Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 12 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 76473 , 9 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.13122610

新生儿早发型丙酸血症1例临床特征及 遗传学分析并文献复习

厉运成,易致,锡洪敏,李向红,李亮亮*

青岛大学附属医院新生儿科,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2023年10月28日;录用日期:2023年11月23日;发布日期:2023年12月4日

摘要

目的:探讨1例早发型丙酸血症患儿的临床表型及遗传学特征。方法:选取2022年11月收治于青岛大学附属医院的1例丙酸血症患儿为研究对象,分析其临床资料,对其进行家系全外显子组基因检测,用Sanger测序分析对候选变异进行验证。结果:女性患儿,生后73小时逐渐出现反应差、嗜睡、拒乳、喂养困难入院。血尿遗传代谢检查提示甲基丙二酸血症、丙酸血症、酮尿;全外显子组基因检测提示患儿携带PCCA基因复合杂合变异:c.1900-1G>A (splicing)和c.575del (p.Ile192ThrfsTer7),分别遗传自其母亲与父亲,这两个基因变异均未见报道,根据美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会相关指南均评估为致病变异。结论:PCCA基因c.1900-1G>A (splicing)和c.575del (p.Ile192ThrfsTer7)复合杂合变异可能是导致患儿发生丙酸血症的遗传学病因。这两个新变异的检出扩大了PCCA基因的变异谱,为患儿的临床诊断和家系遗传咨询提供了重要的依据。

关键词

丙酸血症,PCCA基因,全外显子组基因检测,Sanger测序

Clinical Characteristics and Genetic Analysis of a Case of Neonatal Early-Onset Propionate Acidemia and Literature Review

Yuncheng Li, Zhi Yi, Hongmin Xi, Xianghong Li, Liangliang Li*

Department of NICU, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: Oct. 28th, 2023; accepted: Nov. 23rd, 2023; published: Dec. 4th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective: Exploring the clinical manifestations and genetic characteristics of a child with early-onset propionaemia. Methods: The clinical data of a newborn with propionic acidemia who visited our hospital on November 17, 2022 was collected. A trio-exome sequencing was performed on them. Candidate variants were validated using Sanger sequencing analysis. Results: The patient is a female who gradually experiences poor response, somnolence, refusal to breastfeed, and difficulty feeding 73 hours after birth. Blood test shows hyperammonemia, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis; Brain magnetic resonance imaging shows symmetrical strip like DWI high signal shadows in the bilateral corticospinal tract, bilateral thalamus, brainstem, and bilateral cerebellar hemispheres, consistent with metabolic or toxic diseases. The right cerebellar hemisphere has hemorrhagic foci and intraventricular hemorrhage; Hematuria genetic metabolism examination indicates methylmalonic acid, propionic acidemia, ketonuria; Trio-complex heterozygous variant of the PCCA gene: c.1900-1G>A (splicing) and c.575del (p.Ile192ThrfsTer7), which are inherited from their mother and father, respectively. Among them, c.1900-1G>A (splicing) and c.575del (p.Ile192ThrfsTer7) have not been reported in the past, and according to the relevant guidelines of the American Society of Medical Genetics and Genomics, they are determined to be pathogenic variants with unknown significance. Conclusion: The complex heterozygous variants of the PCCA gene c.1900-1G>A (splicing) and c.575del (p.Ile192ThrfsTer7) may be the cause of the disease in the patient. The detection of 575del (p.Ile192ThrfsTer7) and c.1900-1G>A (splitting) expanded the mutation spectrum of PCCA gene, providing an important basis for clinical diagnosis and family genetic counseling of children.

Keywords:Propionic Acidemia, Propionaemia, Trio-Exome Sequencing, Sanger Sequencing

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

丙酸血症(propionic acidemia, PA, OMIM #606054)是一种典型的有机酸代谢遗传性疾病,属于常染色体隐性遗传疾病 [1] [2] 。PA是较为罕见的有机酸血症之一,发病率1/100,000~1/1,500,000 [3] [4] ,具有很高的死亡率和致残率 [5] 。根据PA症状出现的时间可分为早发型(≤3个月)和迟发型(>3个月) [6] 。以早发型多见,在早发型PA中,症状在新生儿早期即可出现,表现为喂养不良、嗜睡、呕吐、神经系统受累伴肌张力低下等。新生儿起病的丙酸血症缺乏特异性临床表现,可能出现喂养不良、代谢性酸中毒、高氨血症、进行性脑病、癫痫发作等 [7] [8] 。本研究对1例新生儿起病,表现为嗜睡、喂养困难、伴高氨血症和严重代谢性酸中毒并进行性加重很快死亡的患儿进行总结分析,发现两个PCCA基因的新变异,对其基因型与表型的对应关系进行探讨,检索国内外报道的早发型PA并死亡的病例基因变异进行文献回顾,为该病的诊疗提供参考。

