Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 14  No. 02 ( 2024 ), Article ID: 80693 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2024.142385

特发性颅内高压并静脉窦狭窄致视乳头水肿 1例合并文献复习

李晓晶1,李元彬2*

1青岛大学医学部,山东 青岛

2青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院眼科,山东 烟台

收稿日期:2024年1月7日;录用日期:2024年2月1日;发布日期:2024年2月8日

摘要

目的:报道1例特发性颅内高压并静脉窦狭窄致视乳头水肿的临床特征和诊治要点,分析该病的发生机制及治疗预后。方法:回顾该病例的诊疗过程,并结合相关文献分析该病表现及治疗预后。结果:根据患者病史、症状、体征及腰椎穿刺,全身辅助检查,眼底照相,颅内CTV结果,诊断为“特发性颅内高压并静脉窦狭窄”,行颅内静脉窦支架置入术,随访2个月,病情稳定。结论:特发性颅内高压是相对罕见的不明原因的颅内高压,导致的视乳头水肿对患者视功能及生活质量造成严重损害,早期诊断对于挽救患者的视功能尤为重要。

关键词

特发性颅内高压,视乳头水肿,静脉窦狭窄

A Case of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension with Venous Sinus Stenosis Causing Papilledema Combined with Literature Review

Xiaojing Li1, Yuanbin Li2*

1Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

2Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai Shandong

Received: Jan. 7th, 2024; accepted: Feb. 1st, 2024; published: Feb. 8th, 2024

ABSTRACT

Objective: To report the clinical features and diagnostic and therapeutic points of a case of idiopathic intracranial hypertension with venous sinus stenosis resulting in optic papillae edema, and to analyze the mechanism of the disease and the prognosis of the treatment. Methods: The diagnostic and treatment process of this case was reviewed, and the manifestations and treatment prognosis of this disease were analyzed with relevant literature. Results: Based on the patient’s medical history, symptoms, signs and symptoms, lumbar puncture, systemic auxiliary examination, fundus photography, and intracranial CTV results, the patient was diagnosed as “idiopathic intracranial hypertension with venous sinus stenosis”, and underwent intracranial venous sinus stenting, and her condition was stabilized after 2 months of follow-up. Conclusion: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a relatively rare and unexplained form of intracranial hypertension, resulting in optic papillae edema, which causes serious damage to the patient’s visual function and quality of life, and early diagnosis is particularly important to save the patient’s visual function.

Keywords:Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension, Papilledema, Sinus Stenosis

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 背景

特发性颅内高压是一种在常规检查中无法找到任何病理发现的颅内压增高而引起的综合征,以头痛、视乳头水肿等颅内压增高的相关症状和体征为主要临床表现,特发性颅内高压(idiopathic intracranial hypertension, IIH)是视盘水肿最常见的原因,尤其是在50岁以下的患者中 [1] ;大多数IIH患者呈良性自限病程,但仍有10%的IIH患者因慢性视盘水肿最终发展为双眼盲 [2] ,其病程和预后可能是多变的,需要多学科的诊断和治疗方法 [3] 。

