Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 08 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 54642 , 5 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.1281068

慢性乙型肝炎患者肝脏脂肪变性无创诊断方法的研究进展

鲁景楠,李建龙*

延安大学附属医院,陕西 延安

收稿日期:2022年7月8日;录用日期:2022年8月4日;发布日期:2022年8月11日

摘要

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染是一个严重的全球性公共卫生问题,是导致全球肝硬化和肝细胞癌的主要病因。随着肥胖和代谢综合征的全球流行,非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)成为西方和东方人群中慢性肝病的主要原因。HBV感染与NAFLD并存已成为肝病的普遍现象。肝脏脂肪变性的存在会影响慢性乙肝患者抗病毒治疗的效果,并增加发展为肝硬化和肝细胞癌的风险。因此,检测和量化肝脏脂肪变性对慢性乙肝的诊疗具有重要的意义。肝活检是评估肝脂肪变性的金标准,但由于其侵袭性和并发症的限制,并未在临床得到广泛应用。所以,慢性乙型肝炎患者肝脏脂肪变性的无创诊断就显得尤为重要,该文总结了慢性乙型肝炎患者合并肝脏脂肪变性无创诊断方法的研究进展。

关键词

乙型肝炎病毒,脂肪变性,无创诊断

Research Progress of Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods for Hepatic Steatosis in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B

Jingnan Lu, Jianlong Li*

Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University, Yan’an Shaanxi

Received: Jul. 8th, 2022; accepted: Aug. 4th, 2022; published: Aug. 11th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global public health problem and the main cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in the world. With the global prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the main cause of chronic liver disease in western and eastern populations. The coexistence of HBV infection and NAFLD has become a common phenomenon of liver disease. The presence of hepatic steatosis affects the efficacy of antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B and increases the risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, the detection and quantification of hepatic steatosis is of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Liver biopsy is the gold standard for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis, but it has not been widely used in clinic because of its invasiveness and complications. Therefore, the non-invasive diagnosis of hepatic steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B is particularly important. This paper summarizes the research progress of non-invasive diagnosis of hepatic steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Keywords:Hepatitis B Virus, Steatosis, Non-Invasive Diagnosis

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

全球大约有2.4亿至3.5亿人患有乙型肝炎,乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)感染是导致肝硬化、肝细胞癌的重要原因 [1]。非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)是世界范围内另一种最常见的慢性肝病,在普通人群中的发生率为20%至30% [2] [3],肝脂肪变性是NAFLD的主要特征之一。慢性乙型肝炎患者并发NAFLD的人数在逐渐增加,不同研究的结果显示的患病率不同,据估计约25%~30%的慢性乙型肝炎患者伴有肝脏脂肪变性 [4] [5]。肝脏脂肪变性和慢性乙型肝炎的共存可能会加速疾病进展,影响抗病毒治疗的疗效,并增加发展为肝硬化和肝细胞癌的风险。在一项纳入了267名中国慢性乙肝患者的前瞻性病例对照研究中,结果显示,在24周、48周和96周时对恩替卡韦的反应率为54.9%、63.8%、74.2%,多变量逻辑回归显示肝脂肪变性是恩替卡韦治疗失败的独立因素 [6] [7]。因此,准确评估慢性乙肝患者肝脏脂肪变性是非常重要的。肝活检是评价慢性肝病组织学特征的参考标准,但肝活检存在着侵入性、取样误差、并发症等局限性,这些局限性限制了肝活检在临床的使用 [8] [9]。因此,对于慢性乙肝患者的肝脂肪变性进行无创诊断具有重要的意义。目前,对于单纯非酒精性脂肪肝的无创诊断研究较多,但对于慢性乙型肝炎合并肝脏脂肪变性的无创诊断研究较少。本文将对慢性乙型肝炎合并肝脏脂肪变性无创诊断方法的研究进展作一综述。

2. 血清生物学评分

肝脏脂肪变性指数(hepatic steatosis index, HSI)是一种经济并且非侵入性的评估肝脂肪变性严重程度的方法。HSI由性别、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、体重指数(body mass index, BMI)和糖尿病状态组成。HSI的计算公式 = 8 × (ALT/AST) + BMI (女性 + 2,糖尿病 + 2) [10]。最近的一项研究显示,与超声相比,HSI在检测经活检证实的肝脂肪变性方面具有更高的准确性,对于中度至重度肝脂肪变性患者,受试者工作特征曲线下面积 = 0.755,对于重度肝脂肪变性患者,受试者工作特征曲线下面积 = 0.786 [11]。HSI依赖于生化实验室结果,如AST或ALT,这些结果在慢性乙肝患者中会受到抗病毒治疗的影响。Chang JW等人研究发现,将慢性乙肝患者细分为抗病毒治疗组和未接受抗病毒治疗组时,未接受抗病毒治疗组HSI诊断脂肪肝的AUC高于接受抗病毒治疗组(0.779 vs 0.707) [12]。尽管HSI诊断接受抗病毒治疗的脂肪变性效能有轻微降低,但其诊断肝脂肪变性的准确性还可以接受,以后还需要进一步的大规模研究来验证。

