Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol.
12
No.
07
(
2022
), Article ID:
53671
,
7
pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.127940
COL4A5基因新无义突变致Alport综合征一家系并文献复习
王加兰,王大海,江世璇,常红*
青岛大学附属医院,山东 青岛
收稿日期:2022年6月13日;录用日期:2022年7月6日;发布日期:2022年7月15日
摘要
目的:分析Alport综合征患儿临床表现与基因型特点,为该病的基因诊断和家系咨询提供基础。方法:回顾分析1例Alport综合征患儿的临床资料及基因检测结果。以“COL4A5基因、Alport综合征、无义突变”为关键词,在PubMed数据库、中国期刊全文数据库及万方数据知识服务平台检索复习相关文献。结果:先证者,男性,3岁6月,1岁9月“上呼吸道感染”后出现肉眼血尿,其母有镜下血尿情况。肾穿刺活检病理显示,电镜:部分基底膜厚薄不均,阶段性基底膜致密层增厚,部分呈撕裂状和蛛网状,足突大部分融合,未见电子致密物沉积,形态考虑Alport综合征早期改变可能。基因检测显示,COL4A5基因存在的一处半合子点突变c.4978A > T (p.K1660X),该点突变导致翻译的第1660个氨基酸由赖氨酸突变为终止密码子,产生无义突变;经家系验证分析,先证者之父、舅舅、姨外祖母该位点无变异,先证者之母、外祖母、舅外祖父该位点均存在杂合变异,外祖母存在耳聋情况,舅外祖父患有尿毒症。文献数据库未有该位点相关性报道。结论:基因检测有助于确诊Alport综合征,该家系丰富了现存Alport综合征基因突变数据库。
关键词
Alport综合征,COL4A5基因,无义突变
A Family with Alport Syndrome Caused by a New Nonsense Mutation of COL4A5 Gene and Literature Review
Jialan Wang, Dahai Wang, Shixuan Jiang, Hong Chang*
Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong
Received: Jun. 13th, 2022; accepted: Jul. 6th, 2022; published: Jul. 15th, 2022
ABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the clinical manifestations and genotypic characteristics of children with Alport syndrome, and explore a new genetic mode of Alport syndrome, so as to provide a basis for genetic diagnosis and family consultation of Alport syndrome. Methods: The clinical data and genetic test results of 1 case of Alport syndrome were retrospectively analyzed. With “COL4A5 gene, Alport syndrome and nonsense mutation” as keywords, relevant literatures were searched and reviewed in PubMed database, China Journal Full-text Database and Wanfang Data knowledge service platform. Results: The proband, male, 3 years old 6 months, 1 year old 9 months, “upper respiratory tract infection” after gross hematuria, his mother had microscopic hematuria. The pathological results of renal biopsy showed that, under electron microscope, part of the basement membrane was uneven in thickness, the dense layer of the basement membrane was gradually thickened, and some were torn and spiderlike, most of the foot processes were fused, and no deposition of electronic dense substance was observed. The morphology was considered as the early change of Alport syndrome. Genetic analysis showed that there was a hemizygous point mutation of COL4A5 gene, c.4978A > T (p.K1660X), which resulted in the mutation of the 1660th amino acid from lysine to stop codon, resulting in nonsense mutation. Through familial verification analysis, the father, uncle and aunt of the proband had no variation at this site, while the mother, grandmother and uncle and grandfather of the proband had heterozygous variation at this site, the grandmother had deafness, and the uncle and grandfather had uremia. No correlation of this locus was reported in literature database. Conclusion: Genetic testing is helpful for the diagnosis of Alport syndrome, and this family has enriched the existing Alport syndrome gene mutation database.