2. 对象和方法

2.1. 对象

1例因“反应差,拒乳16小时”于2022年11月17日收治于青岛大学附属医院新生儿重症监护室的患儿为研究对象。

2.2. 方法

2.2.1. WES检测及Sanger测序、遗传代谢病质谱分析

经先证者监护人签署知情同意书,并经青岛大学附属医院医学伦理委员会批准(伦理审查编号:QYFY WZLL 28149)。采集患儿及其父母外周血2 ml,提取DNA,采用目标序列捕获探针(MyGenostics, GenCap)对目前已知的约23,000个编码基因外显子及其上下游51 bp区域进行捕获,选择全外显子组基因检测对基因进行高通量测序(由北京迈基诺实验室完成)。根据美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会(American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, ACMG)相关指南对变异的致病性进行分析。同时留取患儿血片、尿液滤纸片行血尿遗传代谢筛查(遗传代谢病氨基酸和酰基肉碱检验、尿有机酸气相质谱(GC/MS)) (由诺明哲天医学检验实验室完成)。

2.2.2. 文献回顾

在CNKI、万方数据库及PubMed等进行文献检索,中文检索词为“丙酸血症”,英文检索词为“propionic acidemia”,回顾并分析国内外患者基因变异的特点。

3. 结果

3.1. 患儿的临床资料

患儿为女性,生后73小时。因“反应差,拒乳16小时”转入我院。患儿系G2P2,孕38周 + 6天经剖宫产娩出,出生体重3100 g,生后1~10分钟Apgar评分均为10分。患儿在16小时前(生后2天)出现反应差,奶量减少,睡眠增多。无发热、气促、青紫、惊厥发作,当时未予特殊处置。4小时前出现拒乳,嗜睡状态。急查血糖1.5 mmol/L,立即给予静推10%葡萄糖6 ml,持续葡萄糖维持输液下转入我院。母孕期定期产检未见异常。生后2小时开奶,发病前进奶15 ml/次,2~3小时喂养一次。患儿父亲34岁,母亲34岁,非近亲结婚。患儿有1姐姐,父母及姐姐均体健,否认家族遗传病史。入院体格检查:T:35℃ P:128次/分 R:52次/分 BP:68/36 mmHg。神志淡漠,反应极差,弹足底5次无哭声。前囟平,张力不高。呼吸节律不规则,呈双吸气表现。双肺呼吸音清,双肺未闻及干湿性啰音。心律齐,各瓣膜听诊区未闻及杂音。腹软,无肠型,肠鸣音存在。双下肢无水肿。四肢肌张力低下,原始反射均不可引出。

辅助检查:血气分析:PH 6.91 (正常范围7.35~7.45),实际碳酸氢盐2.8 mmol/L (正常范围21~28 mmol/L),二氧化碳分压14.0 mmHg (正常范围35~48 mmHg),细胞外碱剩余−29.9 mmol/L (正常范围−2~−3mmol/L),葡萄糖22.80 mmol/L (正常范围3.6~5.2 mmol);肾功:尿酸1070.7 umol/L (正常范围89.2~339 umol/L),肌酸激酶895.9 U/L (正常范围50~310 U/L),电解质检测:钾7.48 mmol/L (正常范围3.5~4.5 mmol/L);血氨测定:血氨477.8 umol/L (正常范围9~33 umol/L);血常规、TORCH、血培养正常。颅脑MR:双侧皮质脊髓束走行区、双侧丘脑、脑干、双侧小脑半球见对称性条片状DWI高信号影。双侧大脑半球脑白质呈长T1长T2信号影,FLAIR、DWI呈低信号,符合代谢或中毒性疾病,右侧小脑半球出血灶、脑室积血(图1)。

诊疗经过:患儿入院后神志不清,反应极差,立即给以暖箱保暖、心电血氧饱和度监护。血气分析提示严重代谢性酸中毒,给予纠正酸中毒。禁饮食、胃肠减压,哌拉西林他唑巴坦抗感染。血氨水平显著升高,考虑遗传代谢性疾病,给予磷酸肌酸钠、左卡尼汀、精氨酸、维生素B12等对症治疗。多次碳酸氢钠纠正酸中毒后复测血气分析均提示有顽固性代谢性酸中毒,血氨明显升高,高度怀疑遗传代谢病,取得家属同意后,留取血、尿标本外送血尿遗传代谢病筛查及家系全外显子测序。患儿出现四肢抖动及双下肢强直,振幅整合脑电图示多导联低电压、睡眠周期消失。入院6小时进行颅脑MRI检查,提示代谢性脑病(图1)。患儿入院12小时出现抽搐伴氧合下降,自主呼吸微弱,氧合频繁下降。予气管插管机械通气治疗。入院22小时,患儿昏迷状态,无自主呼吸,家属放弃治疗后死亡。

