Hans Journal of Biomedicine
Vol. 14  No. 02 ( 2024 ), Article ID: 84837 , 10 pages
10.12677/hjbm.2024.142020

探讨鼠李糖乳酸杆菌 GKLC1 (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GKLC1)对胃部保护的作用

邱婕宁1,蔡侑珊1,林珊1,陈嘉琪2,林诗伟1,林静敏3,陈炎炼1,陈劲初4,5,6*

1葡萄王生技股份有限公司,台湾 桃园

2动物科技研究所,农业科技研究院,台湾 苗栗

3上海葡萄王企业有限公司,上海

4台湾大学食品科技研究所,台湾 台北

5实践大学食品营养与保健生技系,台湾 台北

6中原大学生物科技学系,台湾 桃园

收稿日期:2023年11月17日;录用日期:2024年4月11日;发布日期:2024年4月19日

摘要

过去研究团队于酒精引起之肝损伤动物试验中,观察到益生菌(probiotics)鼠李糖乳酸杆菌GKLC1 (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GKLC1)不仅具护肝效果,同时在该模式下观察到受酒精影响损伤的胃部组织获保护的效果。因此进一步地,本研究探讨益生菌GKLC1对胃部的保健功效。针对幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)引起的胃溃疡(gastric ulcer),以体外试验琼脂纸锭扩散法(agar disk diffusion test)测试益生菌GKLC1对于三种不同株H. pylori的抑制效果。针对非类固醇消炎药(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs)引起的胃溃疡,则以ICR小鼠连续摄入10天阿斯匹林(500 mg/kg/day Aspirin)诱发胃损伤,评估益生菌GKLC1 (高剂量:20.4 mg/kg/day;低剂量:5.12 mg/kg/day)预先补充对胃保护的效果。结果益生菌GKLC1对于标准病原株H. pylori 26695或临床分离的抗药病原株H. pylori v633、H. pylori v1354皆无抑制表现;然而经Aspirin诱导的胃溃疡,益生菌GKLC1则可显著减少胃溃疡的面积、胃黏膜溃疡深度、以及增加胃溃疡治愈力。综合以上结果,L. rhamnosus GKLC1对于胃部机能具保护功效,特别是饮食、药物引起的伤胃保护,对于微生物引起的胃病则较无效果。

关键词

胃溃疡,幽门螺旋杆菌,非类固醇消炎药,益生菌,胃保护

To Explore the Protective Effects of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GKLC1 on the Stomach

Chieh-Ning Chiu1, You-ShanTsai1, Shan Lin1, Chia-Chi Chen2, Shih-Wen Lin1, Jing-Min Lin3, Yen-Lien Chen1, Chin-Chu Chen4,5,6*

1Grape King Bio Co. Ltd., Taoyuan Taiwan

2Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli Taiwan

3Shanghai Grape King Enterprise Co. Ltd., Shanghai

4Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei Taiwan

5Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei Taiwan

6Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan Taiwan

Received: Nov. 17th, 2023; accepted: Apr. 11th, 2024; published: Apr. 19th, 2024

ABSTRACT

In the past, the research team observed in animal experiments on alcohol-induced liver damage that the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GKLC1 (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GKLC1) not only had a liver-protective effect, but also observed less gastric damage caused by alcohol in this model. Therefore, this study further explores the protective effect of probiotic GKLC1 on the stomach. For gastric ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori, the in vitro agar disk diffusion test was used to test the inhibitory effect of probiotic GKLC1 on three different strains of H. pylori. For gastric ulcers caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ICR mice were used to continuously ingest aspirin (500 mg/kg/day) for 10 days to induce gastric damage and evaluate the gastro protective effect of pre-supplementation of probiotics GKLC1 (high dose: 20.4 mg/kg/day; low dose: 5.12 mg/kg/day). Results showed that probiotics GKLC1 had no inhibitory effect on the standard pathogen strain H. pylori 26695 or the clinically isolated drug-resistant pathogen strains H. pylori v633 and H. pylori v1354. However, probiotic GKLC1 could significantly reduce gastric ulcer induced by Aspirin including reducing area of ulcers, the depth of gastric mucosal ulcers, and improving the healing ability of gastric ulcers. Based on the above results, L. rhamnosus GKLC1 has a protective effect on gastric function, especially on gastric injuries caused by diet and drugs, but is less effective on gastric diseases caused by microorganisms.

