Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 14  No. 01 ( 2024 ), Article ID: 79183 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2024.141081

CA19-9与非小细胞肺癌预后的相关性

热哈提·阿曼交尔1,刘春玲2*

1新疆医科大学附属肿瘤医院,新疆 乌鲁木齐

2新疆医科大学附属肿瘤医院肺内科二病区,新疆 乌鲁木齐

收稿日期:2023年12月12日;录用日期:2024年1月7日;发布日期:2024年1月15日

摘要

血清糖类抗原19-9 (简称CA19-9)是一种粘蛋白类糖蛋白肿瘤标志物,是细胞膜的一种糖脂,是迄今报道的对胰腺癌敏感性最高的标志物。后来发现CA19-9也存在于其他恶性肿瘤中,如非小细胞肺癌、乳腺癌和卵巢癌等。以往文献提示,CA19-9的表达水平在非小细胞肺癌不同的病理分型、临床分期、疗效及预后方面中可能存在差异。因此,就CA19-9在临床中对于癌症患者的诊治及预后方面的相关文献进行综述,重点阐释在非小细胞肺癌预后评估中的价值,为临床中针对CA19-9升高的非小细胞肺癌的个体化诊疗和全程管理提供参考。

关键词

非小细胞肺癌,糖类抗原19-9,诊疗,预后

Association of CA19-9 with Prognosis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Rehati·Amanjiaoer1, Chunling Liu2*

1Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang

2Second Ward of Pulmonary Internal Medicine Department, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang

Received: Dec. 12th, 2023; accepted: Jan. 7th, 2024; published: Jan. 15th, 2024

ABSTRACT

Serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9 for short) is a mucin-type carbohydrate protein tumor marker, which is a glycolipid on cell membrane. It is the most sensitive marker for pancreatic cancer reported so far. Later studies found that CA19-9 also exists in other malignancies, such as non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, etc. Previous literature suggests that the expression level of CA19-9 in non-small cell lung cancer may be different in terms of pathological classification, clinical staging, efficacy and prognosis. Therefore, a review of relevant literature on the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cancer patients with CA19-9 in clinical practice is conducted, with a focus on elucidating its value in evaluating the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer, providing reference for individualized diagnosis, treatment, and overall management of non-small cell lung cancer with elevated CA19-9 in clinical practice.

Keywords:Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9, Diagnosis and Treatment, Prognosis

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

肺癌是人类最常见的恶性肿瘤,且发病率、病死率逐年上升,是恶性肿瘤相关性死亡最常见的原因。肺癌分为小细胞肺癌(SCLC)和非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC),其中NSCLC患者占比可达90% [1] [2] [3] 。60%~80%的NSCLC患者就诊时已失去手术机会,5年相对生存率只有6% [4] 。针对局部晚期或晚期NSCLC,化疗、放疗、靶向治疗、免疫治疗等是其最主要的治疗途径 [5] 。因此,根据不同肿瘤生物标志物,筛选对靶向治疗、免疫治疗、化疗等敏感人群,将NSCLC人群进行细分,在改善NSCLC预后有重要意义 [6] [7] 。

糖类抗原19-9 (carbohydrate antigen 19-9)是目前胰腺癌最常用的金标准生物标志物 [8] ,也是消化系统癌症诊断中最常用的血清肿瘤标志物。1979年,Koprowski等第一次将它与一种单克隆抗体(116-NS-19-9)反应,该抗体是由接种了人结直肠癌细胞系SW1116 [9] 的小鼠脾脏获得的杂交瘤合成的。有研究 [10] [11] 发现血清CA19-9对非小细胞肺癌的诊断具有较高的临床应用价值。Nagami H [12] 等研究证实:肺癌患者尤其是肺腺癌患者CA19-9水平升高明显,低分化的肺癌细胞株可能产生这种肿瘤标志物。血清CA19-9水平不仅在胰腺癌和其他癌症患者中升高,而且在非癌症疾病中升高或降低 [13] 。

综上,具有简便、创伤性轻等特点的血清CA19-9,在临床中是否可以成为非小细胞肺癌的诊断、评估、随访的重要标志物?在我们的临床实践中,观察到一些CA19-9水平升高的肺癌患者有早期转移、对化疗的抵抗、已知驱动基因突变率低和预后不佳的倾向。探讨CA19-9与非小细胞肺癌之间的关系,以及CA19-9在肺癌中表达的生物学作用及预后价值,将丰富临床医生对NSCLC的认识,从而为NSCLC的个体化治疗提供依据,具有一定的临床应用价值。

