Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 06 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 52575 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.126785

NRS2002营养风险筛查在各类疾病中的 应用进展

康楚云1,梅峰2

1青海大学研究生院,青海 西宁

2青海大学附属医院肾内科,青海 西宁

收稿日期:2022年5月15日;录用日期:2022年6月3日;发布日期:2022年6月17日

摘要

营养不良在临床住院患者中是一个很容易被忽视的问题,它影响着患者的预后。本文主要论述营养风险筛查工具中常用的NRS2002在相关疾病(心力衰竭、新冠肺炎、结核病、急性肾损伤、癌症)中的应用进展,评估其与疾病预后的相关性,以期为临床工作提供参考。

关键词

营养风险筛查,NRS2002,临床应用进展

Progress in Application of NRS2002 Nutritional Risk Screening in Various Diseases

Chuyun Kang1, Feng Mei2

1Graduate School of Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

2Department of Nephrology, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining Qinghai

Received: May 15th, 2022; accepted: Jun. 3rd, 2022; published: Jun. 17th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Malnutrition in clinical inpatients is very easy to be ignored; it affects the prognosis of patients. This paper mainly reviews the application progress of NRS2002, a commonly used nutritional risk screening tool, in related diseases (heart failure, COVID-19, tuberculosis, acute kidney injury, cancer), and evaluates its correlation with disease prognosis, in order to provide reference for clinical work.

Keywords:Nutritional Risk Screening, NRS2002, Clinical Application Progress

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

营养不良,是指能量、蛋白质和其他营养物质的缺乏或负平衡,最终导致身体成分的变化 [1]。住院患者的营养不良是一个经常在临床上被忽视的严重问题,它与许多不良后果密切相关,包括住院时间延长、感染、肌肉萎缩和伤口愈合延迟,其营养不良的患病率从20%到60%不等 [2] [3] [4]。因此,需早期发现和意识到营养不良的重要性并进行充分的营养干预措施 [5] [6] [7]。其中,营养评估对于明确营养风险患者和制定干预计划至关重要,但这是一个不容易进行的相对复杂的评估,其中包括病史采集、体格检查、生化指标、人体测量学、身体成分分析和食物摄入量。因此,这种方法既费时、过程繁琐,又很难适用于每一个入院的病人。

营养筛查工具是识别有营养不良风险的住院患者的简单过程,使用方便、简单。在过去的一到二十年里,已经开发了许多营养筛查工具。对于根据营养筛查工具确定具有营养不良风险的患者,进行全面的营养评估。营养风险筛查2002 (NRS2002)是临床上常用的营养风险筛查工具,它是Kondrup等人在2002年设计的,作为识别营养风险患者的工具。它基于一项包括128个关于营养有效性的随机对照试验,并制定了一个调查问卷。问卷的重点内容是年龄、体重变化、饮食摄入量、身体质量指数(BMI)和疾病严重程度 [8]。为了评估该营养筛查工具在各类疾病中的有效性,现将NRS2002在今年来对各类疾病的应用进展综述如下。

2. 心力衰竭(Cardiac Failure)

心力衰竭是各种心血管疾病发展的终末期,它是老年人住院的主要原因。心力衰竭导致营养不良的机制主要为:胃肠道淤血导致食欲不振,从而影响营养消化和吸收;肝淤血时血清白蛋白的生成减少;严重心脏病患者急性发作常伴有感染,这也会增加营养不良的风险 [9] ;此外,机械辅助通气、止痛和镇静药物、血管活性药物的应用会增加营养支持治疗的难度 [10]。在慢性心力衰竭的住院患者中,NRS2002是一个可靠的筛查工具。Jiang等 [11] 研究了营养风险与严重心力衰竭患者在住院期间发生较大不良心脏事件的关系,其中共209例患者,通过NRS2002营养风险筛查显示有14例(6.70%)患者无营养风险,195例(92.34%)患者存在营养风险,87例(41.6%)患者存在高营养风险。住院期间重症心脏病患者发生心脏不良事件发生率为64.91%,以心脏骤停、心律失常和心力衰竭为主。肠内营养并发症发生率为31例(54.39%)。其结果显示营养风险越高的患者,心脏不良事件发生率越高,并且还发现死亡率与营养风险呈正相关。重症心脏病患者营养风险高,病情复杂,心功能越差,营养风险越高。考虑到营养不良对患者的临床危害,应尽早对患者进行营养风险筛查。随后,我们可以选择合适的营养途径和营养制剂,并实施个性化的营养支持治疗。

