都是引起内侧半月板突出的影响因素。半月板突出的特征是半月板移位超过胫骨的边缘。已有相关研究表明,内侧半月板突出(MME)与膝关节骨性关节炎的严重程度密切相关,可以作为膝关节骨性关节炎严重程度的筛查方法 [4],并且可以加速膝关节软骨的退变 [5],形成一个恶性循环。有文献表明,MOWHTO术后,MME的大小有不同程度的减轻,可以减轻膝关节疼痛 [3]。在MOWHTO术后,内侧间室仍继续承受一定的负荷,术后内侧间室承受的压力和应力可能因内侧半月板的情况而有所不同 [6],目前MME的影响因素和功能意义以及对MOWHTO术后疗效的关系并不明确。因此,本研究回顾性分析122例膝关节骨性关节炎患者行MOWHTO后效果,探讨术前MME程度和内侧间室软骨损伤是否会对MOWHTO术后效果产生影响,并研究膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎患者MME的影响因素。

2. 研究方法

2.1. 一般资料

回顾性收集2018年8月~2019年10月于青医附院运动医学科行MOWHTO的膝关节OA患者122例,其中男44例,女78例,平均年龄(63 ± 9)岁,术前常规检查全下肢负重位X线,膝关节正侧位X线,膝关节MRI,根据K-L影像学分级标准进行分级,II级:39例;III级:40例;IV级:43例。

纳入标准:1) 膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎伴内翻畸形;2) K-L分级 ≥ 2级;3) 保守治疗无效

排除标准:1) 严重的外侧间室和髌股关节炎;2) 屈曲挛缩 > 20˚;3) 活动范围 < 90˚;4) 存在膝关节不稳;5) 创伤性关节炎。

术后患者均复查全下肢X线,纳入研究的患者下肢力线均纠正满意,无纠正不足或矫枉过正。

2.2. 手术方法及术后康复

手术均由同一位高年资主任医师主刀完成。患者入院后完善相关检查,术前根据下肢力线角度进行术前计划,计算术中需要矫正的角度。患肢大腿根部绑气压止血带,取仰卧位并采用全身麻醉,从鹅掌前缘作长约6 cm纵行切口,逐层分离皮下组织、深筋膜、剥离鹅足,显露截骨端。C型臂X线机透视下与胫骨内侧距关节面约4 cm出向腓骨头方向置入2枚直径2.0 mm的克氏针,确定截骨平面后行双平面截骨,截骨完成后用骨刀及撑开器撑开截骨间隙,透视下确认力线满意后采用TomoFix锁定钢板固定。术后第一天开始股四头肌力量训练和被动活动训练,术后4周不负重,2周拄拐部分负重后允许完全负重(见图1图2)。

Figure 1. Medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy

图1. 内侧开放胫骨高位截骨术

Figure 2. Postoperation All the lower limbs X-ray

图2. 术后全下肢X线

2.3. 影像学指标

2.3.1. 内侧半月板突出程度

内侧半月板突出是在膝关节MRI冠状面最大面积显露胫骨内侧髁间棘的层面上进行测量。通过画两条直线进行测量,第一条线是从内侧胫骨平台的边缘画一条垂直线(不包括骨赘),第二条线是从半月板外缘画一条与第一条直线平行的垂线。两条线之间的距离为半月板突出距离,半月板突出距离与内侧半月板的长度的比值为半月板突出的相对值 [7]。MME的相对值被分为4级:1级,<25%;2级,25%− <50%;3级,50%− <75%;4级,≥75% (见图3)。

Figure 3. The ratio of the distance (A) of the medial meniscus beyond the tibial plateau edge to the width (B) of the medial meniscus is MME relative

图3. 内侧半月板超出胫骨平台边缘的距离(A)与内侧半月板宽度(B)的比值为MME相对值

2.3.2. 膝关节内侧间室软骨损伤

根据WORMS评分标准 [8],使用MRI图像对胫股内侧关节软骨损伤程度进行评分,0 = 正常软骨厚度和信号;1 = 正常软骨厚度和高信号;2 = 软骨非全层缺损最大宽度 < 1 cm;2.5 = 软骨全层缺损最大宽度 < 1 cm;3 = 多处非全层的2级软骨损伤与正常厚度软骨交替出现或2级的软骨缺损宽度 > 1 cm但小于75%区域;4 = >75%的非全层软骨损伤;5 = 多个区域的全层软骨损伤或2.5级软骨损伤病灶区域 > 1 cm但小于75%区域;6 = ≥75%的全层软骨损伤。膝关节内侧间室软骨损伤评分范围为0~30分(见图4)。

Figure 4. The medial ventricles were divided according to the WORMS standard, and BML and cartilage damage scores were performed in 5 areas respectively

