Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 12 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 59355 , 8 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.12121641

糖尿病足溃疡治疗的研究进展

颉剑峰1,于照祥2*

1西安医学院,陕西 西安

2西安医学院第一附属医院,陕西 西安

收稿日期:2022年11月16日;录用日期:2022年12月11日;发布日期:2022年12月22日

摘要

糖尿病足溃疡是糖尿病常见的并发症,严重影响着患者的生活质量。该疾病临床治疗十分困难,多种因素导致溃疡延迟愈合甚至不愈合。近年来,电刺激、激光等物理治疗、新发明的伤口敷料、清创术式等被用于临床,极大提高了糖尿病足溃疡伤口的愈合率。现对近年来该疾病治疗现状进行综述,为临床提供参考。

关键词

糖尿病足溃疡,治疗

Research Progress in the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Jianfeng Jie1, Zhaoxiang Yu2*

1Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an Shaanxi

2The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Medical University, Xi’an Shaanxi

Received: Nov. 16th, 2022; accepted: Dec. 11th, 2022; published: Dec. 22nd, 2022

ABSTRACT

Diabetic foot ulcer is a common complication of diabetes, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients. The clinical treatment of this disease is very difficult. Many factors lead to delayed healing or even nonunion of ulcers. In recent years, physical therapy such as electrical stimulation and laser, new wound dressings and debridement methods have been used in clinical practice, which has greatly improved the healing rate of diabetic foot ulcers. This article reviews the treatment status of this disease in recent years to provide reference for clinical practice.

Keywords:Diabetic Foot Ulcer, Treatment

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

2019年全球有4.63亿人患有糖尿病,预计到2045年这一数字将达到6.93亿 [1] 。糖尿病通常伴有周围神经病变、周围血管疾病,导致相应的肢体缺血,最终导致糖尿病足溃疡(DFU)。DFU是糖尿病的一种常见且严重的并发症,高达34%的糖尿病患者在其一生中可能会发展为下肢溃疡 [2] ,需要反复手术干预并导致截肢。由于缺乏有效的药物,需要探索新的治疗方法。因此本文就DFU的治疗方法进行综述。

2. 物理治疗

2.1. 电刺激

电刺激(Electrical stimulation, ES)是一种皮肤电脉冲的物理治疗方式,已广泛用于疼痛治疗和伤口愈合。Zheng [3] 等荟萃分析了352例糖尿病足溃疡患者,发现ES治疗对溃疡面积缩小和溃疡愈合有效;研究中未发现脉冲电流ES和直流ES在溃疡愈合和溃疡面积缩小方面存在统计学差异,但脉冲电流ES的平均SMD (3.01)大于直流ES的平均SMD (1.45),表明脉冲电流ES比直流ES更能促进溃疡愈合,然而上述结果需要大规模临床实验来证实这一假设。

超声和电刺激联合(CUSECS)作为糖尿病足溃疡(DFU)的辅助治疗是一个相对较新的概念,Hearne C.L.J. [4] 等人的研究结果表明,CUSECS可能是治疗难以愈合的DFU的有用辅助疗法,但需要进一步的大规模研究来确定CUSECS的有效性。

2.2. 低能量激光治疗(LLLT)

LLLT是治疗糖尿病足溃疡(DFU)的有效非侵入性和非药物策略。Yuanpei Zhou [5] 等纳入12项随机对照试验,通过Meta分析显示,与对照组相比,治疗组溃疡面积显著减少30.90%;此外,治疗组糖尿病足溃疡完全愈合的可能性是对照组的4.65倍低水平光疗可加速伤口愈合并减小糖尿病足溃疡的大小。

2.3. 连续局部氧疗(TOT)

一项多中心、基于社区的随机临床验实比较了标准护理(SOC)联合或不联合连续局部氧疗(TOT)在DFU或轻微截肢伤口患者中12周的效果,SOC组18/64 (28.1%)痊愈,而SOC加TOT组的痊愈率为36/81 (44.4%) (p = 0.044)。两组之间的伤口面积减少有统计学意义:SOC组平均减少:40% (标准差(SD) 72.1);SOC加TOT组平均减少:70% (SD 45.5)。这项研究表明在SOC中添加TOT有助于难愈性DFU患者的伤口愈合 [6] 。

