Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol.
12
No.
11
(
2022
), Article ID:
57964
,
5
pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.12111480
心肾联合移植手术1例并文献复习
傅天瑞*,杨苏民#,刘宣蔚,杨宝童,韩娜伟
青岛大学附属医院,山东 青岛
收稿日期:2022年10月14日;录用日期:2022年11月8日;发布日期:2022年11月17日

摘要
目的:探讨心肾联合移植适应症、免疫抑制方案、优势及目前存在的争议。方法:报道1例由我院完成的心肾联合移植患者,回顾性分析该患者诊疗经过及临床资料,结合国内外文献资料进行总结及分析。结果:患者术后恢复良好,自2022年5月31日出院后随访至今无手术相关并发症。结论:心肾联合移植是目前有效治疗终末期心肾功能不全的有效方法,但目前仍处于发展阶段,部分问题存在争议,仍需进一步研究。
关键词
心脏移植,肾移植,心肾联合移植,多器官联合移植,终末期心肾功能不全

A Case of Combined Heart and Kidney Transplantation and Review of the Literature
Tianrui Fu*, Sumin Yang#, Xuanwei Liu, Baotong Yang, Nawei Han
Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong
Received: Oct. 14th, 2022; accepted: Nov. 8th, 2022; published: Nov. 17th, 2022

ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the indications, immunosuppressive regimen, advantages and current controversies of combined heart and kidney transplantation. Methods: A case of combined heart and kidney transplantation completed by our hospital was reported, and the diagnosis and treatment process and clinical data of the patient were analyzed retrospectively, combined with domestic and foreign literature. Results: The patient recovered well after operation, and there were no operation related complications since the follow-up after discharge on May 31st, 2022. Conclusion: Combined heart and kidney transplantation is an effective method for the treatment of end-stage cardiac and renal insufficiency, but it is still in the development stage. Some problems are controversial and need further study.
Keywords:Heart Transplantation, Kidney Transplantation, Combined Heart and Kidney Transplantation, Multiple Organ Transplantation, End-Stage Cardiac and Renal Insufficiency
Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1. 背景
患有终末期心脏和肾脏疾病的患者数量不断增加,导致心脏移植(Heart transplantation, HTx)和肾脏移植(Kidney transplantation, KTx)的潜在患者越来越多,心脏和肾脏联合移植(Combined heart and kidney transplantation, HKTx)是有效治疗终末期心功能不全合并终末期肾功能不全的可行选择之一。一份来自器官共享联合网络(UNOS)的分析显示HKTx相比于HTx的患者,术后存活率相近,甚至在术前eGFR < 37 ml/min/1.73m2的患者中,HKTx的移植后存活率高于HTx。且HKTx术后排斥反应的发生频率及程度低于HTx。本文通过报道1例由我院完成的HKTx患者的资料,结合国内外文献,分析并总结HKTx的适应症、免疫抑制方案、预后以及目前存在的争议问题。
2. 病例报告
患者男,56岁,体重65 kg。主要诊断:1) 慢性肾衰竭尿毒症期;2) 慢性心力衰竭;3) 心功能III级(NYHA分级);4) 高血压病3级(极高危);5) 冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病;6) 陈旧性心肌梗死;7) 完全性左束支传导阻滞;8) 痛风;9) 主动脉瓣关闭不全;10) 二尖瓣反流。既往冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病史4年,陈旧性心梗病史3年,高血压病史16年,血压最高200/130mmHg,平素服用络活喜2.5 mg qd、倍他乐克23.75 mg qd降压治疗,监测血压控制在130/80mmHg,痛风病史12年,平素服用非布司他20 mg qd,血尿酸控制在400~500 umol/L。既往未行透析。此次入院因“肾功能异常9年,胸闷、憋气1周”于2022年3月24日入住我院。此次因无诱因出现活动后阵发性胸闷、憋气,呈阵发性,休息后好转,无双下肢水肿,无胸前区疼痛及肩背放射痛,无咳嗽。入院后完善相关检查,心超示:LVEF 28%,左心室舒张末期内径7.7 cm,左心室收缩末期内径6.6 cm,右心室前后径1.9 cm,右心室基底部3.5 cm,左心房前后径5.3 cm,左心房短径5.4 cm,左心房长径7.7 cm,右心房短径3.5 cm,右心房场景4.8 cm,主动脉瓣重度反流,二尖瓣重度反流,三尖瓣轻度反流,左室壁整体运动幅度减低,运动欠协调。肾功化验示:尿素55.93 mmol/L,肌酐676.0 umol/L,血钾5.11 mmol/L,泌尿系超声示双肾体积小,实质回声增高,考虑慢性肾实质损害,双肾动脉阻力指数增高,双肾囊肿,前列腺钙化灶。入院后于2022年3月28日行腹膜透析置管术,夜间突发胸闷、咳嗽、咳粉色泡沫痰,考虑急性左心衰,给与强心治疗后好转。后转入ICU给与ECMO支持,CRRT等治疗,后患者反复出现室颤,经30余次电除颤,反复心肺复苏,行气管插管机械通气后,患者心率转复窦律。经术前会诊评估,在家属同意下,由我院心外科联合肾移植科为患者行HKTx。