Keywords:Gastric Ulcer (GU), Helicobacter pylori, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Probiotics, Gastric Protection

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

胃溃疡(gastric ulcer, GU)是消化性溃疡(peptic ulcer disease, PUD)的一种,是由于胃黏膜间的平衡失常,使胃酸侵蚀胃部的黏膜肌层(muscularis mucosae),造成发炎、出血、穿孔(perforation)的状况 [1] 。常见GU症状为上腹闷痛(epigastric pain)、心口烧灼感(heart burn)、及钝痛(dull pain)等。胃酸的功用除了帮助蛋白酶分解与吸收矿物质外,亦可抵抗肠胃道受细菌感染;然而过多胃酸分泌会使胃部黏膜屏障失衡,引发GU [2] 。造成胃溃疡的原因,主因多为胃幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)感染与非类固醇消炎药(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs)过度使用,次要因素还有不良饮食习惯及心理压力等刺激引起 [3] 。H. pylori会分泌尿素酶(urease),造成胃部pH值上升,因而使胃部细胞增加胃泌素(gastrin)分泌,过多胃酸进而破坏保护胃与十二指肠的黏膜层,引起胃炎反复发作 [4] [5] [6] ;NSAIDs具止痛、解热、抗发炎效果,以阿司匹林(Aspirin)、伊布洛芬(Ibuprofen)、萘普生(Naproxen)最为常见非处方止痛用药 [7] 。NSAIDs的止痛作用机制是通过抑制两种环氧合酶COX-1及COX-2,减少促发炎的前列腺素(prostaglandin, PG)合成,达到缓解疼痛之效果 [8] [9] ;然而PG又可分为前列腺素E1 (PGE1)和前列腺素E2 (PGE2),其中PEG1为胃黏膜保护因子,可抑制胃酸分泌、增加黏膜耐受性及屏障完整性,因此当PGE1受到抑制则使胃壁保护及血液凝集等功能减弱,胃酸增多造成胃不适的副作用严重则引起胃溃疡 [10] 。

鼠李糖乳酸杆菌GKLC1 (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus,旧名Lactobacillus rhamnosus)在胃酸耐受性试验中具有80%以上的存活率 [11] ,且已经证实益生菌(probiotics)的潜力,对人体的机能性功效包含肾脏保护、肝脏保护等 [12] [13] 。在先前的一项研究指出,菌株GKLC1可缓解酒精诱发酒精性脂肪肝疾病(alcoholic fatty liver)小鼠的肠胃道损伤 [13] ;因此本研究将进一步探讨鼠李糖乳酸杆菌GKLC1对于胃部保护的作用。分别以临床常见的病原微生物以及NSAIDs引起的胃溃疡探讨益生菌菌株GKLC1的保护效果。

2. 材料与方法

2.1. 鼠李糖乳酸杆菌GKLC1来源与培养

鼠李糖乳酸杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus)菌株GKLC1分离自台湾妇女母奶,并寄存于台湾食品工业发展研究所生物资源中心(Bioresource Collection and Research Center, BCRC, Taiwan),寄存编号为BCRC 910988。试验用菌株GKLC1的制备来自挑取单一菌落培养于MRS肉汤培养基(BD, USA)中,经37℃、16小时活化培养2次后,接种3 ml于5 L发酵槽(发酵体积3 L)中,以37℃、16小时培养。量化培养后之发酵液以13,000 rpm于4℃离心10分钟,收取上清液以121℃热处理3分钟,供体外试验用。另外收取上述离心之菌泥(pellet),并混入5%脱脂奶粉,经冷冻干燥后取得菌株GKLC1粉末样品。每克粉末含有活菌数1 × 1011 CFU (conloy forming unit),并保存于4℃供动物试验使用。

2.2. 胃幽门螺旋杆菌来源与培养

胃幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)菌株26695 (ATCC 700392)、v633、v1354皆由台湾长庚大学(Chang Gung University, Taiwan)赖志河老师提供。其中抗药菌株v633、v1354为临床分离株,经证实皆对抗生素甲硝唑(metronidazole)和克拉霉素(clarithromycin)具抗药性 [14] 。H. pylori于37℃、5% CO2与10% O2供给下,48小时培养于含10%羊血之布鲁氏琼脂(Brucella blood agar)平板中。

2.3. 琼脂纸锭扩散试验(Disk Diffusion Test)