3. 新型冠状病毒肺炎(Corona Virus Disease 2019, COVID-19)

COVID-19是一种由新型冠状病毒引起的高传染性疾病,该疾病会导致多种并发症,严重时会导致多器官衰竭和死亡 [12]。自2019年大流行开始以来,大量的研究旨在确定新冠肺炎的死亡预测因素。在Zheng等人的荟萃分析中,年龄 > 65岁、男性、吸烟以及高血压、糖尿病、心血管疾病或呼吸系统疾病等合并症与预后不良相关 [13]。一项回顾性研究表明,年龄增加、高水平的乳酸、肌酐和降钙素原水平及低水平的血小板/淋巴细胞计数与较高的死亡率相关 [14]。Rashedi等人对504名新冠肺炎患者进行的荟萃分析更是揭示了营养指标在预后中的重要性,其主要包括外周血淋巴细胞计数和血清白蛋白测定 [15]。在COVID-19患者中,导致营养不良的原因不仅是食欲不振、嗅觉丧失、味觉障碍和恶心,急性炎症反应可通过诱导分解代谢会显著增加代谢需求,从而加速营养不良的发展,并进一步增加感染并发症、多器官功能障碍和死亡的风险。Alikiaii等 [16] 对73名COVID-19患者进行NRS2002营养风险筛查,发现有17.8%、69.9%和12.3%的患者分别存在轻度、中度和重度营养不良的风险,并且NRS2002评分和患者死亡率之间有显著相关性(OR = 34.5,P值 < 0.001)。Busra等 [17] 研究发现在老年COVID-19患者中,高龄和NRS-2002所确定的营养风险与较高的住院死亡率独立相关。最近的一项荟萃分析也发现,营养不良和较差的营养状况会对胃肠道、免疫和代谢系统产生负面影响,最终导致新冠肺炎患者的预后变差 [18]。事实上,NRS2002评分包括年龄、营养状况、并发症和疾病严重程度等项目,因此NRS指数可以作为预测COVID-19患者预后的一个合适而实用的指标。

4. 结核病(Tuberculosis, TB)

结核病是一种发病率高、负担重的传染病。中国是世界上结核病发病率第二的国家,结核病病例数在乙类传染病中占主导地位。营养不良和免疫功能低下是结核病发生发展的主要因素。有研究证实,结核病住院患者的营养风险发生率远远高于其他住院患者 [19]。Li等 [20] 对295名结核病患者进行NRS2002营养筛查,发现存在营养风险的患者占64.41%。在所有患者中,存在营养风险患者的并发症发生率明显高于无营养风险患者(70% vs. 28.57%),其中存在营养风险的患者继发感染的发生率高于无营养风险的患者(56.31% vs. 19.05%),从中提示改善结核患者的营养状况可能会降低继发感染的风险。另外,存在营养风险的患者肝功能减退的发生率高于无营养风险的患者(16.32% vs. 8.57%),这种差异无统计学意义。不过营养不良患者易发生肝脏缺血缺氧和肝细胞坏死 [21],从而增加药物性肝损伤的风险。药物性肝损伤轻者表现为一过性转氨酶升高,重者可出现肝功能衰竭,甚至危及生命。因此,一些患者不得不停止抗结核治疗。临床研究证实,抗结核治疗过程中出现药物性肝损伤会降低治疗成功率,延缓疾病转归。在众多肝损伤的诱发因素中,营养不良是很容易干预的。因此,NRS2002能尽早识别存在营养风险的结核病患者,改善患者的营养状况,从而降低其并发症的发生率并改善其预后。

5. 急性肾损伤(Acute Kidney Injury, AKI)