经术前强心、利尿、降脂、抗炎等处理,于2022年4月26日在全身麻醉,体外循环支持下行心脏原位移植,供心于9点11分停跳,探查心脏各结构正常后继续主动脉根部灌注HTK心肌保护液后置入冰盐水中备用。受体常规正中开胸,体外循环建立后行双腔法移植,连续缝合吻合供–受体左心房,连续缝合分别吻合供–受体主动脉、肺动脉、下、上腔静脉,复温,排出左心系统气体后开放升主动脉阻断钳,心脏自动复跳,窦性心律,开放上、下腔静脉。至生命体征平稳后停止体外循环。总计主动脉阻断时间97 min,体外循环时长184 min,供心冷缺血时间120 min。缝合关胸后常规行肾脏移植术,开放血流1分钟后有尿液流出。肾脏冷缺血时间6 h。总计手术时间7 h 40 min。
患者术后恢复良好,术后20 h拔出气管插管。第35 d出院。至今已存活6个月,心肾功能大致正常。2022年10月08日复查心脏超声示心房心室大小正常,EF 60%,主动脉瓣、二尖瓣及三尖瓣轻度反流,肾功能化验:肌酐77 mmol/L,尿素氮13.92 mmol/L。术后给与常规他克莫司 + 吗替麦考酚酯 + 甲泼尼龙三联抗免疫,至今未发生排斥反应事件。
3. 讨论
HKTx目前没有明确的指南来阐述适合该手术方式的适应症。一份通过对在UNOS登记的593名HKTx患者进行数据分析发现:eGFR是提高HTx存活率重要指标 [1],eGFR越低HTx预后越差,进行HKTx的必要性就越大。有研究指出eGFR < 37 ml/min/1.73m2进行HKTx预后要好于单独进行HTx,而在eGFR > 45 ml/min/1.73m2患者中HKTx与HTx生存率无明显差异 [2]。2019年于波士顿举行的共识会议中建议eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73m2的患者行HKTx,eGFR > 45 ml/min/1.73m2的患者不考虑HKTx,eGFR处于30 ml/min/1.73m2~44 ml/min/1.73m2之间,根据肾脏疾病的程度决定手术方案。 [3]
目前,HKTx术后较常用的免疫维持方案同HTx [4],采用他克莫司 + 吗替麦考酚酯+醋酸泼尼龙三联疗法。而在诱导免疫抑制的药物上有不同的选择,分别是LD抗体如多克隆的r-ATG,和针对IL-2受体的单克隆抗体IL-2RA。一般来说LD抗体通常用于高免疫风险的受体,而IL-2RA通常用于低免疫风险患者 [5] [6] [7]。也有的研究指出r-ATG诱导免疫抑制对HKTx患者生存有益,特别是对于目前常用的他克莫司 + 吗替麦考酚酯 + 醋酸泼尼龙三联疗法进行免疫抑制维持的患者,但是与无诱导免疫移植的患者相比,同样也加重了感染的风险,但对于生存没有明显的影响。 [8] [9]
HKTx有一些HTx无法比拟的优势。自HKTx这一概念被提出以来至今,有多个单中心研究证明,尽管术前肾功能更差,但是HKTx与HTx长期生存率相近,甚至在术前eGFR < 37 ml/min/1.73m2时HKTx术后生存率更好。 [1] 而围术期肾功能不全程度是预测终末期心力衰竭患者行HTx后短期和长期生存率最有力的预测指标 [10],HKTx可通过改善肾功能,降低由肾功能不全导致的容量负荷、电解质功能紊乱及抗免疫药物的药代动力学受损带来的插管时间延长、心律失常、药物不良反应及术后感染的风险 [11]。同时有研究指出,HKTx与HTx相比,T细胞介导的排斥反应发生率降低,尤其是在同一供体提供心脏和肾脏的情况下。导致排斥反应的减少及减轻的机制仍不明确,推测与双实体器官移植诱导患者产生“免疫麻痹”有关 [12] [13] [14]。多个单中心研究还显示:相比于HTx,HKTx患者的移植心脏,在术后5年至10年发生急性心脏排斥反应概率降低,并且HKTx患者的心脏同种异体移植血管病变(CAV)发生率明显低于HTx患者 [15] - [20],因此HKTx患者移植心脏的存活率高于HTx患者。
尽管如此,HKTx仍存有一些争议。首先是来源于伦理上的问题,有研究指出,与KTx相比,HKTx患者术后1年移植物存活率的比例偏低(84.5%与89.8%,P < 0.001) [21]。在供体器官紧张的大背景下,将心肾移植到同一受体上这无疑会导致较低的生存获益。其次有部分争议来源于KTx的时机。目前一般采用完成HTx后止血关胸缝合完成后进行KTx [22],但目前有研究表明,行HTx后6至12个月行KTx可有效改善高风险患者(长期血流动力学不稳如既往开胸心脏手术史、术前机械循环辅助等)预后 [23] [24],但受制于供体资源紧张,相关研究例数较少,报告来源单一,限制了结果的准确性及普遍性,所以进行KTx的时机仍存在争议。其他如适应症、围术期的管理等尚无统一共识,本文讨论相关观点亦须进一步证实。
4. 结论
对于终末期心肾功能不全的患者,HKTx是一种行之有效的治疗办法,但HKTx目前存在一些争议问题,需要进行进一步研究明确,以便更好地利用稀缺供体资源,服务患者。
文章引用
傅天瑞,杨苏民,刘宣蔚,杨宝童,韩娜伟. 心肾联合移植手术1例并文献复习
A Case of Combined Heart and Kidney Trans-plantation and Review of the Literature[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(11): 10260-10264. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12111480
参考文献
- 1. Karamlou, T., Welke, K.F., et al. (2014) Combined Heart-Kidney Transplant Improves Post-Transplant Survival Com-pared with Isolated Heart Transplant in Recipients with Reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate: Analysis of 593 Combined Heart-Kidney Transplants from the United Network Organ Sharing Database. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovas-cular Surgery, 147, 456-461.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.09.017