将H. pylori悬浮液(1 × 108 CFU/ml)涂抹于10%羊血的M-H培养基平板(Mueller Hinton agar plates, BBL, Sparks, Maryland, USA)上,并于平板中央放上灭菌纸锭,随后于纸锭上加入测试之菌株GKLC1发酵上清液。平板于37℃、微需氧环境下,培养72小时后,观察抑制圈(inhibition zone)大小,并以直径(mm)纪录之。试验以未接菌的MRS肉汤培养基为空白对照组(control);L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103)为阳性对照组(positive control)。

2.4. 试验动物

试验动物使用8周龄SPF级ICR雄鼠共25只,购自乐斯科生物科技股份公司(BioLASCO Taiwan Co. Ltd., Taiwan),小鼠进驻后皆先行观察5天,确认无任何异状后,才进行试验分组与试验执行。动物房条件控制在温度23℃ ± 2℃、湿度55% ± 5%、以及光/暗周期12 h/12h。饲料及逆渗透水均任由小鼠自由取用。本试验之试验小鼠经台湾农业科技研究院(Agriculture Technology Research Institute, ATRI)之实验动物照护及使用委员会(Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, IACUC)审查同意,取得IACUC号码110075。

2.5. NSAIDs引起GU之试验设计

以随机方式分为5组,每组5只小鼠,分别为正常对照组(Normal control, Normal)、负对照组(Gastric ulcer, GU)、奥美拉唑组(Omeprazole)及2组益生菌实验组GKLC1-L、GKLC1-H组。试验时,Normal组、GU组每日管喂投予饮用水;Omeprazole组每日管喂投予10 mg/kg胃溃疡临床治疗用药奥美拉唑(Omeprazole);实验组GKLC1-L、GKLC1-H组每日管喂投予益生菌GKLC1粉末,投予剂量分别为5.12 mg/kg/day及20.4 mg/kg/day。给予Omeprazole或益生菌28天后,除Normal组外,各组皆于第29天连续10天每日管喂阿司匹林(Aspirin) 500 mg/kg诱发胃溃疡,于第40天牺牲,观察小鼠的胃部溃疡情形及组织病理变化。

2.6. GU胃部状态分析

利用Image J软件圈选胃部组织的溃疡病灶,以计算每只小鼠的胃部溃疡灶面积(mm2)。另外,依据溃疡面积的分级加成评分(表1),计算溃疡指数(Ulcer index, UI) (1)及治愈率(Curative ratio) (2)。

Table 1. Ulcer area score

表1. 溃疡面积评分

: Ulcerindex ( U I ) = ( 1 × levelI ) + ( 2 × levelII ) + ( 3 × levelIII ) (1)

: Curativeratio ( % ) = ( U I × 100 U I ) (2)

2.7. GU組織病理分析

小鼠胃部组织以Hematoxylin & Eosin (H & E)染色,于光学显微镜下观察黏膜溃疡深度、黏膜溃疡区域、炎症细胞浸润、以及黏膜上皮再生情形。病理程度分级判定标准如表2,参考Shackleford等人(2002)与Schafer等人(2018)发表文献内的判定标准 [15] [16] 。

Table 2. Grading of gastric ulcer tissue lesions

表2. 胃溃疡组织病变程度分级

2.8. 统计分析

本试验所得数据以平均值 ± 标准偏差(mean ± SD)表示,使用Graphpad Prism 6统计分析软件,进行one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA)分析,以p < 0.05具有统计上的显著性差异。在病理结果统计上,比较各组别间组织病变严重度则以Kruskal-Wallis test的Uncorrected Dunn’s事后检定。

3. 结果

3.1. 菌株GKLC1对于H. pylori的抑制效果

L. rhamnosus GG不论是对标准病源株H. pylori 26695,抑或是抗药菌株v633、v1354,皆可观察到明显的抑制圈,抑制效果分别为8.0 ± 0.0 mm、9.5 ± 0.7 mm、以及8.3 ± 1.1 mm (表3);而空白对照组(MRS)在三种不同的H. pylori抗菌测试上均无观察到抑制圈(1.0 ± 0.0 mm)。益生菌菌株GKLC1的对标准病源株H. pylori 26695并无抑制效果,另外测试抗药菌株v633、v1354也无明显抑制圈(图1)。

Table 3. Inhibition zone (mm) of L. rhamnosus against different H. pylori strains

表3. L. rhamnosus对不同H. pylori菌株的抑制圈(mm)

