Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 10 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 73146 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.13102132

18F-FDG-PET在致痫灶定位方面的研究进展

李双双1,2,马磊2,高学军1,3*

1延安大学医学院,陕西 延安

2空军军医大学第一附属医院神经内科,陕西 西安

3延安大学附属医院神经内科,陕西 延安

收稿日期:2023年8月26日;录用日期:2023年9月19日;发布日期:2023年9月26日

摘要

癫痫是一种常见的脑部疾病,是神经元突发异常放电所致的大脑功能障碍。影像学在癫痫的诊断定位方面有重要的指导意义,PET是重要的影像学方法之一,本文对近年来18F-FDG-PET在致痫灶定位的研究进展进行综述,以期加深对疾病的理解,使医生能够更准确地决定如何治疗这种疾病提供参考。

关键词

癫痫,影像学,正电子发射断层扫描技术(PET)

Research Progress of 18F-FDG-PET in the Localization of Epileptogenic Foci

Shuangshuang Li1,2, Lei Ma2, Xuejun Gao1,3*

1Medical School, Yan’an University, Yan’an Shaanxi

2Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Yan’an Shaanxi

3Department of Neurology, Yan’an University Affiliated Hospital, Yan’an Shaanxi

Received: Aug. 26th, 2023; accepted: Sep. 19th, 2023; published: Sep. 26th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Epilepsy is a common brain disorder characterized by abnormal neuronal discharges, resulting in functional impairments. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and localization of epilepsy, and PET is one of the important imaging methods. This article provides a review of the recent research progress of 18F-FDG-PET in epilepsy, aiming to deepen the understanding of the disease and provide references for doctors to make more accurate treatment decisions.

Keywords:Epilepsy, Imaging, Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

癫痫是最常见脑部疾病之一,能产生持续癫痫发作的脑部持久性改变以及同步表现出相应的神经运动、感觉、意识、自主神经、精神等不同程度的障碍,不同程度地影响患者的生活质量,反映了潜在的多变性和多因素脑功能障碍 [1] [2] 。抗癫痫药物可控制约2/3的痫性发作,但并不会改变长期预后,其中大约1/3的患者会转变为药物难治性癫痫 [3] ,现阶段外科手术是控制药物难治性癫痫发作最有效的治疗方法,而手术成功的关键在于对致痫灶的精准定位和彻底切除或破坏 [4] [5] 。致痫灶是一个理论上的概念,很难用单一的诊断方式来精确定位它,所以术前需要采取多种评估方式来估计并无限的靠近致痫灶。临床表现、影像学、脑电图是目前术前评估的三大基石。视频脑电图监测是临床评估癫痫发作、定位的首选方式,但由于其是非侵入性的,无法充分识别脑深部的病变和快速扩散的癫痫发作,导致癫痫灶定位证据不足,甚至不准确或具有误导性 [6] [7] 。影像学是识别癫痫患者形态和功能异常的首选方式,可弥补视频脑电图的部分不足。影像学又包括结构影像和功能影像。其中正电子发射计算机断层成像(positron emission computed tomography, PET)是重要的功能影像之一,18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(fluorodeoxyglucose, FDG)是常见的显像剂,在评估许多大脑疾病中起着至关重要的作用,对致痫灶的定位具有较高的敏感性。基于视觉的定性分析是目前分析PET最广泛使用的方法,然而,这种方式受医师主观因素影响较大,存在很大的不确定性 [8] 。近年来,定量分析在评估致痫灶方面的研究逐渐增多,可提高对致痫灶定位的准确性,定量分析有潜力通过提供更准确的定量评估来量化癫痫患者的严重程度、进展和改善的能力,使医生能够更全面地决定如何选择患者的治疗方式,以提高癫痫患者的生活质量。本文就18F-FDG-PET在癫痫诊断中的应用作一综述。

2. 18F-FDG-PET技术

PET是一种常见的功能影像检查设备,使用放射性示踪剂来识别病理性代谢反应和神经炎症的发展进程。PET检查可用于各种生物过程的成像和量化,例如血流,代谢,运输速率,蛋白质和DNA的合成以及受体密度,PET放射性示踪剂由正电子发射同位素标记,该同位素产生成对的伽马光子,PET扫描仪通过重合检测检测到这些光子,这使得PET具有毫米级的空间分辨率,因此PET产生的功能成像数据的空间分辨率较高。目前已发现多种显像剂,如18F-FDG、11C-ABP688、11C-氟马西尼、11C-PBR28、11C-UCB-J、11C-胆碱等 [7] [9] 。最常用到示踪剂类型是18F-FDG,利用从中获取的葡萄糖代谢率及标准化摄取值(standardized intake value, SUV)等参数可以对疾病做出诊断 [10] 。18F-FDG-PET广泛应用于多种疾病的诊治过程,包括感染、炎症、心脏、肿瘤及神经功能等 [11] [12] [13] ,PET联合FDG可用于区分肿瘤和非肿瘤病变,或良性和恶性肿瘤。是评估潜在恶性细胞的重要鉴别因素 [14] ,有研究表明预后不良的晚期恶性肿瘤可能表现出低FDG摄取 [15] 。