Keywords:Alport Syndrome, COL4A5 Gene, Nonsense Mutation
Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1. 引言
Alport综合征(Alport syndrome, AS)是一种累及耳和眼的进行性遗传性肾病,其特征是持续性血尿进展为终末期肾病(End-stage renal disease, ESRD)。AS有3种遗传模式,包括占比约80%的X-连锁遗传和占比约20%的常染色体显性、隐性遗传。现强调基因检测、遗传诊断在AS中的重要作用,以便对患者和高危家庭成员做出正确诊断,基因检测不仅是确诊Alport综合征的有效方法,而且在预测疾病进展的风险、产前基因诊断和再生育的遗传咨询以及指导治疗方面有重要作用 [1]。本研究报道了第1例COL4A5基因上点突变c.4978A > T导致的1个AS家系的临床表型及基因型资料,探讨新的突变位点及临床表型和基因型的关系,并对国内外近十年关于XLAS进行文献复习。
2. 临床资料
男性,1岁11月,于2020年3月5日因“发现尿检异常2月余”首次入院。患儿2月余前上感后出现尿色改变,呈淡茶水色,无尿频、尿急、尿痛,无腰痛,无腹痛,无吐泻,无乏力等,持续1~2天恢复正常,未予特殊处理。5天前就诊于我院查尿常规示隐血3+,红细胞计数2194/ul,蛋白1+,以“血尿原因待查”收住院。既往史、个人史无特殊。家族史:先证者之母尿常规:红细胞计数74.3/ul,隐血3+,蛋白1+,先证者之舅外祖父有尿毒症病史,先证者之外祖母存在耳聋情况。父母非近亲结婚。
入院后查体:T:37.0℃,P:118次/分,R:26次/分,WT:12.5 kg,心、肺、腹查体未见异常。
辅助检查:血常规示白细胞计数8.99 × 109/L,中性粒细胞计数1.24 × 109/L,淋巴细胞计数6.95 × 109/L,血红蛋白118.00 g/L,C反应蛋白0.52 mg/L;免疫球蛋白测定:免疫球蛋白G 3.76 g/L;尿常规示尿潜血3+,红细胞计2319.90/ul,蛋白1+;3次随机尿钙/肌酐0.26/0.17/0.14 (mg/mg);血清尿素4.40 mmol/l,血清肌酐45.6 umol/l;尿红细胞形态:正常红细胞26.00%,影红细胞15.00%,皱缩红细胞1.00%,芽孢红细胞2.00%,小红细胞56.00%,面包圈样红细胞0.00%;尿蛋白电泳示蛋白379mg/L,白蛋白91.9%,转铁蛋白8.1%;患儿听力、视力初筛正常;男性生殖系统、精索静脉超声、泌尿系彩色多普勒超声均未见明显异常;肾穿刺病理示光镜:肾小球轻度系膜增生性病变,伴节段袢内内皮细胞肿胀、成对;电镜:部分基底膜厚薄不均,阶段性基底膜致密层增厚,部分呈撕裂状和蛛网状,足突大部分融合,未见电子致密物沉积,形态考虑Alport综合征早期改变可能(见图1)。为了进一步明确诊断,经医院伦理委员会审核、家长知情同意后,分别抽取患儿、患儿父母及患儿舅舅、外祖母、姨外祖母、舅外祖父外周血2 mL,外送北京迈基诺医学检验所检测。用Sanger测序验证分析先证者之父母、舅舅、外祖母、姨外祖母、舅外祖父有无致病基因。结果显示,患儿COL4A5基因存在一处半合子突变c.4978A > T (p.K1660X) (见图2),导致该点突变导致翻译的第1660个氨基酸由赖氨酸突变为终止密码子,产生无义突变。经家系验证分析,先证者之母、外祖母、舅外祖父该位点均存在杂合变异,先证者之父、舅舅、姨外祖母该位点无变异(见图3)。根据Alport综合征诊断和治疗专家推荐意见 [2],该患儿诊断AS明确,为本研究家系先证者。治疗上予培哚普利叔丁胺片、白令胶囊、复方肾炎片治疗,患儿定期门诊随访,动态监测尿常规,现尿常规示尿隐血3+,红细胞计数波动再550.00/ul~1321.60/ul,血尿素3.34~3.71 mmol/L,血肌酐45.5~47.3 umol/L。
(A) 光镜PASm染色 × 400,肾小球结构大致正常,肾小球轻度系膜增生性病变;(B) 电镜阶段性基底膜致密层增厚,部分呈撕裂状和蛛网状,足突部分融合,未见电子致密物沉积。
Figure 1. Renal histopathological findings of the child
图1. 患儿肾组织病理表现
Figure 2. COL4A5 gene sequencing of the proband and his parents
图2. 先证者及父母COL4A5基因测序图
箭头示先证者。
Figure 3. Family diagram of the child
图3. 患儿家系图
3. 讨论
AS是IV型胶原编码异常引起的遗传性疾病,COL4A3、COL4A4、COL4A5基因编码IV型胶原的a3、a4、a5链,文献报道 [3],这三个基因分别有52、48和51个编码外显子。研究发现,患者出现肾功能衰竭时间的早晚或有无肾外并发症与COL4A5基因发生突变的位置有相关性,若突变位于外显子的前半部分(1~20)上,患者临床表现相对较轻,肾功能进展较为缓慢,约30岁以后进入终末期肾病;若突变位于外显子后半部分(23~51)上,患者临床表现相对较重,进入肾衰竭的时间较早,或更易合并肾外并发症 [4] [5] [6]。本研究报道病例突变位于第51外显子上出现一个无义突变,提示该患儿病情发展可能相对迅速,即便患儿现无相关临床表现,仍需要积极使用ACEI类等药物及时干预,注意动态监测尿常规,定期进行裂隙灯、视力、眼底及听力检查,密切随访患儿。
根据美国医学遗传学和基因组学学会联合美国分子病理学会2015年制订的基因序列变异的解释标准和指南进行致病性分析 [2]:c.4978A > T为无义变异,为致病变异(非常强致病性证据,PVS1);在千人基因组数据库(1000Genomes)、人类基因变异数据库(HGMD)进行检索,均未见收录(中等致病性证据,PM2),综合上述c.4978A > T变异的证据强度为“PVS1 + PM2”,判断为可能致病性变异,该突变及致病性分析尚未见文献报道(参考数据库:OMIM、HGMD Pro、Clinvar及PubMed)。