2. 临床资料

患者男性,35岁,因“双眼阵发性黑曚1月,左眼著。”于2023年9月14日来我院就诊,患者1月前无明显诱因出现双眼阵发性黑曚,伴有头痛,无色觉异常、眼球转动痛,否认药物接触史、否认眼外伤史,既往史及个人史无特殊。眼科查体:矫正视力:右眼1.0左眼0.6,双眼眼压20 mmHg。裂隙灯检查:双眼眼前节正常,相对性传入性瞳孔障碍检查阴性,双眼视盘高度充血水肿,静脉轻度迂曲,盘周视网膜出血(见图1),视网膜平伏。视野检查示右眼仅在注视中央附近存在极小部分视野,左眼盲?P-VEP示双眼P-100波峰时延迟,波幅降低。入院后完善血常规、血生化、血沉、C反应蛋白、免疫及感染标志物,颅脑CT未见明显异常。进一步行腰椎穿刺,测脑脊液(Cerebrospinal Fluid, CSF)压力大于350 mmH2O,脑脊液检查未见明显异常。神经内科会诊意见:查体未见神经系统阳性体征,初步诊断为颅内高压,给予甘油果糖降颅压治疗,建议完善头颅MRI、MRV、MRA;头颅MRV示:左侧横窦略细,局部显影浅淡,头颅MRI、MRA未见明显异常。神经外科会诊意见,进一步明确横窦情况,考虑择期行静脉窦支架手术。给予金纳多,甲钴胺,维生素B1、七叶皂苷钠营养神经,改善微循环,甘油果糖氯化钠降颅压治疗,视盘水肿稍好转(见图2)出院。患者于2023-10-08至北京某医院完善头颅CTV示:左侧横窦–乙状窦较对侧纤细,局部充盈欠佳,见充盈缺损(见图3)。行左侧横窦支架植入术,术后2月,头痛症状明显好转,眼科查体:矫正视力:右眼1.0左眼1.0,双眼视盘水肿消退,盘周出血消失(见图4),视网膜平伏。视野检查示双眼视野缺损范围较前明显缩小。

Figure 1. Fundus image of the IIH patient at the first diagnosis

图1. IIH患者首诊时眼底图像

Figure 2. Fundus image of IIH patient after cranial pressure lowering treatment in our hospital

图2. IIH患者于我院降颅压治疗后眼底图像

Figure 3. The left transverse-sigmoid sinus is more slender than the contralateral side and is poorly filled locally; filling defects are seen

图3. IIH左侧横窦–乙状窦较对侧纤细,局部充盈欠佳,见充盈缺损

Figure 4. Fundus image of a patient with IIH 2 months after venous sinus stent placement

图4. IIH患者静脉窦支架置入术后2月眼底图像

3. 讨论

特发性颅内高压(IIH)是一种病因不明、以颅内压升高为特征的疾病。典型的病人是超重的育龄妇女。最常见的症状包括头痛、短暂性视觉障碍(Transient visual obscurations, TVOs)、搏动性耳鸣、背痛和复视 [4] 。TVOs是指一只或两只眼睛的视力丧失或混浊,持续一分钟或更短时间。其原因被认为是视神经内压力升高导致视神经乳头头短暂缺血 [5] 。特发性颅内高压所致的急性期视乳头水肿的特征性表现是双侧视神经肿胀,伴视功能异常或接近正常。这些特征与其他引起视乳头水肿的疾病如视神经炎和前部缺血性视神经肿大区别开来 [6] ,并且这类患者RAPD检查常常是阴性,本例患者双眼视乳头水肿,但该患者右眼视力正常,并且RAPD (−),这些特征都与其他引起视乳头水肿的疾病不一致。特发性颅内高压的诊断标准由Wall M.和Corbett J.J.于2014年修订的特发性颅内高压的诊断标准如下:“诊断假性脑肿瘤综合征的必要条件:A) 视乳头水肿;B) 除脑神经异常外,其他神经检查正常;C) 典型患者(女性和肥胖)的MRI (加或不加钆)显示脑实质正常,无脑积水、肿块或结构性病变,脑膜未见异常强化;D) 脑脊液成分正常;E) 在正确操作的腰椎穿刺中,CSF ≥ 250 mmH2O [7] ”。本例患者双眼阵发性黑曚,左眼著,伴有头痛症状符合IIH的临床表现,眼科查体发现患者双眼视盘高度充血水肿,静脉轻度迂曲,盘周视网膜出血,符合标准A,腰椎穿刺测定CSF大于350 mmH2O符合标准E,神经系统查体、常规检查、检验、风湿免疫指标均未见明显异常,颅内CT、MRI未见任何能引起颅内压增高的病理发现符合标准B、C、D,由此可得出该患者特发性颅内高压的诊断明确,推测患者阵发性黑曚的症状可是由于特发性颅内高压所致的TVOs。