2.4. VHT疗法

VHT疗法是一项获得FDA-510 (k)批准的专利技术。研究发现VHT可通过低频,非接触,非热离子抗菌保湿喷雾与浓缩局部氧疗(TOT)交替使用治愈慢性难愈合性DFU:该研究首先观察VHT对以前不愈合的DFU的愈合率和愈合时间的影响,其次将VHT与SWC,TOT和高压氧治疗(HBOT)和超声治疗进行比较,发现了VHT可提高溃疡的愈合率,缩短愈合时间,且安全性较高 [7] 。

2.5. CO2疗法

Macura M. [8] 等将受试者连接至PVR系统(一种能将治疗浓度为99.9%的气态CO2无创经皮应用于身体、防止患者意外吸入并持续监测周围空气质量的设备)并使用CO2治疗糖尿病患者,结果证实经皮应用气态CO2显著促进了糖尿病患者慢性伤口的愈合。

2.6. 冷大气等离子体(CAP)

CAP被证明可以减少慢性伤口中的细菌负荷。Mirpour S. [9] 等发现在CAP暴露后细菌载量明显低于暴露前,CAP可以成为加速糖尿病足溃疡伤口愈合的有效方法。

3. 新型敷料

3.1. 胶原蛋白敷料

Tiwari S. [10] 比较了胶原蛋白敷料与传统敷料(如磺胺嘧啶银、那氟沙星、聚维酮碘)的功效:实验组50名患者给予胶原蛋白敷料进行治疗,25例患者进行对照治疗,发现实验组对糖尿病足溃疡疗效较好。

3.2. 氨基酸缓冲次氯酸盐

Eliasson B. [11] 等评估了氨基酸缓冲次氯酸盐对覆盖有失活组织的难以愈合的DFU (≥50%)的清创作用,结果表明氨基酸缓冲次氯酸盐在治疗难愈性DFU时,其在溶解和去除失活组织方面有有效且患者耐受性良好。

3.3. ENERGI-F703

ENERGI-F703是一种含有0.02%腺嘌呤的水凝胶,作为补充细胞ATP水平以加速糖尿病伤口愈合的前药。Young G.-H.等证明了该凝胶在DFU患者中的有效性和安全性 [12] ;台湾一项多中心随机双盲II期临床试验表明ENERGI-F703凝胶是一种安全且耐受性良好的慢性糖尿病足部溃疡治疗方法 [13] 。

3.4. 新型脱细胞纯化重组双层基质(PRBM)

Armstrong D.G. [14] 等使用PRBM治疗的10例DFU患者中有9例在4周内完全闭合伤口,1例在12周内未完全愈合,平均愈合时间为2.7周,12周时的平均伤口面积减少率为99%,未观察到不良事件或伤口并发症,这表明PRBM可能是治疗糖尿病足溃疡的有效工具。Armstrong D.G. [14] 等评估了PRBM治疗DFU的安全性和初步疗效:使用PRBM治疗的10名难治性DFU患者有9例在4周内伤口完全愈合。Armstrong D.G. [15] 等设计了一项前瞻性多中心随机试验,发现使用PRBM治疗比使用海藻酸胶原敷料更容易使伤口愈合。

3.5. 生物活性玻璃材料

生物活性玻璃材料是生物相容的水溶性材料,浸入体液中时会释放其组成离子,可用于伤口的愈合。有研究发现:与单独使用海藻酸胶原敷料相比,在敷料中添加硼酸盐基生物活性玻璃纳米纤维显著改善了伤口的愈合,且较为安全 [16] 。

3.6. BWP

BWP是一种由明胶,麦卢卡蜂蜜和羟基磷灰石组成的固体可吸收材料。Rodriguez I.A. [17] 等用新型生物工程伤口产品(BWP)治疗DFU患者后发现BWP支持伤口愈合。