在神经系统中,18F-FDG-PET已经用于中枢神经系统淋巴瘤 [16] 、副肿瘤性神经系统综合征 [17] 、阿尔茨海默病 [18] 、癫痫等疾病的诊疗过程,可提供部分病理生理学及诊断信息,对良恶性病变的鉴别及治疗、癫痫灶的定侧定位均具有重要的指导意义 [10] 。

3. 18F-FDG-PET在癫痫诊断中的应用

对于有结构异常的致痫灶,核磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)可以清晰显示,但很多癫痫病灶没有结构异常,在颅脑CT或MRI图像上很难显示病灶 [19] 。癫痫发生的典型特征是神经元损伤和神经胶质增生 [20] 。神经元损伤可导致代谢减退,因此可通过18F-FDG-PET进行识别,18F-FDG-PET已被证明是神经损伤和功能障碍的有希望的生物标志物 [21] 。18F-FDG-PET通过测量葡萄糖消耗提供了神经元能量代谢的间接指标物。18F-FDG-PET扫描是在发作间期获得的,因为大脑对18F-FDG的摄取发生在注射后的30~40分钟,代表了摄取期细胞代谢过程的成像总和。考虑到平均癫痫发作持续时间为1-2分钟,延长的大脑代谢摄取使FDG不适合测量快速神经元事件;因此,癫痫患者发作期的18F-FDG-PET获取在临床上是不可行的 [22] 。癫痫患者发作间期通过18F-FDG-PET成像可以发现低代谢区,相较于MRI等非侵入检查有着较高的敏感度,且PET定位的致痫灶与术中皮层脑电图结果一致率高达90% [23] 。

然而,18F-FDG-PET大脑显像显示的病灶范围往往大于“金标准”的致痫灶,发作间期PET所示的致痫灶与糖代谢降低的区域相关,可涉及致痫灶远处的其他部位,如发作起始区、症状产生区等部位,造成手术方式的扩大,且低代谢范围的扩大程度往往与预后呈负相关 [23] [24] ,且对于不同部位的致痫灶诊断有一定的差异。颞叶癫痫的代谢减退率高于颞叶外癫痫,推测可能是由于癫痫的快速传播或长期发作所导致的 [7] [25] 。侯亚琴 [26] 等人的研究支持上述观点,表示18F-FDG PET/CT在颞叶癫痫患者的术前定侧准确性及定位准确性均优于颞叶外癫痫患者。

18F-FDG-PET可在PET/CT或PET/MR仪器上获取。其中研究表明18F-FDG-PET显像在常规 MRI 阴性尤其局灶性皮质发育不良引起的难治性局灶癫痫患者的诊断、术前定位及手术制定中尤为重要,并且在手术后取得了较佳的效果 [27] 。既往多项表示PET/CT与MRI异机融合的识别致痫灶的灵敏度可达82%,高于单独的PET或MRI成像,提高了定位致痫灶的准确性 [28] [29] ,且对于选择是否进行手术或侵入性操作更加安全 [30] ,但由于其为异机扫描获得的PET及MRI头像,存在配准欠佳的问题,可对致痫灶的产生一定的误差。

一体化PET/MR是一种较新的设备,可在一次检查中连续或同时采集功能和结构图像,使图像配准更加精准,以定位解剖和代谢的异常,极大程度上的减少误差、伪影,能够有效提高定位的准确性及敏感度 [31] [32] [33] [34] 。Flaus [35] 等人对26例局灶性癫痫患者的研究发现,一体化PET/MR相比于PET/MR异机融合对致痫灶的定位提高了13%的灵敏度,且改变了40%患者的手术方式,优化了术前检查,改善了患者的预后。郭坤 [36] 等人通过一体化PET/MR设备对57例MRI阴性的药物难治性癫痫患者进行致痫灶定位的研究发现MRI、PET、PET/MR融合显像的阳性检出率分别为31.6%、89.5%、90.0%,提高了定位致痫灶的准确性。但仍有部分致痫灶不易被检测到。

4. 18F-FDG-PET定量分析在癫痫诊断中的应用

约15%-30%的难治性癫痫患者MRI阴性,最常见的是海马硬化症和局灶性皮质发育不良。其中高达80%的局灶性皮质发育不良病变无法被视觉检测到 [37] 。但手术切除可改善患者的癫痫发作,随着科技的进步,PET定量分析得到了巨大的发展。PET定量分析可以清晰显示部分视觉不易观察到的病灶,且不受主观因素影响。

