Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 03 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 49545 , 10 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.123293

内翻膝行全膝关节置换术对踝关节及后足力线的影响

来君豪1,张子安2,王英振2*

1青岛大学医学部,山东 青岛

2青岛大学附属医院关节外科,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2022年2月18日;录用日期:2022年3月11日;发布日期:2022年3月22日

摘要

目的:探讨内翻膝行全膝关节置换术后对踝关节及后足力线的影响。方法:回顾性选取自2020年8月至2021年1月青岛大学附属医院关节外科收治的81例行单侧全膝关节置换术的内翻型膝关节骨性关节炎患者,术前及术后均拍摄负重位的下肢全长X线片、后足长轴位X线片及踝关节侧位X线片。并记录所有患者术前及术后6个月踝关节是否疼痛。测量患者术前及术后的髋–膝–踝角、后足力线角度及胫骨跟骨角度。根据后足力线角度和踝关节症状分别进行分组分析。结果:81例患者术后6个月HKA角明显改善,由12.48˚ ± 4.72˚调整至3.34˚ ± 1.50˚,后足力线角度从5.31˚ ± 5.89调整到4.41˚ ± 4.33˚,胫骨跟骨角度从66.99˚ ± 6.99˚调整到65.64˚ ± 5.49˚,差异均具有明显统计学意义(P < 0.001)。分组:后足外翻组和后足内翻组患者术前年龄、BMI、HKA角度、后足力线角度及胫骨跟骨角度比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。踝关节发病率在TKA术前为11.1%,在TKA术后为13.6%,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。踝关节有症状组和踝关节无症状组术前年龄、BMI、HKA角度、胫骨跟骨角和后足力线角度无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。结论:膝内翻患者行TKA后其HKA角度、后足力线角度和胫骨跟骨角度都会得到相应改变,且均趋向于减小。踝关节疼痛的发病率术前术后无明显变化。因此,我们建议在对膝内翻OA准备TKA手术时,除了常规的膝关节的术前检查,还要对足及踝关节进行全面的术前评估;术后除了膝关节的功能恢复,还要加强踝关节的术后管理,必要时尽早对踝关节进行治疗或干预。

关键词

内翻膝,骨性关节炎,全膝关节置换术,踝关节,后足力线

Effect of Total Knee Arthroplasty on Ankle Joint and Posterior Foot Line after Varus Knee

Junhao Lai1, Zi’an Zhang2, Yingzhen Wang2*

1Department of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

2Department of Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: Feb. 18th, 2022; accepted: Mar. 11th, 2022; published: Mar. 22nd, 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the effect of total knee arthroplasty on ankle joint and foot line after varus knee. Methods: Retrospectively select 81 patients with inverted knee osteoarthritis who underwent unilateral total knee arthroplasty from August 2020 to January 2021 in the Department of Joint Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, and take full-length X-rays of the lower extremities, X-rays of the posterior foot length axis and lateral X-rays of the ankle joint before and after the operation. All patients were recorded for ankle pain before surgery and 6 months after surgery. Preoperative and postoperative hip-knee-ankle angle, posterior foot line angle and tibial calcaneal angle were measured. Group analysis was performed according to the Angle of rear foot line and ankle joint symptoms. Result: The HKA angle of 81 patients was significantly improved 6 months after operation, from 12.48˚ ± 4.72˚ to 3.34˚ ± 1.50˚, the angle of rear foot line was adjusted from 5.31˚ ± 5.89˚ to 4.41˚ ± 4.33˚, and the angle of tibial calcaneal bone was adjusted from 66.99˚ ± 6.99˚ to 65.64˚ ± 5.49˚. The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Grouping: There were no significant differences in preoperative age, BMI, HKA angle, posterior foot force line angle and tibial calcaneal angle between the varus group and the varus group (P > 0.05). The incidence of ankle joint was 11.1% before TKA and 13.6% after TKA, with no significant difference (P > 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in preoperative age, BMI, HKA angle, tibial calcaneal angle and posterior foot force line angle between symptomatic and asymptomatic ankle groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: After TKA, HKA angle, rear foot line Angle and tibial calcaneal angle of patients with genu varus were all changed, and tended to decrease. The incidence of ankle pain had no significant change before and after operation. Therefore, we recommend that in preparation for TKA surgery for knee varus OA, in addition to the routine preoperative examination of the knee joint, a comprehensive preoperative assessment of the foot and ankle joint should be carried out; in addition to the functional recovery of the knee joint, the postoperative management of the ankle joint should be strengthened, and the ankle joint should be treated or intervened as soon as possible if necessary.