数据(n = 3)以mean ± SD呈现。

Figure 1. The inhibition effect of strain GKLC1 on H. pylori 26695

图1. 菌株GKLC1对H. pylori 26695的抑制效果

3.2. 菌株GKLC1对NSAIDs引起的GU

3.2.1. GU小鼠胃溃疡面积

试验期间,所有小鼠体重变化皆无组间统计差异(图2)。投予阿司匹林10天之GU组胃部观测到溃疡面积为15.83 ± 1.91 mm2;而预先喂食28天之Omeprazole组可观测到GU的面积为9.05 ± 1.37 mm2。菌株GKLC1亦有减少胃溃疡面积的趋势,其中以高剂量效果显著改善(p < 0.01),观测到GU面积为10.51 ± 2.07 mm2 (图3)。

数据(n = 5)以mean ± SD呈现。

Figure 2. Body weight change (g) in GU mice model

图2. GU小鼠模式中的体重变化(g)

数据(n = 5)以mean ± SD呈现。不同字母表示具显着差异。

Figure 3. Area of gastric ulcer (mm2) in mice

图3. 小鼠胃溃疡面积(mm2)

3.2.2. GU小鼠胃溃疡指数与治愈率

表4为依据溃疡面积的分级所计算出的胃部溃疡指数与治愈率。菌株GKLC1随介入的剂量提高,胃部溃疡指数显著降低,尤其高剂量的菌株GKLC1以20.4 mg/kg/day摄入对胃部保护的效果接近于摄入10 mg/kg/day的Omeprazole。以治愈率来分析,菌株GKLC1高剂量(20.4 mg/kg/day)下的治愈率比低剂量(5.12 mg/kg/day)的菌株GKLC1治愈效果约多3倍,可达49%以上。

Table 4. Ulcer index and curative ratio

表4. 胃部溃疡指数(UI)与治愈率

数据(n = 5)以mean ± SD呈现。不同字母表示具显着差异。

3.3. NSAIDs引起的GU胃部病理分析

GU小鼠胃组织病理切片结果如图4所示。Normal组的小鼠胃黏膜上皮完整,腺体紧密排列,形状大小正常,无发生胃黏膜溃疡、炎症细胞浸润与黏膜上皮再生等病变现象;而GU组在黏膜上皮细胞结构紊乱且有坏死情形(图4红色星号处),胃组织病变程度最严重;在GKLC1-L组中,仍有观察到腺体排列紊乱及炎症细胞浸润情形;Omeprazole组、GKLC1-H组的腺体排列则与Normal组相近,且可观察到GKLC1-H组的胃部切片仍维持胃黏膜上皮完整性,Omeprazole组则在黏膜下层偏薄稍不平整。

Figure 4. Morphological changes in gastric tissue of GU mice; (a) Normal; (b) Gastric ulcer (GU); (c) Omeprazole; (d) Low dose of strain GKLC1 (GKLC1-L); (e) High dose of strain GKLC1 (GKLC1-H). H & E staining, 100× magnification. (Red asterisk: area of degeneration and necrosis of mucosal epithelial cells)

图4. GU小鼠的胃组织型态学变化;(a) 正常对照组(Normal);(b) 胃溃疡组(GU);(c) 奥拉美挫组(Omeprazole);(d) GKLC1-L组;(e) GKLC1-H组。H & E染色,放大倍率100倍。(红色星号:黏膜上皮细胞变性坏死区域)

依小鼠的黏膜溃疡深度、黏膜溃疡区域、炎症细胞浸润、以及黏膜上皮再生共四项指标进行评分,结果如表5所示。相较于GU组,Omeprazole与菌株GKLC1皆可显著降低黏膜溃疡深(p < 0.001),且低剂量(5.12 mg/kg/day)的菌株GKLC1即可有效减少胃黏膜溃疡的组织面积(p < 0.001)。针对胃组织炎症细胞浸润、以及黏膜上皮细胞再生的状况,菌株GKLC1亦有减缓的趋势,即使尚未有统计显差。