3. 无创诊断模型

在2017年的一项研究中,Ou H等人回顾性分析了1312名乙肝病毒感染患者,其中618名患者确诊为肝脏脂肪变性,将患者按照时间顺序分为了训练组和验证组,通过多变量逻辑回归分析,找到肝脂肪变性的影响因素,进而建立了一个诊断脂肪变性的公式:FL (脂肪肝)测试 = −12.367 + 0.023*舒张压 + 0.792 (*2,女性) + 0.055*体重 + 0.069*腰围。此公式在训练组和验证组的受试者工作特征曲线下面积分别为0.79和0.82,高于其他预测因子。FL测试可以为对拒绝肝活检或肝活检禁忌的慢性乙肝患者提供简单的脂肪变性诊断测试 [13]。越来越多的无创诊断模型将会被开发出来,无创诊断模型对于医疗资源有限的国家的临床从业人员可能会比较重要。

4. 影像学检查

1) 常规B超检查 传统的B超因其使用方便、成本低廉而被广泛应用于筛查和健康体检。然而,传统的B超诊断肝脂肪变性存在一定的局限性。尽管传统的B超检查对中度至重度肝脂肪变性的诊断准确性很高,但对轻度脂肪变性的敏感性较低 [14] [15]。此外,传统的B超对肥胖患者的诊断准确率低于非肥胖患者 [16]。B超检查不能定量,它依赖于检查者,缺乏敏感性和主观性,因此,观察者间和观察者内的可重复性不高 [17]。Xu L等人的研究结果显示,传统的B超在检测慢性乙肝患者肝脏脂肪变性方面的准确性低于HSI [11]。但是目前来说,超声对脂肪肝的初步筛查依然有重要应用价值。

2) 受控衰减参数(controlled attenuation parameter, CAP) CAP是一项基于超声瞬时弹性成像平台定量诊断人体内肝脂肪变性程度的新参数,可以区分不同程度的肝脂肪变性。2021年发表的一项meta分析调查了2346名慢性肝病患者,研究表明CAP在非酒精性脂肪肝患者中检测出脂肪变性的准确性良好(受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.819) [18]。在Xu L等人的研究中,将传统超声、HSI和CAP在慢性乙肝人群中诊断脂肪变性的效能做了比较,结果显示,CAP在检测慢性乙肝患者肝脏脂肪变性方面可能比HSI和传统B超更准确。CAP和HSI对诊断肝脂肪变性均表现出一定的准确性(CAP和HSI的敏感性分别为68.6%和61.0%,特异性分别为75.6%和63%),诊断中度至重度脂肪变性的准确性得到了一定提高(CAP和HSI的敏感性均为100%,CAP和HSI的特异性分别为78.2%和58.5%)。传统超声诊断中度至重度脂肪变性的敏感性为86.1%,特异性为98.8%,但脂肪变性的检出率很低,在所有患者中为22.6%,在轻度脂肪变性患者中为17.7% [11]。CAP特别适合于轻度脂肪变性的诊断。此外,CAP的观察者间重复性高达0.82,这一特点是CAP与传统B超相比的优势 [19]。CAP的一个限制是它有很高的测量失败率(0%~24%) [20]。在一项调查了5323名慢性肝病患者的研究中,测量失败率为7.7%。女性、BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2和存在代谢综合征是测量失败的相关因素 [21]。随着受控衰减参数技术和相关设备的普及,CAP在诊断脂肪变性方面将得到进一步的广泛应用。

3) 磁共振质子密度脂肪分数(magnetic resonance proton density fat fraction, MRI-PDFF) MRI-PDFF是一种利用磁共振技术测量脂肪的成像方法,可对整个肝脏中的脂肪进行定量评估。PDFF是组织中游离的甘油三脂中的质子密度与游离的甘油三脂和水中的质子总密度之比,范围为0%~100%。许多研究表明,通过MRI-PDFF量化的肝脏脂肪与肝脏组织学评估的脂肪变性分级之间存在统计学显著相关性 [22] [23]。在一项比较MRI-PDFF和CAP对NAFLD患者肝脂肪诊断准确性的研究中,当以肝活检为参考标准时,MRI-PDFF的诊断准确率高于CAP [24]。在最近的一些研究中,MRI-PDFF已成为各种慢性肝病脂肪变性严重程度分级的参考标准,用MRI-PDFF的>5%、>10%和>16.37%~23.3%的临界值来区分轻、中、重度脂肪变性。在慢性乙肝合并脂肪变性的患者当中,杨逸铭等人的研究证实:在诊断脂肪变性方面,MRI-PDFF相对于CAP具有更高的诊断效能 [25]。MRI-PDFF被认为是目前最准确的肝脏脂肪定量测量方法,但是因为其依赖于磁共振等设备,其实际应用受到一定的限制。

5. 结语

综上所述,肝脂肪变性在慢性乙型肝炎患者中是常见的,并且随着肥胖症和2型糖尿病在世界范围内的流行,其患病率正在增加。脂肪变性的存在会影响慢性乙肝患者抗病毒治疗的效果,并且还增加了发展为肝硬化和肝细胞癌的风险。肝活检虽然是评价慢性肝病组织学特征的参考标准,但是由于侵入性和并发症等局限性,在临床当中并未得到广泛应用。所以,寻找准确和灵敏的方法来检测慢性乙型肝炎患者肝脂肪变性是必要的。目前血清学、影像学等无创检查方法已取得一定进展,并在临床当中得到了一定的应用。对肝脏脂肪变性无创诊断的研究依然在不断探索当中,随着慢性乙型肝炎和肝脏脂肪变性相关机制的深入研究和医疗设备的更新迭代,不久的将来一定会获得一种简捷、经济、实用的无创诊断方法。

文章引用

鲁景楠,李建龙. 慢性乙型肝炎患者肝脏脂肪变性无创诊断方法的研究进展
Research Progress of Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods for Hepatic Steatosis in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(08): 7400-7404. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.1281068

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  26. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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