Keywords:Varus Knee, Osteoarthritis, Total Knee Arthroplasty, Ankle Joint, Hindfoot Line

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

全膝关节置换术(Total knee arthroplasty, TKA)是一种治疗中晚期膝关节骨性关节炎(Osteoarthritis, OA)的有效手术方法 [1] [2]。大多数患者通过纠正下肢对齐不良可以恢复关节功能,减轻疼痛 [3] [4]。TKA手术通过准确安装假体 [5],实现下肢在轴位、矢状位、冠状位等三维平面上的正常对齐。然而,在临床情况下,一些患者抱怨术后出现踝关节疼痛,或者原有的踝关节疼痛在TKA术后加重了 [6] [7] [8] [9]。

经TKA治疗后的膝关节OA患者多有不同程度的膝关节畸形,也可能伴有后足畸形 [10] [11] [12]。先前的研究报道了膝关节OA患者膝关节内翻对齐与后足外翻对齐之间有关联 [11] [12]。由于距下关节可以弥补膝关节的轻度畸形 [12],所以TKA后的膝关节对齐改变会影响踝关节对齐。

近年来,TKA术后足或踝关节疼痛越来越受到全世界骨科专家的关注 [10] [13] [14] [15]。我们推测,除了TKA后下肢机械轴的改变外,患者的年龄、性别、体重指数(BMI)、膝内翻严重程度、后足力线角度等的存在也可能与术后足部和踝关节疼痛有关。

然而,TKA术后足部和踝关节疼痛的相关危险因素仍未明确。此外,对于TKA后足部和踝关节疼痛的预防,目前尚无共识。评估膝关节骨关节炎患者TKA后足部和踝关节疼痛的相关风险指标,有助于诊断、决策和疼痛控制。因此,本回顾性研究探讨81例膝关节内翻骨关节炎患者在行TKA术前术后足部或踝关节力线角度的变化情况,旨在为临床提供参考依据。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 一般资料

前瞻性选取自2020年8月至2021年1月青岛大学附属医院关节外科收治的81例行单侧人工全膝关节置换术的内翻型膝关节骨性关节炎患者,所有手术均由同一主刀医生完成。其中男性24例,女性57例;年龄50~77岁,平均年龄(66.83 ± 5.55)岁;体重指数为19.82~37.11 kg/m2,平均体重指数(27.49 ± 3.27) kg/m2。随访时间为手术后6个月。

2.2. 纳入与排除标准

纳入标准:① 符合骨关节炎诊疗指南(2018年版)膝关节OA的诊断标准 [16];② 影像学表现提示膝关节内翻性骨性关节炎;③ 患者因膝关节骨关节炎有症状;④ 行初次单侧人工膝关节置换患者;⑤ 病历资料齐全者。排除标准:① 有精神病病史,或治疗依从性差患者;② 有潜在感染风险患者,膝关节部位或远隔部位有感染风险患者;③ 影像学表现不清或患者术前、术后站立正位全长影像不清晰;④ 存在下肢外伤史或手术史致下肢关节外畸形患者;⑤ 诊断为类风湿性关节炎、痛风性关节炎等非OA患者。本研究经过青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会批准。

2.3. 方法

所以患者术前均拍摄负重位的下肢全长X线片、后足长轴位X线片及踝关节侧位X线片。术后6个月对所有患者进行门诊随访,进行负重位下的下肢全长X线片、后足长轴位X线片及踝关节侧位X线片拍摄。同时记录所有患者术前及术后6个月其踝关节是否疼痛。

2.4. 影像拍摄与数据收集

所有患者X线片均由我院放射科同一DR摄片机拍摄,由1名医师负责进行像片归档,由2名经过培训的不了解本研究目的的医师进行测量,每个样本由每个研究者用同一方法在X光片上间隔2周时间测量2次,计算2次测量的平均值,最后把两名研究者的2个平均值再取平均值,得到最终数值。测量的角度包括术前及术后的髋–膝–踝角(Hip knee ankle angle, HKA)、后足力线角度(Hindfoot alignment angle, HAA)、胫骨跟骨角度(Tibia-Calcaneus angle, TCA)。