既往有研究表明,使用18F-FDG-PET对代谢减退进行视觉评估不如使用基于体素的标准化比较与健康对照组进行定量评估和MRI共配准准确 [38] [39] 。形态测量分析程序(morphometric analysis program, MAP)是一种常用的MRI后处理成像方式,MAP可以帮助检测MRI阴性手术候选者局灶性皮质发育不良的细微异常 [40] [41] 。Guo [42] 等人的研究指出PET定量分析具有优于MAP的灵敏度,联合MAP及PET定量分析可以提高致痫灶定位的特异性,可以更加优化手术切除方式。Tan [43] 等人通过基于MRI和PET组合特征的优化皮质表面采样构建分类器来自动检测细微或视觉上无法识别的局灶性皮质发育不良。在疾病的检测中优于定量MRI和多模态视觉分析(93% vs 82% vs 68%),指出自动检测具有较高的灵敏度和特异性。Mendes [27] 等人研究发现用自动定量补充传统PET视觉分析的方法,可以检测到局灶性皮质发育不良病人的低代谢区,尤其是位于额叶病变的患者。

Peter [44] 等人在颞叶癫痫患者的研究使用18F-FDG-PET进行全局定量分析,表明全局定量分析是颞叶癫痫代谢评估的有力工具,与视觉评估和传统的活检区域定量相比,可以更准确地识别癫痫偏侧化和治疗的潜在影响。因此研究指出迫切需要将这些新的方法引入到颞叶癫痫的治疗中。虽然18F-FDG-PET最常用于视觉评估,但定性分析与高水平的观察者间和观察者内变异性相关。使用标准化摄取值的半定量分析是对TLE患者低代谢模式的更一致、准确的测量。使用脑分割结合局部容积校正和18F-FDG-PET的全局SUV定量可以更准确地量化颞叶癫痫患者的低代谢。这项新技术有可能通过提供更准确的定量评估来提高颞叶癫痫患者的生活质量。更准确地判断病情的严重程度、进程和改善的能力,将使医生能够更准确地决定治疗方式 [44] 。

Yen-Cheng [45] 等人通过机器学习建立18F-FDG-PET定量分析模型,发现定量分析(98.15%)的敏感性高于视觉分析(81.48%)方式,这项研究采用机器学习分类器提供了一种人工智能工具,该工具能够从18F-FDG PET数据中提取图像特征,并将归一化的PET摄取与18F-FDG PET图像的ROI进行分类,以确定侧化的致痫灶。对患者数据的图像预处理强调了18F-FDG成功侧化致癫痫灶解释的关键信息。使用机器学习图谱解释的致痫灶的侧化的准确率高达96.0%。所提出的基于人工智能的侧化致癫痫灶解释方法可以为18F-FDG-PET扫描对癫痫手术的术前诊断提供帮助,且高度准确、方便。

不仅如此,PET定量分析联合MRI等检查进行多模态成像的整合更能进一步提高对致痫灶定位的准确性。Traub-Weidinger [46] 等人通过将定量分析后的PET图像映射到T1序列上,发现丘脑和白质异常区域的识别很难通过视觉分析观察到,而定量分析可以观察到这些区域的异常,但相关性目前仍不清楚,还有待进一步研究。这项研究同时指出定量分析可以识别高代谢区域,提示可能反映癫痫发生和传播直接相关的脑网络动态变化;也提出了由于心理因素可能会影响大脑区域活动中所表达的内在状态,正常人群中葡萄糖代谢率的高生理变异性可能限制了定量分析的敏感性。总之,定量分析在致痫灶的定位中具有不可忽视的意义。

5. 总结与展望

18F-FDG-PET在癫痫灶的定侧定位中有巨大的价值,包括分子神经成像在内的多模态成像在癫痫术前评估中具有越来越重要的作用,以定位致痫灶。定量分析提高了这些方式在识别致痫起病区和作为可能的治疗途径方面的诊断效用。影像学检查与多学科方法相结合,对癫痫患者进行术前评估,可以通过减少术后神经功能缺损和帮助更新的微创外科手术来大大改善结局。未来,定量图像分析的持续改进,多模态成像的整合以及PET放射性示踪剂的开发和增强将使人们能够更全面地了解癫痫的病理生理机制 [7] ,在癫痫患者的研究中发挥更大的作用。

文章引用

李双双,马 磊,高学军. 18F-FDG-PET在致痫灶定位方面的研究进展
Research Progress of 18F-FDG-PET in the Localization of Epileptogenic Foci[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(10): 15241-15246. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13102132

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  47. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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