- 2. Ahsan, S.A., et al. (2022) Com-bined Heart-Kidney Transplantation: Indications, Outcomes, and Controversies. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal, 18, 11-18. https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcvj.1139
- 3. Kobashigawa, J., et al. (2021) Consensus Confer-ence on Heart-Kidney Transplantation. American Journal of Transplantation, 21, 2459-2467. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.16512
- 4. Ariyamuthu, V.K., et al. (2018) Induction Regimen and Survival in Simulta-neous Heart-Kidney Transplant Recipients. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 37, 587-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2017.11.012
- 5. Tanriover, B., et al. (2016) Acute Rejection Rates and Graft Outcomes According to Induction Regimen among Recipients of Kidneys from Deceased Donors Treated with Tacroli-mus and Mycophenolate. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 11, 1650-1661. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.13171215
- 6. Tanriover, B., et al. (2015) Induction Therapies in Live Donor Kidney Transplantation on Tacrolimus and Mycophenolate with or without Steroid Maintenance. Clinical Journal of the Ameri-can Society of Nephrology, 10, 1041-1049. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.08710814
- 7. Gharibi, Z., et al. (2017) Cost-Effectiveness of Antibody-Based Induc-tion Therapy in Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation in the United States. Transplantation, 101, 1234-1241. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000001310
- 8. Charpentier, B., et al. (2003) A Three-Arm Study Comparing Immediate Tacrolimus Therapy with Antithymocyte Globulin Induction Therapy Followed by Tacrolimus or Cyclospor-ine A in Adult Renal Transplant Recipients. Transplantation, 75, 844-851. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.TP.0000056635.59888.EF
- 9. Mourad, G., et al. (2001) Induction versus Noninduc-tion in Renal Transplant Recipients with Tacrolimus-Based Immunosuppression. Transplantation, 72, 1050-1055. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200109270-00012
- 10. Mancini, D. and Lietz, K. (2010) Selection of Cardiac Transplantation Candidates in 2010. Circulation, 122, 173-183. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.858076
- 11. Lee, J.M., et al. (2013) Impact of Perioperative Renal Dysfunction in Heart Transplantation: Combined Heart and Kidney Transplantation Could Help to Reduce Postop-erative Mortality. Annals of Transplantation, 18, 533-549. https://doi.org/10.12659/AOT.889103
- 12. Trachiotis, G.D., et al. (2003) Ten-Year Follow-Up in Patients with Combined Heart and Kidney Transplantation. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 126, 2065-2071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2003.07.009
- 13. Blanche, C., et al. (1994) Combined Heart and Kid-ney-Transplantation with Allografts from the Same Donor. Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 58, 1135-1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(94)90472-3