2.5. 影像学评估

影像测量中所有内翻度数均记为负值,外翻记为正值。髋–膝–踝角度(HKA)定义为股骨机械轴与胫骨机械组之间的夹角。股骨机械轴为股骨头的中心到股骨髁间窝中心的连线,胫骨机械轴为胫骨髁间嵴中点到踝关节中心的连线。一般情况下认为胫骨机械组与胫骨解剖轴重合 [17]。见图1。后足力线角度(HAA)测量是在后足长轴位X线片上测量的。其中后足长轴位投照方式是:患者站立于拍摄台上,球管与水平面成45˚,投照中心位于后踝,踝关节背伸10˚。测量方法:确定胫骨长轴:连接胫骨干部相隔3 cm的两条平行地面的平行线中点。确定跟骨长轴:距跟骨最低处7 mm处做水平线,分为3:2,距跟骨最低处30 mm处做水平线:分为1:1,将两个分割点连接,即为跟骨轴线。测量胫骨轴线和跟骨轴线的夹角即为后足力线的角度。见图2。胫骨跟骨角(TCA):在踝关节负重位侧位X线片中做胫骨机械轴与跟骨体长轴夹角即为胫骨跟骨角。见图3

Figure 1. Hip knee ankle angle was measured by full-length radiograph of lower limbs in weight-bearing position

图1. 负重位下肢全长片测量髋–膝–踝角度

Figure 2. The angle of the force line of the rear foot was measured by the axial film of the length of the rear foot in the weight-bearing position

图2. 负重位后足长轴位片测量后足力线角度

Figure 3. The tibial calcaneal angle was measured by lateral radiograph of ankle joint in weight-bearing position

图3. 负重位踝关节侧位片测量胫骨跟骨角

2.6. 统计学方法

所有数据采用IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0统计软件进行统计学分析。对于定量资料如年龄、BMI、放射学参数等在符合正态分布时采用均数 ± 标准差(x ± s)表示;定性资料如性别、踝关节是否疼痛用率来表示。放射学参数等定量资料TKA术前与TKA术后的比较,在满足正态性的条件下采用t检验。P < 0.05认为差异具有统计学意义,P < 0.01认为差异具有明显统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 人口统计,研究人群的描述

81例患者中,女性57例,男性24例。受试者TKA时的平均年龄为66.83 ± 5.42岁(范围50~77岁)。平均BMI为27.49 ± 3.27 (范围19.82~37.11)。术前HKA、HAA和TCA分别为12.48˚ ± 4.72˚、5.31˚ ± 5.89˚和66.49˚ ± 6.99˚。术后6个月HKA明显改善,由12.48˚ ± 4.72˚调整至3.34˚ ± 1.50˚ (P < 0.001)。HAA从5.31˚ ± 5.89˚调整到4.41˚ ± 4.33˚ (P < 0.001)。TCA从66.99˚ ± 6.99˚调整到65.64˚ ± 5.49˚ (P < 0.001)。

3.2. 根据术前后足力线角度正负将81例患者分为两组,分别为后足外翻组(n = 66)和 后足内翻组(n = 15)

3.2.1. 后足外翻组和后足内翻组患者基线资料比较

两组间基线资料除后足力线角度外无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。见表1

Table 1. Comparison of general data between the two groups

表1. 两组患者一般资料比较

3.2.2. 两组患者手术前后HKA、HAA和TCA比较

后足外翻组患者手术后HKA、HAA、TCA均减小,差异具有明显统计学意义(P < 0.001)。后足内翻组患者术后HKA、HAA减小,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。然而后足内翻组患者术前术后TCA无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。见表2

Table 2. Comparison of Hip-knee-ankle angle, hindfoot alignment angle and tibial calcaneal angle (˚) between the two groups before and after operation

表2. 两组患者手术前后HKA、HAA和TCA (˚)比较

3.2.3. 后足外翻组和后足内翻组患者手术前后HKA角度、HAA和TCA变化的比较

手术前后后足外翻组和后足内翻组患者HKA和TCA变化无明显差异(P > 0.05);手术前后后足外翻组和后足内翻组患者HAA变化有统计学差异(P < 0.05)。见表3

Table 3. Comparison of changes of hip-knee-ankle angle, hindfoot alignment angle and tibial calcaneal angle (˚) before and after operation between posterior foot valgus group and posterior foot varus group

表3. 后足外翻组和后足内翻组患者手术前后HKA、HAA和TCA(˚)变化比较

3.3. 根据术前踝关节是否有症状,将81例患者分为两组,分别为踝关节有症状组(n = 9)和 踝关节无症状组(n = 72)

