Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 11  No. 10 ( 2021 ), Article ID: 45963 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2021.1110695

红细胞相关指标在胃癌早期诊断及预后评估中价值的研究

武建明,李娟娟,何婷,古巧燕*

延安大学附属医院消化内科,陕西 延安

收稿日期:2021年9月22日;录用日期:2021年10月15日;发布日期:2021年10月25日

摘要

胃癌(Gastric Cancer, GC)作为一种消化系统常见的恶性肿瘤,由于许多患者早期没有有效判断疾病的明显临床症状及体征,且胃镜检查有较差的检查体验感,影响患者的接受程度,以至于大多数胃癌患者在确诊时已处于癌症中晚期。随着临床医学的研究不断地深入探索,有研究发现许多便捷的检测指标可以对胃癌的早期诊断以及预后评估起到一定的指导作用。本文就红细胞相关指标在胃癌的早期诊断及预后评估中的价值进行综述。

关键词

胃癌,红细胞体积分布宽度,血细胞比容,平均红细胞体积

Study on the Value of Red Blood Cell Related Indexes in the Early Diagnosis and Prognosis Evaluation of Gastric Cancer

Jianming Wu, Juanjuan Li, Ting He, Qiaoyan Gu*

Department of Gastroenterology, Yan’an University Affiliated Hospital, Yan’an Shaanxi

Received: Sep. 22nd, 2021; accepted: Oct. 15th, 2021; published: Oct. 25th, 2021

ABSTRACT

Gastric cancer (GC) is a common malignant tumor of the digestive system. Because many patients fail to effectively judge the obvious clinical symptoms and signs of the disease in the early stage, and the gastroscopy has a poor physical examination sense, it affects the acceptance of patients. As for most patients with gastric cancer at the time of diagnosis, they are already in the advanced stage of cancer. With the continuous in-depth exploration of clinical medicine research, studies have found that many convenient detection indicators can play a certain guiding role in the early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of gastric cancer. This article reviews the value of red blood cell related indicators in the early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of gastric cancer.

Keywords:Gastric Cancer, Red Blood Cell Volume Distribution Width, Hematocrit, Average Red Blood Cell Volume

Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

胃癌(GC)是指起源于胃黏膜上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤,绝大多数是腺癌。世界范围内胃癌在最常见恶性肿瘤中排名第五,病死率在所有恶性肿瘤中排名第3 [1]。以往报道了多种与胃癌相关的早期诊断及预后评估的方法,如放大胃镜、肿瘤TNM分期、组织分化、神经侵袭、消化道肿瘤生物标志物等 [2] [3] [4] [5] [6],但由于各种检测费用昂贵及方式繁琐,在胃癌早期预测诊断和预后评估方面应用推广的范围存在一定局限性。既往报道,在早期胃癌及癌前病变患者中发现了红细胞体积的异常 [7] [8],近些年的许多研究显示,血常规检测中红细胞相关指标的异常可以发挥对胃癌患者的早期诊断及预后评估的重要意义。本文就血常规中红细胞相关指标,红细胞分布宽度(RDW, Red blood cell volume distribution width)、红细胞压积(HCT, Hematocrit)、平均红细胞体积(MCV, Mean corpuscular volume)对胃癌的早期诊断及预后评估的临床价值进行综述。

2. 红细胞体积分布宽度(RDW, Red Blood Cell Volume Distribution Width) 在胃癌早期诊断和预后评估中价值

红细胞体积分布宽度(RDW)是反应外周血红细胞体积异质性的参数,由血细胞分析仪测量而获得。其原理是红细胞通过仪器内计数小孔时,因细胞体积大小不同,得到一个相应大小脉冲,脉冲信号经计算机统计处理获得RDW值。临床上通常用于贫血的形态学分类和缺铁性贫血的诊断、鉴别诊断,缺铁性贫血患者在缺铁潜伏期时RDW即有增高,治疗后贫血已得到纠正,RDW仍未将至正常水平,可能反应体内储存铁尚未完全补足,故RDW对缺铁性贫血治疗中的动态监测可能有一定价值。长期以来,RDW主要用于贫血病因的诊断 [9],然而越来越多的研究表明RDW是评估许多非血液疾病的重要指标 [10] [11] [12] [13]。

