Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 11  No. 12 ( 2021 ), Article ID: 47075 , 7 pages
10.12677/ACM.2021.1112836

2型糖尿病患者血镁水平与甲状腺结节的相关性分析

杨敏*,周诗喆,张兴起,张洁,古雅雯,陈颖#

青岛大学附属医院,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2021年11月6日;录用日期:2021年11月25日;发布日期:2021年12月9日

摘要

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者中血镁水平与甲状腺结节的相关性。方法:回顾性收集在2013年3月至2020年10月期间就诊于青岛大学附属医院内分泌与代谢性疾病科的3936名T2DM患者的临床资料,研究其血镁水平与甲状腺结节之间的相关性。结果:在所有的T2DM患者中,合并甲状腺结节的患者血镁水平显著低于不合并甲状腺结节的患者(P = 0.018)。根据血镁水平,将患者由低到高分为3组(较低组、中间组和较高组)发现,三组患者的甲状腺结节患病率分别为18.6%,18.0%,14.6% (P = 0.016)。通过进一步两两比较发现,血镁较低组及中间组的T2DM患者的甲状腺结节患病率显著高于血镁较高组(P分别为0.006、0024),血镁较低组与中间组患者之间的甲状腺结节的患病率无显著差异(P = 0.650)。logistic回归分析显示,较高的血镁水平与甲状腺结节呈负相关(OR = 0.351, P = 0.027),在调整了年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、BMI、收缩压、舒张压、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、肌酐、尿酸、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶等指标后,二者的负相关关系仍然显著存在(OR = 0.215, P = 0.014)结论:在T2DM患者中,合并甲状腺结节的患者血镁水平显著低于不合并甲状腺结节的患者,较高的血镁水平与甲状腺结节呈独立负相关关系,提示低血镁水平可能在一定程度上参与了T2DM患者甲状腺结节的发生发展。

关键词

血镁浓度,甲状腺结节,2型糖尿病

Study on the Correlation between Serum Magnesium Concentration and Thyroid Nodules among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Min Yang*, Shizhe Zhou, Xingqi Zhang, Jie Zhang, Yawen Gu, Ying Chen#

The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: Nov. 6th, 2021; accepted: Nov. 25th, 2021; published: Dec. 9th, 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the correlation between serum magnesium concentration and thyroid nodules among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: The clinical data of 3936 patients with T2DM who were admitted to the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from March 2013 to October 2020 were collected retrospectively, and the correlation between the serum magnesium concentration and thyroid nodules was explored. Results: Among all patients with T2DM, the level of serum magnesium in patients with thyroid nodules was significantly lower than that in patients without thyroid nodules (P = 0.018). According to the level of serum magnesium, the patients were divided into three groups (lower group, middle group and higher group). We found that the prevalence of thyroid nodules among the three groups were 18.6%, 18.0% and 14.6% respectively (P = 0.016). Through further pairwise comparison, it was found that the prevalence of thyroid nodules in subjects with lower serum magnesium and middle serum magnesium were significantly higher than that in subjects with higher serum magnesium (P = 0.006 and 0024, respectively), and there was no significant difference between subjects with lower blood magnesium and middle serum magnesium (P = 0.650). Logistic regression analysis showed that the higher blood magnesium level was negatively correlated with thyroid nodules (OR = 0.351, P = 0.027). After adjusting the confounding factors such as age, gender, smoking, drinking, BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, creatinine, serum uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, etc., the negative correlation between above still exists significantly (OR = 0.215, P = 0.014). Conclusions: T2DM Patients with thyroid nodules have lower serum magnesium levels than those without thyroid nodules. A higher level of serum magnesium is negatively correlated with thyroid nodules, suggesting that the low level of serum magnesium may be involved in the occurrence and development of thyroid nodules in T2DM patients to some extent.

Keywords:Serum Magnesium Concentration, Thyroid Nodules, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 前言

2型糖尿病是由胰岛素抵抗和(或)胰岛素分泌不足引起的一种高血糖状态。持续高血糖可以导致糖尿病患者微血管和大血管并发症的发生、发展,继而可能引起失明、肾衰竭、神经损伤、心血管及周围血管病变等 [1]。目前,糖尿病及其并发症已成为全球重要的公共卫生问题之一。2型糖尿病患者容易合并甲状腺疾病包括甲状腺结节 [2] [3]。既往研究表明,在糖尿病患者中容易观察到低镁血症的存在 [4] [5]。镁代谢的改变可能会对糖尿病发生及进展中涉及的不同代谢和信号通路产生影响 [6],低血镁水平与糖尿病相关并发症如糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病肾病、糖尿病足等密切相关 [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]。尽管如此,目前涉及2型糖尿病患者血镁水平的研究相对较少。本研究首次在成人2型糖尿病患者中探讨血镁水平与甲状腺结节的相关性。