3.3.1. 一般比较

本研究81例患者中踝关节疼痛发病率在TKA术前为11.1% (n = 9),在TKA术后为13.6% (n = 11),可见踝关节有症状组和踝关节无症状组两组,TKA前后踝关节疼痛的发病率均无统计学差异(P = 0.418 > 0.05)。术前踝关节有症状组术后踝关节依旧有症状的占77.8% (n = 7),术后踝关节症状消失的占22.2% (n = 2);术前踝关节无症状组术后踝关节继发出现症状的占5.6% (n = 4),术后踝关节无症状的占94.4% (n = 68)。见表4。将术前踝关节无症状且术后踝关节无症状人数、术前踝关节无症状且术后踝关节有症状人数、术前踝关节有症状且术后踝关节无症状人数及术前踝关节有症状且术后踝关节有症状人数进行卡方检验,得出X2 = 35.556,P < 0.001,故得出结论:术前踝关节无症状人群术后踝关节继发出现症状的可能性较低,术前踝关节有症状的人群术后踝关节很可能继续疼痛。

3.3.2. 踝关节有症状组和踝关节无症状组基线资料比较

患者术前年龄、BMI、HKA⻆度、胫⻣跟⻣⻆和后足力线角度⽆统计学差异(P > 0.05)。见表5

Table 4. Cross table of preoperative ankle symptoms and postoperative ankle symptoms

表4. 术前踝关节有无症状与术后踝关节有无症状交叉表

Table 5. Comparison of general data between the two groups

表5. 两组患者一般资料比较

3.3.3. 踝关节有症状组和踝关节无症状组两组患者手术前后HKA、TCA和HAA比较

踝关节有症状组患者手术6个月后HKA减小,差异具有明显统计学意义(P < 0.001),术后6个月患者TCA和HAA变化差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);踝关节无症状组患者术后6个月HKA、TCA及HAA均减小,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001)。见表6

Table 6. Comparison of hip-knee-ankle angle, tibial calcaneal angle and hindfoot alignment angle (˚) between symptomatic ankle group and asymptomatic ankle group before and after operation

表6. 踝关节有症状组和踝关节无症状组患者手术前后HKA、TCA和HAA (˚)比较

3.3.4. 踝关节有症状组和踝关节无症状组患者手术前后HKA、HAA和TCA变化的比较

两组患者手术前后HKA平均纠正角度相近,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);两组患者手术前后HAA变化比较无明显变化,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);踝关节无症状组手术前后TCA改变大于踝关节有症状组,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.001)。见表7

Table 7. Comparison of Hip-knee-ankle angle, hindfoot alignment angle and tibial calcaneal angle (˚) between symptomatic ankle group and asymptomatic ankle group before and after operation

表7. 踝关节有症状组和踝关节无症状组患者手术前后HKA、后足力线角度和胫骨跟骨角度(˚)变化比较

4. 讨论

全膝关节置换术(TKA)是治疗重度膝关节骨性关节炎(KOA)最常见、最有效的外科治疗手段之一 [3]。尽管目前对于TKA的手术前后评估主要依据于其下肢力线,但是随着TKA术后许多患者会出现踝关节及后脚的疼痛,越来越多的研究证据都将术后的不良性疼痛指向TKA后的代偿性改变 [11]。

影像学拍摄对于评估內翻KOA患者具有决定性作用,因此拍摄高质量的X线片具有十分重大的意义。一项由Holme等 [18] [19] 人的研究表明,虽然CT与MRI在假体旋转定位中有显著优势,但由于TKA术前需要对冠状面下肢力线进行精准测量,术中需要在股骨远端和胫骨近端进行个体化截骨配合以及术后进行手术效果的及时估测,因此双下肢全长负重X光片(LLR)更具有实用价值,再综合辐射剂量以及价格因素,LLR几乎成为TKA术首选。此外对于后足力线的测量方式,文献中也有不同报道 [15] [20] [21],常用的有Méary位、Saltzman位及后足长轴位。有研究结果表示后足长轴位对于后足力线的判定准确度更佳 [15],因此本研究选用了后足长轴位进行拍摄测量。关于对胫骨跟骨角度的测量,我们采用在负重位踝关节侧位X线片中测量胫骨机械轴与跟骨体长轴夹角。