特发性颅内高压的发生机制尚未清楚,目前研究表明它的发生发展可能与脑脊液动力学失调、肥胖 [8] 、荷尔蒙失调 [9] 等因素密切相关,其中脑脊液动力学失调包括CSF分泌过多、蛛网膜颗粒重吸收减少和静脉窦压力梯度异常等 [3] [10] 。许多研究表明,颅内静脉窦压力升高,进一步导致颅内静脉窦压力梯度异常,颅内脑脊液压力相应升高,此类患者常出现头痛、视乳头水肿伴视功能障碍等症状 [11] [12] 。静脉窦狭窄所导致的静脉窦压力梯度异常是IIH中颅内压升高的一个重要因素 [13] 。30%~90%的IIH患者均存在静脉窦流出梗阻 [14] [15] 。静脉窦狭窄的正反馈循环假说 [16] 表明:静脉窦的狭窄会导致上游静脉的压力升高,上游静脉的压力升高导致脑脊液的回收受阻,脑脊液压力随之升高,而升高的脑脊液压力又可进一步压迫静脉窦,导致静脉窦的进一步狭窄,形成恶性循环。升高的ICP传递到视神经周围的蛛网膜下腔,阻碍了神经节细胞轴突内的轴浆运输,导致视乳头水肿的发生 [1] ,且长期的视乳头水肿会导致神经节细胞层的变薄 [17] 。本例患者CTV显示左侧横窦–乙状窦较对侧纤细,局部充盈欠佳,见充盈缺损,提示我们该患者可能合并静脉窦的狭窄,推测其发生视乳头水肿的机制可能为静脉窦狭窄的正反馈循环假说。

静脉窦支架置入术正在兴起,并已被接受为治疗具有病理性压力梯度的静脉窦狭窄所致IIH患者的主要手段 [16] [18] ,一篇纳入418名患者接受静脉窦支架植入术的IIH患者的Meta分析报告表明 [19] ,通过静脉窦支架置入术的治疗方式,近80%的患者头痛得到改善,90%的患者耳鸣得到改善,近94%的患者乳头水肿得到改善。本例患者行静脉窦支架置入术后,头痛、阵发性黑曚症状消失,双眼视乳头水肿消退,视野缺损范围较前显著缩小,视功能得到明显改善,又一次印证了静脉窦支架置入术对于IIH合并静脉窦狭窄的患者疗效显著。近年来,随着MRV、DSA检查的普及,静脉窦狭窄在IIH患者中的检出率越来越高。30%~93%的IIH患者存在局灶性脑静脉窦狭窄 [20] 。静脉窦狭窄是颅内压升高的结果还是原因仍存在争议,影像学狭窄支架置入术的临床疗效是显著的 [21] ,2021年脑静脉狭窄介入诊疗专家共识指出,术前充分完善静脉窦狭窄相关无创影像学评估,明确静脉窦狭窄情况,同时穿刺股动脉及股静脉;股动脉通路用于常规动脉造影和支架释放时的路图定位。股静脉通路,通过合理使用长鞘、导引导管和中间导管有助于通路头端通过乙状窦与颈静脉结合部的迂曲及颈静脉球结构,从而提高静脉窦支架置入过程的效率和成功率 [22] 。

大多数IIH的中国患者,当出现临床症状时,头痛和搏动性耳鸣等症状容易受到忽视,而视乳头水肿所致的视功能障碍给患者带来更直观的不适感 [23] ,因此IIH的患者常常首诊于眼科,眼科医生应该充分掌握IIH的临床表现及诊断标准,当接诊双眼视盘水肿的患者时,在排除视神经炎、缺血性视神经病变、颅内占位等常见病因外,还应行腰椎穿刺明确CSF压力,进一步完善颅脑CTA、CTV、MRA、MRV、DSA等检查明确颅内血管情况,及时发现并诊断,联合多学科的诊断和治疗,避免患者出现不可挽回的视功能丧失。

基金项目

烟台市科技局项目(2021YD025)。

文章引用

李晓晶,李元彬. 特发性颅内高压并静脉窦狭窄致视乳头水肿1例合并文献复习
A Case of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension with Venous Sinus Stenosis Causing Papilledema Combined with Literature Review[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(02): 2732-2737. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142385

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  24. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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