2016年Pietrzyk等 [14] 对波兰卢布林军事临床医院的61例胃癌患者和61例健康对照者的血液参数进行回顾性分析,两个研究组均除外高血压、糖尿病、抗血小板药物使用、肝肾功能衰竭、自身免疫性疾病的人群,使用国际癌症控制联盟的TNM癌症分期系统,TNM 1~2期组35例,TNM 3~4期组26例,结果显示,GC组患者的RDW值较对照组明显升高,提示胃癌患者和健康人群RDW存在显著性差异。2017年Wei T [15] 等对144例胃癌患者的回顾性分析显示,GC患者的RDW值明显高于正常对照组,且RDW值与肿瘤分期及肿瘤标志物(癌胚抗原P < 0.01、糖类抗原19-9 P < 0.05)呈显著正相关,提示RDW值可作为早期诊断及评估预后的标志物。此外,既往认为高RDW是由于血红蛋白降低所致,Wei T-T等通过协方差分析表明,即使在血红蛋白恢复正常后,GC患者的RDW仍显著升高,由此说明GC患者RDW升高不能完全由血红蛋白的降低来解释。2017年Cheng等 [16] 通过分别对227例GC组和164例早期GC组的术前RDW与101例健康对照组的RDW比较,发现均较健康对照组显著升高,且RDW越高与高龄、肿瘤直径越大、肿瘤浸润深度越深、淋巴结转移越明显显著相关。研究显示,在GC组中,RDW越高,总生存率越低,无病生存期越短;在早期GC组中,高RDW组的总生存率和无病生存期也明显低于低RDW组。此外,单因素和多因素生存分析显示,RDW可作为影响无病生存期的独立预后因素,但对总生存期无显著影响。提示术前高RDW可以作为早期诊断及预后评估的指标。

2017年Yazici等报道 [17],对172例接受胃癌根治性手术患者的人口学资料、术前RDW水平、肿瘤特征等进行回顾性分析,依据术前RDW水平,将患者分为高RDW组(n = 62)和低RDW组(n = 110),结果显示两组患者总死亡率和术后60天死亡率分别为55%和14%,高RDW与短期死亡率密切相关,且高RDW患者晚期癌症发生率较高,结果表明,术前高RDW提示患者会发生不良预后,可以作为一种预后评估的指标。2019年Hirahara等 [18] 的研究同样证实这一观点,对366例根治性胃切除术的胃腺癌患者术前RDW研究显示,RDW与肿瘤大小、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、病理分期、血清白蛋白浓度和C反应蛋白呈正相关,术前高RDW反映了由更具侵袭性或进展性的癌症引起的肿瘤相关的全身炎症和营养不良。高RDW与总生存率差有显著的关联。Cox多因素分析显示,术前RDW是胃癌根治性切除术后的独立预后指标。

目前许多学者已认同术前高RDW对GC患者具有早期诊断及预后评估作用。然而,Shota等 [19] 报道术后RDW同样可作为GC患者预后的一项指标,根据5年总体生存率的ROC分析确定术后最佳RDW值14.05,并将术后患者分为高RDW (≥14.05, n = 117)、低RDW (≤14.05, n = 104)两组,结果显示,两组患者5年总体生存率有显著差异性(P < 0.0001),因此,术后RDW同样可作为判断胃癌预后的有价值的指标。