3.7. HD-WM

Fridman R. [18] 等评估了新型肝源性伤口基质(HD-WM)治疗难以愈合的DFU的能力,得出结论:HD-WM在治疗难愈性伤口方面表现良好。

3.8. EHO-85

一项为期8周、多中心、随机临床试验将新型油橄榄叶提取物水凝胶(EHO-85)与广泛使用的无定形水凝胶进行比较,证明DFU患者EHO-85均显著加速伤口愈合 [19] 。

3.9. 蜂蜜

在发展中国家,蜂蜜作为伤口敷料已经使用了数千年。Khattabi L. [20] 等报道了使用摩洛哥蜂蜜作为敷料应用于一名患有II型糖尿病11年的下肢溃疡患者:通过使用敷料联合清创,在大约12周(79天)患者伤口完全愈合,这可能表明该敷料是DFU治疗的良好选择。一项荟萃分析共纳入12篇文章,包括775名压疮(PU)、DFU或PU和DFU组合的患者,发现蜂蜜在慢性溃疡治疗中可减少细菌感染,减轻患者疼痛和水肿,减少伤口气味,促进伤口愈合;还发现蜂蜜在清创和渗出物清除过程中有效 [21] 。

3.10. 富血小板血浆(PRP)

Malekpour Alamdari N. [22] 等将DFU患者分为对照组(47名患者每天两次接受常规敷料和磺胺嘧啶银软膏)和病例组(43名患者每周两次接受PRP凝胶,持续3周)并随访6个月,结果表明,PRP显著提高了DFU的愈合率。自体富血小板血浆和真空辅助敷料均能促进伤口的愈合,有研究报道联合应用自体富血小板血浆和真空辅助封闭敷料较单独应用自体富血小板血浆改善伤口愈合更有效 [23] 。

4. 新型药物

4.1. 艾司洛尔

印度一项27个中心进行的首次随机,双盲 3期临床研究招募了176名糖尿病足溃疡受试者,评估了局部应用艾司洛尔盐酸盐凝胶对未感染糖尿病足溃疡的疗效。研究发现艾司洛尔 + 标准护理组与仅标准护理组相比,溃疡闭合的平均时间相似,但组内有着更高的溃疡完全愈合率 [24] 。

4.2. 维生素D3

维生素D缺乏症在DFU患者中十分常见,Halschou-Jensen P.M. [25] 等评估了口服高剂量(170微克)和低剂量(20微克)维生素D3对DFU疗效的差异,发现与低剂量维生素D3相比,高剂量维生素D3在促进慢性糖尿病足溃疡愈合方面有效。

4.3. 益生菌

益生菌可增强机体免疫系统、促进机体抗炎作用并促进感染部位伤口的愈合。Kattankulathur [26] 研究得出结论:与常规治疗组相比,DFU常规治疗基础上加用益生菌可加速伤口愈合过程。

4.4. 银纳米颗粒

银因其众所周知的抗菌特性而被广泛用于治疗细菌感染和预防伤口败血症,已被掺入市场上的各种产品中作为局部抗菌剂,如磺胺嘧啶银(Ag-SD)。Ilakkiya V.A. [27] 等概述了银纳米颗粒与及药物的相关研究。

5. 新型术式

5.1. TTT术

Nie X. [28] 等发现,与传统手术相比,胫骨横向骨搬移术(TTT)有助于顽固性糖尿病及非糖尿病下肢溃疡的愈合,并缩短愈合时间。他们认为,与标准手术治疗相比,TTT是治疗顽固性非糖尿病足溃疡的有效方法,但仍需要随机对照试验来证实这些发现。

5.2. 骨膜牵张术

骨膜在骨的修复重建中起重要作用,既往研究也表明骨膜牵张有促进组织再生的作用。Liu J. [29] 团队阐述了骨膜牵张术用于治疗糖尿病足溃疡的可能性,并初步将骨膜牵张用于治疗糖尿病足,且治疗效果良好;同时展示了器械、手术方法及典型病例。为后续的临床研究提供借鉴。