2. 对象和方法

2.1. 研究对象

研究对象来源于自2013年3月至2020年10月就诊于青岛大学附属医院内分泌与代谢性疾病科的2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并或未合并甲状腺结节者(T2DM符合1999年WHO提出的糖尿病诊断标准 [12],甲状腺结节的诊断参考本次住院期间的甲状腺超声报告),纳入年龄 ≥ 18岁的受试者;如果符合以下标准之一,则排除受试者:1) 合并严重肝脏、肾脏或心脏疾病;2) 合并急性感染性疾病;3) 合并肿瘤;4)合并影响镁代谢的疾病或因素:肝硬化、腹泻、痛风、使用利尿剂等;5) 合并妊娠。共计3936名受试者纳入最终的研究。本研究已通过青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会批准,并获得所有受试者知情同意。

2.2. 研究方法

2.2.1. 病史采集和实验室检测

在患者入院后对其一般资料及人口学信息进行采集,包括身高、体重、吸烟及饮酒史等。患者休息30分钟后,用电子血压计测量其收缩压及舒张压。禁饮食至少8小时后,第二天清晨采集患者空腹血。采集后立即检测所有血液标本。甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、肌酐、尿酸、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶等均在青岛大学附属医院检验科采用全自动生化分析仪(Cobas8000,瑞士)检测。

2.2.2. 统计学处理

采用SPSS25.0软件进行统计分析。符合正态分布的连续性变量以均数 ± 标准差表示,两组间均数比较采用独立样本t检验,多组间均数的比较采用单因素方差分析;不符合正态分布的连续性变量以中位数 + 四分位数法表示,组间比较采用非参数检验;分类变量以n (%)表示,组间率的比较采用卡方检验;应用logistic回归分析寻找T2DM患者血镁水平与甲状腺结节之间的相关性。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 研究对象的基线资料

本研究共计纳入3936名符合纳排标准的T2DM患者。根据是否合并甲状腺结节,将受试者分为合并甲状腺结节组(678例)和不合并甲状腺结节组(3258例)。由表1可见,在T2DM患者中,合并甲状腺结节组的患者血镁水平显著低于不合并甲状腺结节组,分别为0.87、0.88 mmol/L (P = 0.018)。合并甲状腺结节组的患者平均血尿酸水平显著高于不合并甲状腺结节组,分别为330.78、322.31 μmol/L (P = 0.033)。除此之外,两组患者在其他指标如年龄、性别、BMI、收缩压、舒张压、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、肌酐、谷丙转氨酶、吸烟及饮酒所占比例等方面无显著性差异。

3.2. 不同血镁水平下研究对象的一般资料及生化指标比较

将研究对象按照血镁水平由低到高三等分为3组,则相应切点为0.84,0.91,即较低组(0.15~0.83 mmol/L)、中间组(0.84~0.90 mmol/L)、较高组(0.91~1.72 mmol/L),如表2所示,三组患者的甲状腺结节患病率分别为18.6%,18.0%,14.6% (P for trend = 0.016)。通过两两比较发现,血镁较低组及中间组的T2DM患者甲状腺结节患病率显著高于血镁较高组(P分别为0.006、0024),血镁较低组与中间组T2DM患者间甲状腺结节的患病率无显著差异(P = 0.650)。随血镁水平的增加,T2DM患者的年龄呈增长趋势,平均年龄依次为61.28,63.22,65.23岁(P < 0.001)。患者的舒张压水平呈下降趋势,分别为79.68,78.77,77.15 mmHg (P < 0.001)。不同血镁分组的T2DM患者在低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、总胆固醇、肌酐、谷草转氨酶等方面也存在分布上的显著差异(P < 0.05)。

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population

表1. 研究人群的基线资料

Table 2. Comparison of general characteristics and biochemical indexes of objects under different serum magnesium levels

表2. 不同血镁水平下研究对象的一般资料及生化指标比较

a,较低组vs中间组,P < 0.05;b,较低组vs较高组,P < 0.05;c,中间组vs较高组,P < 0.05。

3.3. 血镁水平与甲状腺结节的Logistic回归分析

以血镁水平为自变量,以是否合并甲状腺结节为因变量进行logistic回归分析显示(见表3),较高的血镁水平与甲状腺结节呈负相关(OR = 0.351, P = 0.027),如模型1。增加调整年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒构建模型2,进行逐步logistic回归显示,血镁水平仍然与甲状腺结节呈负相关(OR = 0.333, P = 0.022)。在模型2基础上,再增加调整BMI、收缩压、舒张压、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、肌酐、尿酸、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶等指标后,血镁水平与甲状腺结节的负相关关系仍然显著存在(OR = 0.215, P = 0.014)。