3. 血细胞比容(HCT, Hematocrit)在胃癌预后评估中的价值

血细胞比容(HCT)又称血细胞压积(packed cell volume, PCV),是指血细胞在血液中所占容积的比值。血细胞比容测定可反应红细胞的增多或减少,但受血浆容量改变的影响,同时也受红细胞体积大小的影响。血细胞比容增高见于各种原因所致的血液浓缩或各种原因所致红细胞绝对性增多;血细胞比容减低多见于各类贫血。

2019年Lin等 [20] 的回顾性研究报道,对2277名接受根治性胃切除的胃癌患者术前7天内进行血清采集,患者中位年龄为61岁,血液检测指标包括血红蛋白(Hb)、血细胞比容(HCT)、淋巴细胞计数、白蛋白(Alb)和总胆固醇水平。在单因素分析中,术前HCT、HB与总生存期相关;然而,在对单个分期的单独分析中,只有HCT对所有肿瘤分期的预后有显著影响。另外在多因素分析中,术前HCT仍是胃癌的独立预后因素。低HCT与高龄、体重指数低、肿瘤较大、淋巴结转移、晚期和血管受累显著相关。因此提示术前低HCT是胃癌根治术后一项新的、简便的预测指标,目前低HCT对GC患者不良预后的原因主要倾向于低HCT引起的细胞缺氧,以及由缺氧导致的肿瘤细胞对化疗药物敏感性降低所致 [21] [22] [23] [24]。因此对于体重指数较低的老年GC患者,应注意术前HCT检测,加强营养,以改善患者预后。

最近的一项研究同样证实,术前HCT能够对胃癌术后预后进行评估。通过对9936例胃癌根治术患者资料的回顾性研究发现,术前HCT < 29与术后脓毒症、30天死亡率密切相关。此外,研究发现,术后输血可降低HCT发病风险 [25]。

4. 平均红细胞体积(MCV, Mean Corpuscular Volume)在胃癌预后评估中的价值

平均红细胞体积(MCV),系指每个红细胞的平均体积,其数值大小受红细胞发育及成熟的影响。以往认为,高MCV参与了多种肿瘤的不良预后 [26] [27] [28] [29]。

2019年Jomrich等 [30] 对接受手术治疗的314名胃食管交界处腺癌的患者进行回顾性研究,除外手术时有远处转移、切缘阳性、术后死于癌症以外的原因或术后30天内死亡、已知的酗酒史以及患有其他恶性肿瘤的患者,术前3天内抽血进行全血细胞计数。结果显示,中位总生存率(OS)为36.8个月,中位无病生存期(DFS)为20.6个月;多因素分析显示,术前高MCV是总生存率和无病生存期的显著预后因素。同样在接受新辅助治疗的患者中发现,MCV仍是总生存率和无病生存期的独立预后因素,由此表明高MCV预示胃食管腺癌患者预后不良。因此在治疗胃食管腺癌患者时,术前应纠正患者MCV的异常。

此外,近期报道了一种新的预测GC患者预后的生物标志物(HRR),将血红蛋白(HB)与红细胞分布宽度(RDW)之比作为预测GC患者在接受新辅助治疗后的预后指标,高HRR预示患者总生存率和无病生存期较好 [31]。

5. 结论

以上研究从不同的人群中通过回顾性研究对红细胞体积分布宽度(RDW)、血细胞比容(HCT)、平均红细胞体积(MCV)指标在早期胃癌诊断及预后评估方面的价值进行了临床研究,验证了红细胞相关指标在胃癌早期诊断和预后评估方面潜在的临床价值。因此,在今后的临床中有必要给予更多的关注和从多个维度深入探索,不断验证其临床价值。

文章引用

刘晓鸿,陈晓霞,于 兰,陆佳佳,武建明,李娟娟,何 婷,古巧燕. 红细胞相关指标在胃癌早期诊断及预后评估中价值的研究
Study on the Value of Red Blood Cell Related Indexes in the Early Diagnosis and Prognosis Evaluation of Gastric Cancer[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(10): 4738-4743. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.1110696

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  41. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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