5.3. 微型水刀清创术

Armstrong D.G. [30] 招募了50名四周内未愈合的DFU患者,随机分配为微型水刀清创组、锐器清创组,两组均随访16周。研究发现16周后水刀组患者的溃疡愈合率高于锐器组,未愈合者伤口的愈合面积也较高 [30] 。

5.4. 蛆虫清创疗法(MDT)

MDT在治疗难以愈合的伤口方面重新出现。Nair H.K.R. [31] 等报告的30名患者均有基础糖尿病,2例患者有腿部溃疡,28例患者有糖尿病足溃疡;通过每平方厘米10个蛆虫的标准方法施用绝育的露西莉亚幼虫,并用无菌纱布敷料,发现96.6% (29名患者)的患者实现了最大的伤口清创,腐烂或坏死组织覆盖率为≤5%;此外,通过视觉模拟量表评估伤口相关疼痛的减少,未报告不良事件。这项研究的结果支持使用MDT作为管理糖尿病伤口的安全,有效和具有成本效益的方法。Moya-López J. [32] 等通过综述并得出同样的结论,MDT是一种有效的清创和促进愈合的潜在技术。

6. 同种异体移植

Su Y.-N.等 [33] 文献回顾后认为羊膜移植加SOC在治疗慢性DFU方面是有效和安全的。Guest J.F.D [34] 等发现与标准护理组相比,第16周时,羊膜移植组中70%的溃疡和标准护理组中46%的溃疡实际愈合,且成本较低。Tettlebach W.H. [35] 等确定了脱水人脐带(dHUC)同种异体移植物治疗慢性、不愈合的糖尿病足溃疡(DFU)的安全性和有效性:用同种异体移植治疗的DFU在12周内愈合率更高,为71/101 (70%),而藻酸盐敷料的愈合率为26/54 (48%),且无不良事件。国外开发了一种源自胎牛真皮(FBADM)的无细胞真皮组织基质,并在治疗难以愈合的伤口方面显示出有希望的临床结果。Lantis J.C.等 [36] 比较了使用FBADM加SOC与单独使用SOC在12周时治疗难愈性DFU的结果。发现FBADM组的完全伤口闭合率明显高于SOC组,且愈合时间较快。Scatena A. [37] 等的研究证实肌内和病灶周围注射自体外周血单核细胞(PBMNC)可以预防糖尿病患者的截肢。一项临床I期研究确定了自体脂肪血管基质(SVF)细胞注射治疗直径大于3厘米的不愈合DFU安全性及其疗效均较好:63例患有慢性DFU的2型糖尿病患者(均为截肢候选者)接受了30 × 106 SVF细胞注射到创面治疗,6个月时51名受试者的DFU愈合率为100%,8名受试者的DFU愈合率为≥75%,三名受试者提前截肢,一名受试者死亡;在12个月时,50名受试者的DFU愈合率为100%,4名受试者的康复率为≥85%,五名受试者在6个月至12个月的随访之间死亡,没有死亡与干预相关 [38] 。

7. 纳米纤维皮肤替代品

Bahmad H.F. [39] 等检索确定已发表的DFU和纳米纤维研究,发现静电纺丝纳米技术正被用于生物医学领域,以生产浸渍有伤口愈合、烧伤和糖尿病溃疡药物的聚合物纳米纤维;这些纳米纤维还能够将细胞接种到其中并在体外培养以合成组织样结构,纳米纤维皮肤替代品有望治疗DFU患者。

糖尿病足溃疡是临床糖尿病患者较常见的并发症,严重影响着患者的生活质量。国外前沿研究成果值得临床借鉴,从而提高糖尿病足溃疡的愈合率及愈合时间。

文章引用

颉剑峰,于照祥. 糖尿病足溃疡治疗的研究进展
Research Progress in the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(12): 11381-11388. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12121641

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  40. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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