根据美国肾脏数据系统(USRDS),在美国终末期肾病中,约0.2%的成人和3%的儿童诊断为Alport综合征 [7]。在中国终末期肾病中,约0.8%的儿童被诊断为Alport综合征 [8]。根据ESRD的发病年龄,AS分为青少年(<30岁)和成人(>30岁)两种类型。进展为ESRD的速率以及是否存在感音神经性耳聋和眼部变化取决于他们携带的突变。移码、无义突变和大的重排与青少年发病相关,其他突变,如GXY胶原重复序列中的剪接变异体和甘氨酸替换导致成人型疾病。COL4A5的种系突变包括错义突变、剪接变体、无义突变、短缺失和复杂缺失或大缺失。截止到2019年10月份,人类基因突变数据库已报告1034个COL4A5基因突变、246个COL4A4基因突变和281个COL4A3基因突变 [9],至今未发现任何突变热点,错义突变约占30%,甘氨酸替代是最常见的突变类型,占错义型AS的85% [10]。随着基因检测技术的应用,有越来越多复合基因突变的患者被诊断,有患者同时存在COL4A3和COL4A4杂合突变 [11],但是包含COL4A5双基因突变未见报道。在XLAS的病例中,半合子男性比杂合子女性患者表现出更严重的症状,通常在30岁之前达到ESRD [12]。XLAS患者中,大约有45%为错义突变,20%为剪切突变,7%为无义突变,32%为移码突变并会导致后期基因编码出现无义序列 [13]。本先证者就是无义突变,先证者之母、舅外祖父、外祖母该位点均存在杂合变异,且有相关症状,这是一个典型的XLAS家系,该患儿生育、遗传问题值得关注。XLAS的男性患者表现出强烈的基因型–表型相关性,具有截断突变的患者表现出严重的表型,并在20~30岁左右发展为ESRD [14] [15] [16],而错义突变具有相对温和的表型,有一半错义突变的患者在30岁时进入ESRD,32岁时肾存活率为50% [17],这可能是因为错义突变未改变基因的阅读框架,而截断突变使得突变位点后的序列停止翻译,导致大段肽链的缺失,进而导致蛋白功能严重受损。本研究报道病例COL4A5基因存在的一处半合子点突变,导致第1660个氨基酸由赖氨酸突变为终止密码子,产生截断突变,患儿年龄小,尚未出现肾功、眼睛、听力的改变,但是截断突变的患者预后往往不好,一定要密切监测患儿尿素、肌酐、尿酸、胱抑素C、微球蛋白、肾小球滤过率,同时定期进行眼睛、听力相关检查。
IV型胶原相关肾病主要包括AS、局灶节段性肾小球硬化和薄基底膜病。本例患儿因上感后出现血尿进一步检查,确诊为AS。临床上,血尿是AS最突出的表现,但是IV型胶原相关肾病早期临床表现相似,因此,学会如何准确快速鉴别对患者预后至关重要。其中薄基底膜病多为良性的,预后一般良好,无Alport综合征家族史、肾外临床表现,且基因及肾活检无相应改变 [11]。局灶节段性肾小球硬化预后较差,患儿常表现为肾病综合征,也常导致肾功能不全 [11],可有COL4A3、COL4A5基因突变。早期完善基因检测,动态监测尿常规、肾功对于IV型胶原相关肾病的鉴别有一定意义。
目前,Alport综合征治疗方法十分有限,主要治疗方法有药物干预、肾移植及基因和细胞治疗 [18]。ACEI类药物为首选药物,可以有效减缓临床症状的发展,若出现一些相关不良反应,换用ARB类药物。肾脏移植是AS根治方法,但存在供体获得性问题、移植后免疫排斥问题等,临床实施仍有较高的挑战性,目前较少应用。有研究发现 [19] [20],外显子跳跃可能是治疗严重男性XLAS (截断突变)病例的一种有希望的治疗方法,具体治疗手段如下:设计1个由13~25个核苷酸组成的寡核苷酸,其用于与具有互补序列的DNA或RNA特异性区域杂交,转录水平上用框内缺失替换截断变体,由此产生的蛋白质形成三聚体,尽最大可能延迟AS中ESRD的发展,是否可以根治AS有待进一步研究。可见纠正DNA水平缺陷的基因治疗可以被设想为一种其他无法治疗的疾病的革命性解决方案。查阅相关文献,未发现目前有靶向治疗及免疫治疗手段。
虽然COL4A5基因的无义突变在X-连锁Alport综合征患者中并不罕见,但在中国患者中鲜有报道。更新数据库和纳入与临床病例相关的新发突变,可以使患者更好地进行遗传和临床咨询。本家系是一个典型XLAS家系,对COL4A5数据库的更新有重大意义。患儿定期来我院随诊,现尿潜血3+,红细胞数550.00/ul,未见肾功能明显受损,继续积极予以ACEI类等药物治疗。
文章引用
王加兰,王大海,江世璇,常 红. COL4A5基因新无义突变致Alport综合征一家系并文献复习
A Family with Alport Syndrome Caused by a New Nonsense Mutation of COL4A5 Gene and Literature Review[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(07): 6510-6516. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.127940
参考文献
- 1. 丁洁, 张琰琴. Alport综合征精准诊治进展[J]. 中华肾病研究电子杂志, 2016, 5(2): 53-55.
- 2. Richards, S., Aziz, N., Bale, S., Bick, D., Das, S., Gastier-Foster, J., et al. (2015) Standards and Guidelines for the Interpretation of Se-quence Variants: A Joint Consensus Recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genetics in Medicine, 17, 405-424. https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2015.30
