Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 08 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 70225 , 8 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1381717

关于声带息肉手术术后疗效评估的方法

杨思凡1,刘权忠2,谢邦建2,骆文龙1*

1重庆医科大学附属第二医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科,重庆

2重庆市南川区人民医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科,重庆

收稿日期:2023年7月4日;录用日期:2023年8月1日;发布日期:2023年8月8日

摘要

目的:阐述关于在支撑喉镜下切除声带息肉术后恢复疗效的评估方法。方法:通过比较声带息肉患者术后声带运动形态及嗓音评估的各类检查方式及评估手段,总结出其优缺点。结果:GRBAS (嗓音嘶哑评估)及AHI-10 (嗓音障碍指数)操作简单、方便、无创、无侵袭性、成本低,能主观反映患者嗓音恢复情况,可广泛普及和运用。喉成像技术及嗓音声学参数测试不仅需要检查者的设备及技术支持,还需受检者配合,才能客观地反映声带运动的形态情况及嗓音质量。结论:嗓音的评估必须是多元化的,只有通过将主客观的这几种评估方式结合在一起,使其对声带运动及嗓音质量的评估视觉化、数据化、科学化,这样主客观的方式相结合,才能更好地反映患者在社会活动中嗓音运用的实际感受。

关键词

声带息肉,术后疗效,评估方法

Method for Evaluating the Postoperative Efficacy of Vocal Cord Polyp Surgery

Sifan Yang1, Quanzhong Liu2, Bangjian Xie2, Wenlong Luo1*

1Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing

2Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The People’ Hospital of Nanchuan, Chongqing

Received: Jul. 4th, 2023; accepted: Aug. 1st, 2023; published: Aug. 8th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective: To elucidate the evaluation method for the postoperative recovery effect of vocal cord polyp resection under supportive laryngoscope. Method: By comparing various examination methods and evaluation methods for postoperative vocal cord movement morphology and voice evaluation in patients with vocal cord polyps, their advantages and disadvantages were summarized. Results: GRBAS and AHI-10 were simple, convenient, non-invasive, cost-effective, and they could subjectively reflect the recovery of patients’ voice. They could be widely popularized and applied. Laryngeal imaging technology and voice acoustic parameter testing not only require the equipment and technical support of the examiner, but also the cooperation of the subject in order to objectively reflect the morphology of vocal cord movement and voice quality. Conclusion: The evaluation of voice must be diversified. Only by combining these subjective and objective evaluation methods together, can their evaluation of vocal cord movement and voice quality be visualization, data-driven and scientific. In this way, the combination of subjective and objective methods can better reflect the actual feelings of patients in the use of voice in social activities.

Keywords:Vocal Fold Polyps, Postoperative Curative Effect, Evaluation Methods

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

声带息肉是一种声带固有层浅层发生的良性增生性病变,也是慢性喉炎的特殊类型,多由吸烟、上呼吸道感染、过度发声或发声不当、内分泌紊乱、喉咽反流所致 [1] [2] [3] [4] 。一些作者认为吸烟是导致声带息肉的首要因素。Gnjatic等人 [5] 在对声带息肉患者的研究中发现,67.5%的研究对象为吸烟活跃者,同时有59.0%的研究对象有过度发声或发声不当的经历。部分学者认为咽喉部反流也是声带息肉发生的危险因素。一项对32例声带息肉活检的研究显示,75%声带息肉有胃蛋白酶的存在,而对照组仅有31.25% [6] 。随着人们日常生活中过度用嗓、饮酒、刺激性饮食的增多,声带息肉的发生率也增加,特别好发于歌唱家、教师、推销员等这类长期过度用声的人群中。其临床主要表现为声带膜水肿、血管扩张、声音嘶哑、咽喉疼痛、咽喉部异物感等,严重者还会导致呼吸困难,对患者的基本生活及工作造成影响 [7] [8] 。声带息肉经药物保守治疗疗效欠佳,现目前以手术切除为主 [9] [10] ,较常见的手术方式为鼻内镜联合支撑喉镜下手术、纤维喉镜下手术。大部分患者通过手术治疗有显著疗效,有效缓解咽喉疼痛、异物感等症状,有助于声带功能恢复。目前,声带息肉手术术后评估疗效的方法有多种,主要以医生经验结合患者感受进行综合评估,这种评估方式缺乏客观指标和理论依据。随着计算机技术的发展,基频微扰、振幅微扰、标准化嗓声能、基频等多种嗓音相关音质客观指标也能为临床医师对术后疗效评估提供参考。现将声带息肉术后疗效评估方法综述如下。