2. CA19-9基本概况

CA19-9 (血清糖类抗原19-9,也称为癌症抗原19-9)是一种粘蛋白型的糖类蛋白,它含有一种五糖表位,被Koprowski等鉴定为一个含有唾液酰化的Lewis-a结构基序的聚糖 [9] 。CA19-9抗原主要在组织或细胞表面的糖脂中检测到,但在血清中,CA19-9抗原以粘蛋白形式存在,高度糖基化糖蛋白,分子量超过1000 kDa。3%~7%的人群具有Lewis阴性血型结构,不表达含CA19-9的粘蛋白决定因素 [14] 。这种粘液蛋白存在于胎儿的胃、肠和胰腺上皮组织中。成人组织,如肝脏、肺和胰腺,也可能含有少量这种粘液蛋白 [14] 。

CA19-9是诊断胰腺癌的特异性指标 [15] ,它是迄今为止报道的最敏感的胰腺癌标志物,在筛查胰腺癌、确定肿瘤复发和预后方面具有重要意义 [8] 。许多研究表明,CA19-9在胰腺和胆道恶性肿瘤中都会明显升高。然而,CA19-9在良性的胰腺和胆道疾病中也明显升高。

3. CA19-9作为一种生物标志物

3.1. CA19-9与胰腺癌

常用于诊断胰腺癌的肿瘤标志物的例子包括血清糖类抗原19-9 (CA19-9)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、葡萄糖抗原125 (CA125)等。CA19-9是用于诊断胰腺癌的最有价值的肿瘤标志物,用于分期、预后、可切除性、肿瘤复发和疗效评估及监测 [16] [17] [18] 。血清CA19-9 > 37 U/ml通常是首选的阳性指标,至少每14天应进行一次重复测试。CA19-9的测量值通常与疾病的临床过程有很好的相关性。在根治性手术(I期)后2至4周内,升高的CA19-9水平可能恢复正常;随着肿瘤复发和转移,CA19-9水平可能再次升高。然而,应该注意的是,大约3%至7%的胰腺癌患者是Lewis抗原血型结构阴性,不表达CA19-9,所以这些胰腺癌患者的CA19-9水平并不异常。此外,CA19-9可能是胆道感染(胆管炎)、炎症或胆道梗阻(无论何种原因)的假阳性,并不表明肿瘤或进展性病变。因此,最好在胆汁减压完成后,在胆红素水平正常的情况下进行术前CA19-9检测 [19] 。

3.2. 除胰腺癌以外CA19-9的升高

CA19-9对肿瘤类型没有特异性,因为它的升高可以见于许多恶性肿瘤。CA19-9水平在许多腺癌中也可能升高,特别是在晚期胃癌 [20] 。关于CA19-9升高诊断胆道癌能力的数据有限 [21] ,但CA19-9升高可以预测胆囊癌的可切除性 [22] 。Liu等 [22] 对292例患者的研究显示,术前CA19-9明显升高,可独立预测不可切除性,具有敏感性为76.3%、特异性为70.8%、阳性预测值为85.7%和阴性预测值为56.5%。

CA19-9不是一种肿瘤特异性抗原,因为它广泛存在于正常的腺上皮细胞中,具有分泌作用,而CA19-9几乎在人体器官和组织的每一个上皮细胞中都有表达。因此,在健康个体的血清中可检测到CA19-9 [23] 。Kim S [23] 等曾分析血清CA19-9升高者,良性疾病引起的CA19-9血清水平升高大致分为三组:第一组:非癌组织的炎症或增生,如胰腺和胆道炎症、胰腺、卵巢和支气管囊肿、支气管扩张、肺纤维化、子宫内膜异位症;第二组:排泄通道阻塞,如胆结石、十二指肠乳头炎引起的胆道狭窄、尿路梗阻;第三组:代谢紊乱,如慢性肝炎、糖尿病。