图4. 根据WORMS标准对内侧间室进行分区,分别对5个区域进行BML、软骨损伤评分

2.3.3. 膝关节内侧间室骨髓病变

软骨下骨髓病变(BML)在MRI上表现为软骨下附近信号的改变,BML按照WORMS评分标准 [8] 分为4级,0级 = 无病变,1级 = 病变范围 < 25%,2级 = 25%~50%,3级 = 病变范围 > 50%。膝关节内侧间室骨髓病变评分范围为0~15分。

2.3.4. 膝关节内侧半月板损伤

根据WORMS评分标准 [8],通过膝关节MRI矢状面和冠状面图像分别对内侧半月板前角、体部、后角进行0~4分评分,内侧半月板损伤评分范围为0~12分。

2.3.5. HKA

髋–膝–踝角(HKA)为胫骨机械轴与股骨机械轴形成的夹角。

2.3.6. JSW

关节间隙宽度。

2.4. 临床疗效评价

采用HSS评分(美国特种外科医院评分)对患者MOWHTO术后临床效果进行评价,临床疗效分级为:优 > 85分,良70~84分,中60~69分,差 < 59分。

2.5. 统计学分析

采用SPSS 25.0软件进行数据分析。符合正态分布的计量资料用( X ¯ ± s )表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析;不符合正态分布的计量资料用M (P25~P75)表示,组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验;分类变量资料组间比较采用卡方检验;两样本间的相关关系采用Pearson 相关性分析;检验各因素与MME、术后1年HSS评分的因素分析采用线性回归分析。P < 0.05表示有统计学意义。

3. 结果

根据MME的相对值将患者分为4组,MME1级患者16例(13.1%),MME2级患者24例(19.7%),MME3级患者57例(46.7%),MME4级患者25例(20.5%)。患者年龄、性别构成、BMI在各组中无明显差异(P > 0.05);半月板损伤评分、BML、软骨损伤评分、JSW、术前HKA、术前症状持续时间、K-L分级、术后HSS评分在4组中均有明显差异(P < 0.01)。见表1

Table 1. Single factor analysis of MME degree

表1. 影响MME程度的单因素分析

分别将半月板损伤评分、BML、软骨损伤评分、JSW、术前HKA、症状持续时间、K-L分级与MME行相关性分析,结果显示各因素与MME具有明显相关性,纳入多因素线性回归分析表明HKA (P = 0.035),BMI (P = 0.22),半月板损伤评分(P = 0.003),KL分级(P = 0.05)与较高MME具有相关性。见表2

Table 2. Multi-factor regression analysis results of influencing factors of MME degree

表2. MME程度影响因素的多因素回归分析结果

根据术后1年患者HSS评分,将122名患者分为3组,分别为优组(HSS评分 > 85分),良组(HSS评分70分~84分),中组(HSS评分60分~69分)。其中术后1年优组患者48例(39.3%),良组患者59例(48.4%),中组患者15例(12.3%),本研究无患者术后1年HSS评分低于60分,总优良率达87.7%。由统计结果可得出,年龄、性别、BMI指数、术前症状持续时间在各组中无明显差异(P > 0.05),软骨损伤评分、BML、术前HKA、术前MME、JSW、半月板损伤评分、K-L分级具有显著差异(P < 0.05)。见表3

分别将软骨损伤评分、BML、术前HKA、MME、JSW、半月板损伤评分、K-L分级作为自变量,纳入因变量为术后1年HSS评分的多因素回归分析中,统计结果表明,软骨损伤评分、MME、K-L分级与较差的术后HSS评分相关。见表4

Table 3. Single factor analysis of HSS score one year after surgery

表3. 影响术后1年HSS评分的单因素分析

Table 4. Multivariate regression analysis results of HSS score 1 year after surgery

表4. 术后1年患者HSS评分的多因素回归分析结果

4. 讨论

半月板通过增加股骨髁与胫骨近端关节接触面积,减少关节负荷,缓冲应力,起到保护关节软骨及润滑的作用 [9] [10],内侧半月板突出可通过增加股骨与胫骨的接触压力,从而引起膝关节骨性关节炎或加速膝关节的退变 [11] [12] [13]。已有研究表明,内侧半月板后根部撕裂是引起MME的一个重要原因,Hyun-Soo [14] 等人发现即使通过关节镜手术固定了撕裂的内侧半月板后根,术后仍有患者出现MME的进展,并且MME是加速膝关节老化的一个关键因素。为了探讨引起MME的危险因素及MME造成加速膝关节退变的原因,本研究从多个方面研究了其他因素与MME严重程度的关系。将患者按照MME的严重程度进行分组,并比较各因素与MME的关系。如统计结果所示,半月板损伤评分、骨髓病变(BML)、软骨损伤评分、股胫关节内侧间隙的大小(JSW)、术前症状持续时间、K-L分级在不同的MME分级中有显著差异。多因素回归分析显示,半月板损伤评分、HKA、K-L分级及BMI是引起MME的重要因素。