2. 声带息肉概述

声带息肉是耳鼻喉科具有较高发病率的疾病,多数患者伴有程度不一的声音嘶哑 [11] 。声带息肉属于良性病变,其发生与发声不当、过度用声、声带长时间遭受慢性刺激相关,在许多病因的不良刺激下,导致声带膜边缘水肿、充血,表现为水肿样纤维增生。声带息肉主要有两大类,一种是广基,另一种是带蒂 [12] [13] 。其中带蒂的声带息肉会随着呼吸移动而移动,体积较大,声门易被堵塞,不利于患者说话交流,甚至对呼吸造成影响,严重影响患者的生存质量 [14] 。声音嘶哑是声带息肉患者的主要临床症状,前期病症表现较轻,声音稍粗糙或基本正常,常在疲劳、用声频繁时产生间歇性声嘶,且伴随着疾病的进展,转变为持续性声嘶,在发出较低声音时也会出现,增加了喉部不良刺激感。声嘶严重程度与息肉所处的部位、体积大小有关 [15] 。

声带息肉的治疗通常以手术为主,手术方式多样,比如纤维喉镜,是临床的常用术式,但这种手术方式难以完全清除患者息肉组织,且声带受损风险较大,可能导致二次手术。支撑喉镜不会对正常组织造成误伤,操作简单,在临床中的应用十分广泛。但单纯使用支撑喉镜进行手术具有观察视野局限性,难以完全显露病变区域,在切除息肉过程中可能有遗漏。鼻内镜联合支撑喉镜手术可弥补单纯支撑喉镜手术的缺陷,其暴露病变区域清晰、广泛,可精准切除病变组织。

3. 术后疗效评估的方法

3.1. 喉成像技术

3.1.1. 频闪/动态喉镜检

让频闪光源的频率与声带运动的频率同步,使高速的声带运动减慢成一种可肉眼观察到的运动,主要观察声带振动的规律性、振动振幅、粘膜波动、声门闭合情况等 [16] 。观察提示息肉彻底切除,声门闭合良好,声带边界光滑、整齐,可正常发声,为显效;喉镜检查提示已清除大部分息肉,声门闭合不完全,声带稍充血、肿胀,发生改善显著,为有效;未达有效、显效者,视为无效。

3.1.2. 喉记波扫描摄像(VKG)

常作为动态喉镜的补充,通过扫描前后轴的某一特定横截面,观察声带的不规则振动,记录了整个声带的整个粘膜波形 [17] ,提高了检查结果的精准度,无关声带振动的规律及稳定的周期性 [18] 。

3.1.3. 高速摄影(High-Speed Videoendoscopy)

已用于临床的评估与诊断,克服了动态喉镜的局限性,不受声带振动的影响,都可直视及客观测量,特别适用于评估声带瞬间的振动行为,如喉痉挛、发声暂停、发声的起始和终止情况,根据声带实际振动图像能更好的评估声门的结构及功能 [19] 。

3.2. 嗓音质量评估

3.2.1. 噪音分析

在患者处于舒适、自然姿势,保证检查室噪音 < 45 dB SPL的情况下,使用噪音分析系统对患者的声样予以采集,保持患者口距离扩音器15 cm,平稳发音3次,从元音声样中提取平稳段(1 s),设置采样频率为44.1 kHz,利用前置放大器把嗓音信号输入计算机进行处理,利用CSL model 4150 (美国Kay Elementrics)系统进行噪音频谱分析,评估其基频(FO)、频率微扰(PPQ、Jitter)、振幅微扰(APQ、Shimmer)、噪谐比(HNR)、标准化噪声能量(NNE)、最长声音时间(MPT)、嗓音障碍严重指数(DSI) [20] 。其中常对MPT、Jitter、Shimmer进行测试。MPT主要反映呼吸与发声的协调性,其值越大,发声效率越高;Jitter主要反映相邻周期间声波基频的变化,反映粗糙声程度;Shimmer反映相邻周期间声波振幅的变化,反映嘶哑声程度;值越大,代表声嘶程度越严重 [21] 。DSI指数越低,代表他的声音质量就越差。因此,DSI对于评估发音困难患者的治疗进展特别有用 [22] 。