Table 3. The logistic regression analysis between serum magnesium and thyroid nodules

表3. 血镁与甲状腺结节之间的logistic回归分析

模型1:不调整。模型2:调整年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒。模型3:调整年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、BMI、收缩压、舒张压、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、肌酐、尿酸、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶。

4. 讨论

2型糖尿病(T2DM)和甲状腺疾病常常并存于同一患者中 [3]。既往研究发现,T2DM会降低促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平,并影响周围组织中的甲状腺素(T4)向三碘甲状腺素(T3)的转化。T2DM管理不当会导致胰岛素抵抗和高胰岛素血症,这会导致甲状腺组织增生并增加结节形成和甲状腺肿大 [3]。

镁(Mg)是一种细胞内阳离子,是一种重要的微营养素,参与能量稳态、蛋白质合成和DNA稳定等 [13]。研究发现,镁缺乏通常与内分泌和代谢紊乱有关,尤其是2型糖尿病 [14]。镁离子参与碳水化合物代谢和胰岛素作用。镁离子是葡萄糖跨膜转运和碳水化合物氧化相关酶的辅因子,并在胰岛素释放中发挥作用 [15]。低血镁水平被发现与血清肌酐水平升高及肾衰竭进展有关,是终末期肾病的强预测因子 [11]。除此之外,低血镁水平还与糖尿病其他并发症如糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病神经病变、糖尿病大血管病变等密切相关 [7] [10]。但在T2DM患者中,低血镁水平与甲状腺结节之间的相关性研究鲜有报道。

我们的研究发现在T2DM患者中,合并甲状腺结节的患者血镁水平显著低于不合并甲状腺结节的患者。将研究对象按照血镁水平由低到高分为3组,三组患者的甲状腺结节患病率分别为18.6%,18.0%,14.6% (P = 0.016)。两两比较发现,血镁较低组及中间组的T2DM患者甲状腺结节的患病率显著高于血镁较高组(P分别为0.006、0024)。在校正多种混杂因素后,logistic回归分析发现,较高的血镁水平与甲状腺结节呈独立负相关关系,这提示低血镁可能在一定程度上参与了T2DM患者甲状腺结节的发生、发展。

镁离子参与T2DM及甲状腺结节发生发展的具体机制目前尚不清楚。既往研究表明,低血镁水平可能与胰岛素抵抗密切相关 [16]。Bertinato Jesse等人发现血镁浓度与糖尿病、血糖控制指标和胰岛素抵抗呈负相关 [17]。Heidary Zinat等人进一步发现,单剂量静脉注射镁可改善高血糖危重患者的胰岛素抵抗指数 [18]。同时,多项研究表明,胰岛素抵抗可能是甲状腺结节的危险因素 [19] [20],胰岛素抵抗在甲状腺结节的血管分布、结构和密度中起着关键作用,可能有助于甲状腺结节的生长和进展 [21]。但是,低镁血症是否通过胰岛素抵抗参与了2型糖尿病患者甲状腺结节的发生发展仍然需要进一步的研究探索。

本研究尚存在一定的局限性。首先,横断面研究限制了对因果关系的进一步探讨。其次,可能存在影响T2DM患者血镁浓度或甲状腺结节患病率的其他混杂因素未被收集到。仍然需要多中心、大样本的前瞻性研究来评估2型糖尿病患者血镁水平和甲状腺结节之间的相关性。

综上所述,合并甲状腺结节的T2DM患者血镁水平显著低于不合并甲状腺结节的患者,较高的血镁水平与甲状腺结节呈独立负相关关系,提示低血镁水平可能在一定程度上参与了T2DM患者甲状腺结节的发生发展。

利益冲突

本研究不存在任何相关利益冲突。

作者贡献声明

杨敏负责整理、分析数据及文章撰写,陈颖负责文章撰写和修改。周诗喆、张兴起、张洁、古雅雯为该横断面研究的设计、实施、数据收集及分析做出了贡献。所有作者都阅读并参与了最后定稿。

文章引用

杨 敏,周诗喆,张兴起,张 洁,古雅雯,陈 颖. 2型糖尿病患者血镁水平与甲状腺结节的相关性分析
Study on the Correlation between Serum Magnesium Concentration and Thyroid Nodules among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(12): 5647-5653. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.1112836

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  22. NOTES

    *第一作者。

    #通讯作者Email: 18661801696@163.com

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