已有大量研究表明,较大的体重是膝关节骨性关节炎的一大重要危险因素,本研究发现,体重对于MME也有同样的影响,随着BMI指数的增加,膝关节承受更大的负荷,这种负荷可能会导致半月板的移位。Reisner [15] 通过动态测量健康人和膝关节骨性关节炎患者负重位和非负重位下MME的程度发现,无论是健康人组或是膝关节骨性关节炎患者,其负重位下的MME程度都是要高于非负重位的,也同样说明了负重大小对MME是有影响的。而病理性的MME常由半月板退变或半月板撕裂引起 [12] [13]。放射状撕裂、复合撕裂和内侧半月板后根的撕裂更容易引起MME [16];其中内侧半月板后根部的撕裂可能是MME的始动因素 [10] [17]。内侧半月板后根撕裂后,环形应力消失,从而引起半月板突出,加速膝关节退变 [18]。同时我们发现,MME与BML、软骨损伤及JSW具有相关性。软骨下骨髓病变(BML)在MRI上表现为软骨下附近信号的改变 [19],已有研究表明,BML可能会引起膝关节疼痛 [20] [21] 并与软骨损伤有关 [22]。MME造成的结果可能与半月板切除相似,导致负荷分布的变化,使半月板丧失缓冲应力及分解负荷的功能,增加了负重运动过程中胫骨和股骨的接触应力,从而产生BML及软骨的损伤。Lerer等 [23] 研究发现,20%没有严重膝关节退变的患者具有严重的MME,从而推断MME可能使引起关节退变的原因之一。Adams等人 [24] 也认为关节软骨的损伤可能发生在MME之后。JSW是临床中评估膝关节骨性关节炎进展的金标准,它的变化可能与软骨丢失、半月板突出有关系。半月板是一种纤维软骨结构,位于胫骨平台软骨和股骨髁的软骨之间,这三种结构构成了影像学上的关节间隙 [25]。研究发现半月板突出程度越大患者JSN越严重,这可能是由于半月板突出后,半月板相对胫骨平台的覆盖面积减小 [26],和软骨丢失共同造成的;同时,半月板状态的改变,如撕裂或突出,使内侧间室的承重力发生改变,也会导致软骨组织的重新分布或是退变,从而使JSW减小 [27] [28]。

根据统计结果可以看出,MOWHTO术后1年时,术前具有严重MME的患者在疼痛方面有较差的预后。这与此前Kim [29] 的研究结果一致。Van报道说,HTO术后,内侧间室的总压力减小,尽管半月板缺损的膝关节内侧间室压在HTO术后趋于下降,但是与半月板完好的膝关节相比,半月板缺损的膝关节内侧间室压力高。HTO术后内侧间室压力减轻的程度与半月板的状态有关。因此,重度MME患者在HTO术后,内侧间室压力可能降低较少。这可能是重度MME患者术后效果欠佳的原因之一。本研究认为,MOWHTO术后,内侧间室承受压力减小,但仍然承担一部分压力,重度MME患者由于大部分半月板脱出胫骨平台边缘以外,胫骨平台的覆盖率降低,缺乏足够的缓冲和保护能力,增加了内侧间室的接触应力。Paletta [30] 等研究表明,半月板全切可使胫骨接触压力增加235%到335%,并会加速软骨的退变;而MME造成的结果可能与半月板切除相似。有研究表明,MOWHTO术后,患者MME的严重程度有下降的趋势,并且术后MME较轻的患者,具有更好的功能与更大程度的疼痛的缓解 [7],也证实了MME确实是影响MOWHTO术后疗效的危险因素。同时我们发现,术前内侧间室严重的软骨损伤也是MOWHTO术后1年时疗效较差的危险因素。

5. 结论

术前更大程度的半月板突出、软骨损伤和更高级别的K-L分级与MOWHTO术后1年疗效较差有关系。可以作为MOWHTO术后疗效的预测指标。

文章引用

林文蔚,王丰坤,张浩运,信芳杰,代晓燕,于腾波. 内侧半月板突出(MME)及软骨损伤对内侧开放胫骨高位截骨术临床效果的影响
Medial Mensical Extrusion (MME) and Cartilage Injury on the Clinical Outcome after Medial Opening Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy (MOWHTO)[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(02): 1116-1125. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.122163

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  31. NOTES

    *通讯作者Email: ytb8912@hotmail.com

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