Table 5. Histopathological Score

表5. 组织病理评分

数据(n = 4)以mean ± SD呈现。不同字母表示具显着差异。

4. 讨论

排除消化道病变严重需要施行手术之外,消化性溃疡大多系经由药物治疗,透过减少或中和胃酸分泌、增加消化道屏障以达治愈目的 [17] 。Omeprazole为氢离子帮浦阻断剂(proton pump inhibitors, PPIs),可在胃的壁细胞转变成活化态,绑定氢/钾三磷酸腺苷酶(H+/K+-ATPase),减少胃酸分泌,进而减少溃疡发生、加速胃壁愈合,因此已广泛使用在治疗胃食道逆流(gastroesophageal reflux)、PUD等胃部疾病 [18] 。然而其缺点除了药价贵以外,长期使用可能造成无胃酸症(hypochlorhydria)的副作用,当无胃酸屏障时,胃部受感染的机会提升;此外PPI经肝脏代谢,对于合并肝病的患者是一负担;近期亦有其他研究指出PPIs可增加骨折、低血镁症(hypomagnesemia)、以及肾损伤等风险 [19] 。

益生菌可藉由不同方式保护肠胃道,因此不像PPIs仅针对胃酸分泌做调控,更是以生理系统性调控的方式改善胃部机能 [20] 。例如嗜酸乳杆菌(L. acidophilus)能透过减少发炎物质COX-2与TNF-α,并抑制NF-ĸB讯息传递,改善胃发炎 [21] ;植物乳杆菌(L. plantarum) 299v可刺激MUC3基因分泌黏液素,保护胃黏膜并减少病原菌附着 [22] ;L. rhamnosus GG对胃黏膜及肠道定殖力佳,可透过调控表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor, EGF)及血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF),减弱细胞凋亡与细胞增值比率、增加血管生成提升胃壁愈合能力,减少溃疡复发率 [23] 。

本试验以常见H. pylori感染以及NSAIDs诱因胃溃疡探讨L. rhamnosus GKLC1对于胃部保护的效果。针对H. pylori感染诱因,主要根治方式是抑制H. pylori的过度繁殖,以及强化胃部结构。然而,菌株GKLC1的分泌物对于常见H. pylori标准病原菌株并无抑制效果(图1)。另外,若是因H. pylori感染,临床上通常藉由合并使用特定抗生素来做治疗,而过度依赖抗生素使H. pylori抗药性产生,杀菌不完全又使H. pylori处于潜伏状态,以致治疗失败率增加 [24] 。因此我们亦测试菌株GKLC1对于临床H. pylori抗药性分离株的抗菌效果,结果亦无观测到抑菌圈(表3),说明菌株针对微生物感染引起之GU较无效果。

胃溃疡诱因比例以NSAIDs诱因较H. pylori感染诱因高,尤其在已开发国家中 [25] [26] 。我们透过Aspirin的慢性给予方式促使胃溃疡在小鼠模式中发生。在胃溃疡最直观的指标中,观察到菌株GKLC1对于减缓溃疡面积有显著效果(图3表4)。进一步地,针对菌株GKLC1对胃组织保护作用以减少溃疡深度、降低炎症细胞浸润为主(表5),因此推估菌株GKLC1在NSAIDs诱因下的胃溃疡具抗发炎、降低细胞凋亡的机制。此抗炎机制可能与前述文献提到的L. acidophilus抑制NF-ĸB讯息传递类似,而预防胃细胞凋亡可能与Bax/Caspase-3讯息传递有关,尚须更进一步的实验验证 [12] [21] 。

5. 结论

本试验以常见胃溃疡诱因探讨Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GKLC1对于胃部保护的效果。结果显示菌株GKLC1对胃幽门螺旋杆菌引起的胃溃疡较无保护的效果,然而针对非类固醇消炎药引起的胃溃疡则有显著护胃的功效。此外,在小鼠施予益生菌GKLC1高剂量(20.4 mg/kg/day)下,其NSAIDs的胃溃疡治愈效果相当于市售常见胃药Omeprazole (10 mg/kg/day)。本篇经实验证实护胃的机能益生菌与其适应症,未来可考虑应用菌株GKLC1以保健预防方式,减少因NSAIDs引起胃溃疡的族群,或以合并治疗方式针对NSAIDs引起的胃溃疡做处置,进而降低常见胃药使用所带来的副作用。

文章引用

邱婕宁,蔡侑珊,林 珊,陈嘉琪,林诗伟,林静敏,陈炎炼,陈劲初. 探讨鼠李糖乳酸杆菌GKLC1 (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GKLC1)对胃部保护的作用
To Explore the Protective Effects of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GKLC1 on the Stomach[J]. 生物医学, 2024, 14(02): 179-188. https://doi.org/10.12677/hjbm.2024.142020

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  27. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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