3.2.2. GRBAS

日本学者提出的嗓音嘶哑评估GRBAS scale (表1)在环境噪声 < 45 dB的检查室中,受试者以最自然的音调、音量来回答由3名从事嗓音医疗的专业人员的提出的问题,最终进行评分及分级。GRBAS分级标准:总嘶哑度G (grade):对异常嗓音的整体主观感知分级;粗糙度R (roughness):发音不规则程度;气息度B (breathiness):气息声程度;无力度A (asthenia):发音弱或无力程度;紧张度S (strain):发音过度紧张或亢进程度。五类别共分4个等级,0级为正常,1级为轻度异常,2级中度异常,3级为重度异常 [23] 。目前已广泛使用,不过也有学者也表示,审查员之间亦存在不可避免的主观性,或许在未来,人工智能语音将替代审查员成为一种新的语音诊断的临床方法 [24] 。美国听力言语和嗓音学会的嗓音听感知评估共识(Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice, CAPE-V)评分内容基本与GRBAS相同,只是没有无力度A (asthenia)的选项,但采用了视觉模拟评分制定了嗓音任务的评分标准,评价语调、响度等 [25] 。

Table 1. GRBAS scoring table

表1. GRBAS评分表

正常:0分,轻度:1分,中度:2分,重度:3分。

3.2.3. 嗓音障碍指数-10 (Voice Handicap Index-10, VHI-10)

根据美国制定的VHI-10量表 [26] [27] [28] (表2)将嗓音异常对患者生活质量的影响分为功能(functional, F)、生理(physical, P)、情感(emotional, E) 3部分,总体评价称(total, T),要求患者对每部分10个问题进行打分,根据嗓音的障碍情况及严重程度分为5个等级:0分为从未出现,1分为几乎没有,2分为偶尔出现,3分为几乎经常出现,4分为经常出现,每个部分的评分范围为0~40分,总分为0~120分。某一部分的分数越高,说明嗓音障碍对这一方面的影响越大;总分越高,说明患者对自主发音障碍评估越严重 [29] 。

Table 2. Voice handicap index-10 evaluation form

表2. 嗓音障碍指数-10评估表

0——从不;1——很少;2——有时;3——经常;4——总是。

3.2.4. 视觉模拟评估法

患者根据发音能力进行自我评估,以视觉可见的方式描述评估结果,0代表很容易的使用声音,10代表嘶哑到极限,使用声音很困难,之间的数值代表嘶哑程度 [30] 。

嗓音的评估必须是多元化的,每种方式各有其优缺点(表3),将几种方式结合在一起,使其对嗓音的评估客观化、科学化、数据化,这样主客观相结合评估,更能反映患者在社会活动中的实际感受。

Table 3. Comparison of voice evaluation methods

表3. 嗓音评估各方法对比

4. 总结

声带息肉是喉部病变种的常见良性病,病理生理学基础是反复的刺激引起固有层充血水肿,纤维组织增生、机化,容易在前中1/3处形成软组织肿物,此处相比于声带其他位置,振动频率更高,振幅更大,所以是相对更容易发生损伤的部位。目前仍是以射频、CO2激光、手术切除等治疗为主 [31] [32] 。术后需禁烟禁酒、注意休声、合理用嗓;术后的恢复不仅是形态的恢复还存在功能恢复。形态上主要是声带黏膜上皮通过迁徙、移行、增殖、分化进行修复。通过电子喉镜或者频闪喉镜即可对比术前术后声带创面情况;而嗓音功能分析及嗓音障碍指数则能从生理、情感及功能方面做出更全面的评价 [33] 。目前对于声带息肉的术后疗效评估,基本采取两者联合,平行使用:动态喉镜检查费用低,操作简便,相对于喉记波扫描及高速摄影,更适合声带息肉的术后常规复查;除此之外,嗓音质量指数(AVQI)也常用来评估日常交流状态的嗓音。AVQI是基于加权算法的发音困难严重程度的单一估计,该算法结合了六个声学参数,这些声学参数是从结合来自同一说话者的持续元音和连续语音样本的级联样本分析中导出的,因此必须在不同的语言中进行验证以达到更高的准确性。针对AVQI的研究,主要是征集各个国家的志愿者,包含健康人群及语音障碍人群,完成同一个语音样本,由语音专家对语音样本的整体语音质量进行评估。AVQI通过在不同语言中试验来进行版本提升,目前在德法英韩等语言中有很高的诊断价值及适用性,但暂未广泛应用于汉语普通话人群中,可作为一种嗓音测试的潜力工具 [34] [35] 。

随着声带息肉发病率的增高,对声带息肉术后评估的精确度要求也随之增高,目前所使用的方法仍存在一定的缺陷,相信通过医疗技术的发展,会获得巨大的提升。

文章引用

杨思凡,刘权忠,谢邦建,骆文龙. 关于声带息肉手术术后疗效评估的方法
Method for Evaluating the Postoperative Efficacy of Vocal Cord Polyp Surgery[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(08): 12256-12263. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1381717

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  36. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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