Figure 1. Cranial MR: Symmetrical strip-like DWI hyperintensity in bilateral corticospinal tract travel areas, bilateral thalamus, brainstem, and bilateral cerebellar hemispheres

图1. 颅脑MR:双侧皮质脊髓束走行区、双侧丘脑、脑干、双侧小脑半球见对称性条片状DWI高信号影

3.2. 遗传代谢病质谱分析结果

患儿血样中的丙酰肉碱C3 14.52 umol/L (正常范围0.4~5 umol/L)、丙酰肉碱与乙酰肉碱(C3/C2) 0.67 (正常范围0.03~0.2)比值显著增高,提示甲基丙二酸血症或丙酸血症。患儿尿样中的甲基丙二酸39.7 umol/L (正常范围0.3~4 umol/L)及甲基枸橼酸118.18 umol/L (正常范围0.2~0.7 umol/L)增高,提示甲基丙二酸血症;尿样乳酸95.48 umol/L (正常范围0.8~13 umol/L)、2-羟基丁酸18.48 umol/L (正常范围0~2 umol/L)、3-羟基丁酸2996.53 umol/L (正常范围0.7~9 umol/L)、3-羟基丙酸867.77 umol/L (正常范围0.2~4 umol/L)增高,提示酮尿;己二酸173.51 umol/L (正常范围3~15 umol/L)、庚二酸113.3 umol/L (正常范围3~15 umol/L)、辛烯二酸13.84 umol/L (正常范围2~5 umol/L)、辛二酸15.47 umol/L (正常范围2.4~10 umol/L)增高,可能继发于脂肪代谢增强。

3.3. 基因检测结果

家系全外显子组测序提示患儿携带PCCA基因复合杂合变异,c.1900-1G>A (splicing)和c.575del (p.Ile192ThrfsTer7),这两种基因变异分别来自于患儿母亲和父亲,随后通过Sanger测序进行验证。结果显示患儿母亲携带PCCA c.1900-1G>A (splicing)剪切位点变异。PCCA c.575del (p.Ile192ThrfsTer7)移码变异。在OMIM、HGMD等数据库对两种变异位点进行检索,均未见收录,推测其为首次发现的新变异。根据美国医学遗传学与基因组学会(ACMG)指南对其进行致病性分析,判定变异为致病性变异。患儿、患儿父亲、患儿母亲的基因检测结果见图2

Figure 2. The children were carrying PCCA c.1900-1G>A (splicing) and c.575del (p.Ile192ThrfsTer7) compound heterozygous variants, which were derived from the child’s father and mother, respectively

图2. 患儿携带PCCA c.1900-1G>A (splicing)和c.575del (p.Ile192ThrfsTer7)复合杂合变异,分别来源于患儿父亲、母亲

3.4. PA患者PCCA基因突变的特点

回顾分析国内外报道(2015年~2022年)最终结局为死亡的12例早发型PA患者(包括我们的病例在内)中,其中复合杂合变异占50%,纯合变异占50%,分析其PCCA基因变异的特点,其中变异类型包括错义变异28.7%、移码变异21.4%、剪切变异21.4%、无义变异21.4%、缺失–插入变异7.1%。在11个已知氨基酸功能结构域改变的核苷酸变异中,4个位于生物素结构域(即N端),7个位于生物素羧化酶结构域(即C端) (表1)。

Table 1. Variants of PCCA gene in children with early-onset propionic acidemia

表1. 早发型丙酸血症患儿PCCA基因的变异

4. 讨论

PA是一种先天性代谢缺陷性疾病,临床以早发型多见,在早发型PA中,症状在新生儿早期即可出现,表现为喂养不良、嗜睡、呕吐、神经系统受累伴肌张力低下等。如果不及时诊断和治疗,患者可能出现病情的急性恶化,包括代谢性酸中毒和并发症,如神经 [17] [18] 、心脏 [19] 、血液 [20] 、肾脏 [21] 等系统方面的损伤,甚至可能会发展成进行性加重的脑病。本例患儿在生后2天发病,病情进展迅速,生后4天死亡,较既往报道病例病情更为严重。