AKI是一种严重的医院获得性疾病,由多种临床因素引起,并与肾功能恶化和死亡率增加有关 [22]。尽管肾脏替代治疗技术取得了进步,但AKI患者仍然有较高的后遗症风险,包括不可逆的肾损害,有可能发展为慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)或其他并发症 [23]。据报道,超过40%的CKD患者存在营养不良 [24],尿毒症和透析会影响肾病患者的营养状况 [25]。随着炎症反应从肾脏向其他器官的扩散,AKI患者也会受到代谢变化和营养不良的影响。一项包含46549名住院患者的荟萃分析 [26] 显示,NRS-2002评分 ≥ 3分组的AKI发生率高于NRS-2002评分 < 3分组(31% vs. 12%)。AKI组的NRS2002评分(3.2 ± 1.6比2.5 ± 1.1,P < 0.05)以及疾病严重程度评分均高于无AKI组。因此,NRS2002评分 ≥ 3分或AKI的患者似乎有更高的风险患上其他严重疾病。为了更好地确定营养不良是否会增加AKI的风险,该研究进行了单变量和多变量Logistic回归。结果显示,NRS2002评分与AKI有很强的相关性,即AKI的风险与NRS2002评分变化呈平行趋势,这提示营养不良是AKI的主要诱发因素。此外,低蛋白血症、异常的身体质量指数、糖尿病、慢性肺病和其它疾病也被认为是导致AKI [27] 的危险因素。单个因素对AKI的预测能力较弱,但NRS-2002可以作为一个整体筛查工具,展示了其较强的预测能力。

6. 癌症(Cancer)

根据世界卫生组织2012年的全球评估显示,不包括非黑色素瘤皮肤癌,新增的癌症病例数达1400万例,预计2030年将超过2100万例。其中,营养不良在癌症患者中十分普遍,且具有很大的临床和经济负担 [28]。研究表明,营养不良在晚期恶性肿瘤中占50%~80%,占癌症死亡的20% [29]。营养状况与疾病本身相关,如肿瘤生长过程相关的代谢紊乱、营养摄入不足以及对治疗的胃肠道反应,包括粘膜炎、腹泻和恶心。癌症患者营养不良可导致相关并发症发生风险增加、住院时间延长、耐受性和治疗效果降低、存活率降低和生活质量显著下降相关 [28]。因此,早期快速、高效识别有营养风险的癌症患者对于后期的治疗至关重要。在对早期实施营养支持的营养不良住院患者的虚弱、功能恢复的整体影响的二次分析试验(EVENT)研究中 [30],包括2028名NRS评分为3分的住院患者,观察得到30天死亡率和180天的死亡显著增加 [31]。NRS评分越高,住院时间越长,生活质量也越差。这些数据也在癌症患者中也得到证实,在那些被NRS2002评分确定为营养不良风险的患者中,总体存活率下降,临床结果更差 [32]。此外,对Effort研究的另一项二次分析 [30] 表明,在营养不良风险较高的住院癌症患者中,个性化的营养干预可以提高存活率和生活质量。同时观察到炎症可能也会影响营养干预的效果 [33] ;尤其是低C反应蛋白(CRP)的患者在营养干预后的存活率比高CRP的患者高,因此,对癌症患者需尽早进行营养风险筛查评估并干预,通过定期评估患者的体重、BMI和食物摄入量的变化,调整营养治疗方案,每位患者均需根据其病情、应激和炎症程度、治疗和代谢改变等个体特殊性来进行调整,对病人进行及时、规范、有序的营养筛查、评估诊断和干预,并在实践中探索更有效可行的策略和方法,以便提高后续的治疗效果及生活质量。

7. 小结

营养不良是通过降低患者生活质量、延长住院时间、导致机体功能障碍 [34] 和增加院内感染的发生率对患者产生负面的影响。此外,如果未能及时识别患者营养不良并进行干预,其后续带来的负面影响会增加医疗保健系统的经济负担 [35]。这进一步突出了对有营养不良风险或已经表现出营养不良的患者进行早期筛查、诊断和治疗的必要性。虽然营养不良在住院患者中非常常见,但它却在临床治疗过程中十分容易被忽视。因此,非常需要易于临床操作、不耗时、可靠且有效的营养风险筛查工具。随着营养不良的及时诊断,可以通过适当的营养干预来预防和纠正相关的并发症。使用有效的工具进行筛查是一种简单的方法,可以确定有营养风险的患者,并让这些患者接受专业评估,以明确营养不良的严重程度,并实施适当的预防干预措施。目前临床实践中广泛使用的NRS2002营养风险筛查工具是评估住院患者营养不良风险的有效工具,但目前还没有普遍接受的金标准筛查工具,也没有用于检测营养不良风险的诊断性生化标记物。所以需要有更多的研究测定评估指标的适用人群、敏感性和特异性,以方便临床使用。

文章引用

康楚云,梅 峰. NRS2002营养风险筛查在各类疾病中的应用进展
Progress in Application of NRS2002 Nutritional Risk Screening in Various Diseases[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(06): 5420-5425. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.126785

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