本研究最重要的发现是,TKA术后HKA角度校正后,后足力线角度也得以调整,这是由于后足存在的剩余代偿能力。对于全膝关节置换术后合适的后足对齐方式,目前还没有共识。由于HKA角代表了从股骨头中心到踝关节中心的机械对齐,TKA后预期会调整为中性。而下肢从骨盆到地面包括后足的负重轴也决定了临床症状的改善和植入物的长期生存。由于后足的剩余代偿能力,预期后足对齐可调整到0˚,从而实现整个下肢的中立机械对齐。

Norton等人 [12] 报道当HKA角变为内翻时,后足随之向外翻偏移。Hara等 [22] 将100例膝关节内翻性骨性关节炎患者术前根据后足对齐畸形(内翻或外翻)分为两组。他们发现,TKA后后足外翻组的后足排列明显改善。目前的研究也显示了类似的结果。首先,本研究结果显示术后6个月HKA角明显改善,由12.48˚ ± 4.72˚改善至3.34˚ ± 1.50˚ (P < 0.001)。后足力线角度从5.31˚ ± 5.89˚调整到4.41˚ ± 4.33˚ (P < 0.001)。这一发现非常重要,因为后足对齐不包括在传统的下肢机械轴内。即使手术可以达到满意的机械轴的中性排列,后足的畸形也会对从骨盆到地面的整体负重轴产生负面影响,导致继发的临床症状,从而影响假体的长期生存 [12] [20]。其次,本研究根据测量的后足力线角度将81例患者分为两组分别为后足内翻组和后足外翻组分别进行统计学分析,得出后足内、外翻组患者手术6个月后HKA及后足力线角度均明显减小,差异均具有统计学意义(P < 0.001)。后足外翻组患者术后胫骨跟骨角度发生明显变化(P < 0.001),而后足内翻组的无明显变化(P > 0.05)。两组患者术后HKA和胫骨跟骨角度变化相近(P > 0.05),而两组患者的后足力线角度变化有差异(P < 0.001)。

此外我们发现膝骨关节病的患者TKA前后踝关节发病率无明显变化(P > 0.05),且踝关节是否疼痛与HKA角度、胫骨跟骨角度、后足力线角度无明确联系(P > 0.05)。我们将术前踝关节无症状且术后踝关节无症状人数、术前踝关节无症状且术后踝关节有症状人数、术前踝关节有症状且术后踝关节无症状人数及术前踝关节有症状且术后踝关节有症状人数进行卡方检验,得出X2 = 35.556,P < 0.001,从中可以看出:术前踝关节无症状人群术后踝关节继发出现症状的可能性较低,术前踝关节有症状的人群术后踝关节很可能继续疼痛。这提醒我们TKA术前检查时不仅要关注传统的HKA角度,而且要关注其后足及踝关节情况,因为术前后足力线角度或者术前有踝关节症状的,术后出现踝关节疼痛的可能性更大,更可能需要相应的术后管理。

虽然本实验确实证实了假设实验,但其间确实存在一些不足:① 本研究在回顾性纳入临床数据资料时,必然存在回顾性偏倚;② 数据测量时虽然采取了3次测量取平均值的方法,但只能尽可能降低测量误差,无法根本避免;③ 内翻组较小,可能影响统计效能;以外翻畸形为主。然而,数据符合一般踝关节畸形的分布;④ 由于随访时间较短,有效性可能不足。但是根据文献报道 [23] [24],术后3周与术后1年的结果差异没有统计学意义,因此本研究6个月的随访可以得出可靠的结论。

5. 结论

尽管存在以上不足,但是我们仍然可以得到以下结论:膝内翻患者行TKA后其HKA角度、后足力线角度和胫骨跟骨角度都会得到相应改变,且均趋向于减小。踝关节疼痛的发病率术前术后无明显变化即:术前踝关节无症状人群术后踝关节继发出现症状的可能性较低,但是术前踝关节有症状的人群术后踝关节很可能继续疼痛。因此,我们建议在对膝内翻OA准备TKA手术时,除了常规的膝关节的术前检查,还要对足及踝关节进行全面的术前评估;术后除了膝关节的功能恢复,还要加强踝关节的术后管理,必要时尽早对踝关节进行治疗或干预。

文章引用

来君豪,张子安,王英振. 内翻膝行全膝关节置换术对踝关节及后足力线的影响
Effect of Total Knee Arthroplasty on AnkleJoint and Posterior Foot Line after VarusKnee[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(03): 2041-2050. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.123293

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  25. NOTES

    *通讯作者Email: 18661808238@163.com

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