- 3. Zhao, X., Chen, C., Wei, Y., Zhao, G., Liu, L., Wang, C., et al. (2019) Novel Mutations of COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5 Genes in Chinese Patients with Alport Syndrome Using Next Generation Sequence Technique. Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine, 7, Article No. e653. https://doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.653
- 4. Casino, P., Gozalbo-Rovira, R., Rodrguez-Daz, J., Banerjee, S., Boutaud, A., Rubio, V., et al. (2018) Structures of Collagen IV Globular Domains: Insight into Associated Pathologies, Folding and Network Assembly. IUCrJ, 5, 765-779. https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252518012459
- 5. Kashiwagi, Y., Suzuki, S., Agata, K., Morishima, Y., Inagaki, N., Numabe, H., et al. (2019) A Family Case of X- Linked Alport Syndrome Patients with a Novel Variant in COL4A5. CEN Case Reports, 8, 75-78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13730-018-0368-4
- 6. Vos, P., Zietse, R., Van Geel, M., Brooks, A.S. and Cransberg, K. (2018) Diagnosing Alport Syndrome: Lessons from the Pediatric Ward. Nephron, 140, 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492438
- 7. Kashtan, C.E. (1999) Alport Syndrome. An Inherited Disorder of Renal, Ocular, and Cochlear Basement Membranes. Medicine, 78, 338-360. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-199909000-00005
- 8. Hou, J.H., Zhu, H.X., Zhou, M.L., Le, W.B., Zeng, C.H., Liang, S.S., et al. (2018) Changes in the Spectrum of Kidney Diseases: An Analysis of 40,759 Biopsy-Proven Cases from 2003 to 2014 in China. Kidney Diseases, 4, 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1159/000484717
- 9. Gao, E., Yang, X., Si, N., Liu, K., Wang, J.-Q. and Liu, Z. (2020) A Nov-el COL4A5 Splicing Mutation Causes Skipping of Exon 14 in a Chinese Family with Alport Syndrome. Kidney Diseas-es, 6, 43-49. https://doi.org/10.1159/000502798
- 10. Hertz, J.M., Thomassen, M., Storey, H. and Flinter, F. (2015) Clinical Utility Genecard for: Alport Syndrome—Update 2014. European Journal of Human Genetics, 23, 1269. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2014.254
- 11. 袁小涵, 王惠明. IV型胶原相关肾病的研究进展[J], 武汉大学学报(医学版), 2020, 41(4): 678-683.