- 14. Kebschull, L., et al. (2013) Renal Graft Outcome in Combined Heart-Kidney Transplantation Compared to Kidney Transplantation Alone: A Single-Center, Matched-Control Study (Vol. 60, pg 57, 2012). Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon, 61, 374-374. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1343840
- 15. Raichlin, E., et al. (2011) Combined Heart and Kidney Transplanta-tion Provides an Excellent Survival and Decreases Risk of Cardiac Cellular Rejection and Coronary Allograft Vascu-lopathy. Transplantation Proceedings, 43, 1871-1876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.01.190
- 16. Narula, J., Bennett, L.E., et al. (1997) Outcomes in Recip-ients of Combined Heart-Kidney Transplantation—Multiorgan, Same-Donor Transplant Study of the International Socie-ty of Heart and Lung Transplantation United Network for Organ Sharing Scientific Registry. Transplantation, 63, 861-867. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199703270-00012
- 17. Hermsen, J.L., et al. (2007) Combined Heart-Kidney Transplantation: The University of Wisconsin Experience. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 26, 1119-1126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2007.08.011
- 18. Czer, L.S.C., et al. (2011) Survival and Allograft Rejection Rates after Combined Heart and Kidney Transplantation in Comparison with Heart Transplantation Alone. Transplantation Proceedings, 43, 3869-3876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.08.095
- 19. Pinderski, L.J., et al. (2005) Multi-Organ Transplantation: Is There a Protective Effect against Acute and Chronic Rejection? Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 24, 1828-1833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2005.03.015
- 20. Sato, T., et al. (2018) Combined Heart and Kidney Transplantation—Is There a Protective Effect against Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy Using Intravascular Ultrasound? Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 37, S411-S411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2018.01.1064
- 21. Beetz, O., et al. (2021) Simultaneous Heart-Kidney Transplan-tation Results in Respectable Long-Term Outcome but a High Rate of Early Kidney Graft Loss in High-Risk Recipi-ents—A European Single Center Analysis. BMC Nephrology, 22, Article No. 258. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-021-02430-x
- 22. 李斯林, 等. 心肾联合移植2例[J]. 中华器官移植杂志, 2022, 43(2): 102-105.
- 23. Roest, S., et al. (2020) Incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease after Heart Transplantation and Effect of Its Treatment on Survival. ESC Heart Failure, 7, 533-541. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12585
- 24. Jokinen, J.J., et al. (2010) Natural Course and Risk Factors for Impaired Renal Function during the First Year after Heart Transplanta-tion. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 29, 633-640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2010.01.004
NOTES
*第一作者。
#通讯作者Email: yangsumin5850@163.com