基因检测发现其PCCA基因c.575del (p.Ile192ThrfsTer70)变异与c.1900-1G>A (splicing)变异,这两种变异都是之前未报道的新变异。PA是由于丙酰辅酶A羧化酶(PCC)缺陷导致丙酸及其代谢产物的前体异常蓄积所引起的,PCC由六个α亚基和六个β亚基组成,由PCCA (OMIM #232000)和PCCB (OMIM #232050)基因编码。PCCA基因定位于染色体13q32.3,包含24个外显子,编码728个氨基酸 [2] [22] 。PCCA变异通常会影响α亚基的结构,从而降低PCC酶的活性 [21] [23] ,这会导致患者表型的改变。PCCA的变异主要是错义变异,其次是插入、缺失和剪接变异 [24] [25] ,但有报道指出,PA患者的PCCA基因中,基因组缺失的频率较高 [26] 。

本研究先证者携带PCCA c.1900-1G>A (splicing)和c.575del (p.Ile192ThrfsTer7)复合杂合变异。这两种变异分别源自患儿的母亲和父亲,均为尚未报道的新变异。c.1900-1G>A (splicing)是一种剪接变异,而c.575del (p.Ile192ThrfsTer7)是一种移码变异。移码变异可能导致基因的编码信息错误,生成截短的蛋白质,从而影响酶的活性。而剪接变异可能导致基因功能的改变,通常表现为功能的丧失,从而导致蛋白质的合成受阻 [10] [27] 。根据ACMG/AMP标准,新变异均具有致病性或可能致病性,并上传到ClinVar (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar,提交ID:SUB5596791),该数据库评估了这些变异为致病性变异。

早发型PA的死亡率更高 [28] ,本研究回顾11名最终死亡的早发型PA患者中,复合杂合变异占50%,纯合变异占50%。本例患儿纯合变异引起患儿死亡的时间比复合杂合变异更早,这一差异没有达到统计学意义,可能是因为样本量较少。不同类型的PCCA基因变异可能导致不同的疾病表型。研究表明,无义变异与严重的临床表型有关 [29] 。错义变异可能由于肽链异常折叠导致PCC蛋白早期折叠,使得其致病性分析难以预测。因此,在分析错义变异的致病性和疾病严重程度时需要结合临床表现进行分析。值得注意的是,PCC蛋白的C端和N端对丙酰辅酶A羧化酶的催化作用非常重要。这两个区域内的变异会干扰PCC的催化作用并导致疾病发生,甚至引起死亡。

Parith [20] 总结了PCC的结构域功能和当前已知的基因变异,发现PCC的主要功能是催化乙酰CoA羧基化生成甲基丙二酰CoA,PCC的功能实现需要生物素与活化的生物素–羧基载体蛋白(BCCP)结合。生物素结合位点在PCC蛋白的N端,生物素羧化酶结合位点在PCC蛋白的C端。PCC蛋白的C端和N端都对PCC的催化作用十分重要,这两个区域内变异会扰乱PCC的催化作用并导致致病 [30] [31] 。本例患儿PCCA c.575del (p.Ile192ThrfsTer7)为移码变异,其突变位于PCC酶的生物素羧化结构域,PCCA基因核苷酸第575位碱基缺失导致编码蛋白在192位Ile变为Thr,发生移码变异后终止密码子在突变氨基酸后第7位,导致功能结构域的缺失。根据生物学软件预测PCCA c.1900-1G>A (splicing)为剪接变异,可能引起基因功能改变,主要为功能丧失改变,导致蛋白质不能合成。而因此,PCCA基因的不同变异可能会对基因功能产生不同的影响,从而导致不同的疾病表型。

PA的临床表现通常不具有特异性。研究表明,超过80%的早发型PA患者在新生儿期就会出现临床症状 [29] 。根据ACMG指南,PCCA基因的复合杂合变异会引起氨基酸的剪接/移码变异,可能严重影响蛋白质功能,从而导致严重的PA表型 [12] 。本例患儿在出生后2天出现喂养困难、神志淡漠、反应迟钝等症状,同时化验结果显示有严重的代谢性酸中毒和高氨血症,基因结果提示存在等位基因的变异。与上述基因型–表型相关的规律相符。这一结果进一步扩展了我们对PCCA基因的基因型–表型相关性的认识。

因此,本研究通过高通量测序对1例早发型丙酸血症患者进行了准确的诊断,为PCCA基因c.1900-1G>A (splicing)和c.575del (p.Ile192ThrfsTer7)复合杂合变异携带者,为该患儿的家系遗传咨询和产前诊断提供了依据。同时,新变异的检出进一步拓宽了PCCA基因的变异谱。

文章引用

厉运成,易 致,锡洪敏,李向红,李亮亮. 新生儿早发型丙酸血症1例临床特征及遗传学分析并文献复习
Clinical Characteristics and Genetic Analysis of a Case of Neonatal Early-Onset Propionate Acidemia and Literature Review[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(12): 18570-18578. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13122610

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  32. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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