- 12. Jais, J.P., Knebelmann, B., Giatras, I., De Marchi, M., Rizzoni, G., Renieri, A., et al. (2003) X-Linked Alport Syndrome: Natural History and Genotype-Phenotype Correlationsin Girls and Women Be-longing to 195 Families: A “European Community Alport Syndrome Concerted Action” Study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 14, 2603-2610. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000090034.71205.74
- 13. Savige, J., Storey, H., Il Cheong, H., Kang, H.G., Park, E., Hilbert, P., et al. (2016) X-Linked and Autosomal Recessive Alport Syndrome: Pathogenic Variant Features and Further Genotype-Phenotype Correlations. PLOS ONE, 11, Article ID: e0161802. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161802
- 14. Bekheirnia, M.R., Reed, B., Gregory, M.C., McFann, K., Shamshirsaz, A.A., Masoumi, A., et al. (2010) Genotype- Phenotype Correlation in X-Linked Alport Syn-drome. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 21, 876-883. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2009070784
- 15. Gross, O., Netzer, K.O., Lambrecht, R., Seibold, S. and Weber, M. (2002) Meta-Analysis of Genotype-Phenotype Correlation in X-Linked Alport Syndrome: Impact on Clinical Counsel-ling. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 17, 1218-1227. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/17.7.1218
- 16. Jais, J.P., Knebelmann, B., Giatras, I., Marchi, M., Rizzoni, G., Renieri, A., et al. (2000) X-Linked Alport Syndrome: Natural His-tory in 195 Families and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Males. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 11, 649-657. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.V114649
- 17. Kuang, X., Sun, L., Wu, Y. and Huang, W. (2020) A Novel Missense Mutation of COL4A5 Gene Alter Collagen IV α5 Chain to Cause X-Linked Alport Syndrome in a Chinese Family. Translational Pediatrics, 9, 587-595. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp-20-47
- 18. 史一帆, 谢静远, 张敬之, 任红. Ⅳ型胶原相关遗传性肾病的基因及细胞治疗的研究进展[J]. 中华医学遗传学杂志, 2019, 36(2): 179-182.
- 19. Guo, Y., Yuan, J., Liang, H., Xiao, J., Xu, H., Yuan, L., et al. (2014) Identification of a Novel COL4A5 Mutation in a Chinese Family with X-Linked Alport Syn-drome Using Exome Sequencing. Molecular Biology Reports, 41, 3631-3635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-014-3227-1
- 20. Yamamura, T., Horinouchi, T., Adachi, T., Terakawa, M., Ta-kaoka, Y., Omachi, K., et al. (2020) Development of an Exon Skipping Therapy for X-Linked Alport Syndrome with Truncating Variants in COL4A5. Nature Communications, 11, Article No. 2777. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16605-x
NOTES
*通讯作者Email: changhong11820@163.com