4. CA19-9与肺癌

4.1. CA19-9在肺癌中的表达

肺癌不像肝癌或前列腺癌有特异性的肿瘤标志物甲胎蛋白(AFP)或前列腺特异抗原(PSA) [24] [25] 。肺癌缺乏特异性的标志物,在非小细胞肺癌中,到目前为止,还没有发现任何标志物是完全令人满意的。多组报告肺癌患者血清CA19-9水平升高,在一项研究中 [26] [27] 发现血清CA19-9对肺癌的诊断有很高的临床价值。NSCLC组CEA和CA19-9水平明显高于健康对照组,但与良性肺部疾病组相比无统计学差异 [28] 。肺泡灌洗液中CA72-4、CA19-9水平分别诊断肺鳞癌的价值较好 [29] 。CA19-9在NSCLC患者,尤其是肺腺癌患者中升高明显 [30] 。

4.2. CA19-9与肺癌其他肿抗指标之间的关系

通常推荐以下肿瘤标志物用于肺癌患者的诊断和治疗:神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、细胞角蛋白19片段(CYFRA21-1)、促胃蛋白释放肽(Pro GRP)、碳水化合物抗原125 (CA125)、血清糖类抗原19-9 (CA19-9)和鳞状上皮细胞癌抗原(SCCA)等 [31] [32] 。

肿瘤标志物的联合研究在肺癌的鉴别诊断、病理分期、临床分期、疗效监测和预后方面有很大的临床价值。单个标记物的敏感性和特异性有限,肿瘤标记物的组合可以提高诊断的准确性 [33] [34] [35] 。到目前为止,Pro GRP、CEA、CYFRA21-1、SCCA和NSE这五种标志物在肺癌中的研究相对较好,并在临床实践中被广泛使用。可以使用这些标记物的任何组合,最常见的是CEA + NSE + CYFRA21-1 [36] [37] 。血清CA19-9、CYFR21-1、CEA和NSE的结合可以提高肺癌的诊断敏感性,以及帮助选择进一步的治疗方案和评估手术后的疗效具有重要的临床意义。

4.3. CA19-9在肺癌诊断及预后方面的临床意义

Wang [38] 等人发现:CA19-9在肺癌的诊断中是一个重要的肿瘤标记物,敏感性为43.76%,特异性为78.34%,且肺癌组的血清CA19-9水平显著高于肺部良性疾病组及健康对照组。Bilgin等 [39] 研究证实CA19-9在肺癌的检测中其灵敏度为43.76%,特异度为78.34%。因此,CA19-9在肺癌的早期诊断中也是一个重要的标志物。

据报道,肺癌越是晚期,血清CA19-9水平增加得越多 [40] 。Niklinski等 [41] 研究了70名NSCLC患者,报告了所有患者中44.2%和56.5%的腺癌患者CA19-9水平升高。他们还研究表明,血清CA19-9升高与疾病的病理阶段相关:I、II和III期分别为30%、67%和80%。术前血清CA19-9升高预测诊断为肺鳞状细胞癌的患者RFS更差(HR = 1.833, 95% CI: 1.216~2.762, P = 0.004) [42] 。肺腺癌中血清CA19-9的阳性率相对较高,并可能随着分期的进展而增加 [43] [44] 。因此,CA19-9的阳性率随着肿瘤的分期和分级而逐渐增加,在有淋巴结浸润或远处器官转移的病人中很高。

CEA和CA19-9的增加提供了对肺内和远处转移的准确预测,受试者特征曲线下面积(AUC)均为0.69 (P < 0.001) [45] ,该指标的增加可能表明患者的预后不佳 [46] 。在一项研究中,CA19-9 > 1200 U/ml的肺腺癌患者的最大生存期为2个月。晚期NSCLC患者的疗效和预后可以通过动态测量血清CA19-9来实现。化疗3d后非小细胞肺癌患者血清CA19-9较化疗前降低幅度与最终疗效有关 [47] 。术前血清CA19-9水平较高也提示预后较差。高血清CA19-9水平是根治性切除和化疗后的不良预后因素 [48] 。综上所述,血清CA19-9是评估疾病进展、手术疗效、预后和诊断复发的一个重要标志物。

5. 总结

近年来,医学发展迎来了精准医疗的时代,肺癌的个性化治疗,尤其是NSCLC正在迅速发展。对肿瘤标志物、组织病理学和遗传条件的早期检测可以指导临床治疗,使患者能够接受早期和准确的治疗,延长生存期。因此,检测临床特征如肿瘤标志物、组织病理学和基因图谱非常重要,这对精准医疗也发挥了至关重要的作用。

综上,在临床中CA19-9或许可以像其在消化道肿瘤中一样成为肺癌的诊断、评估、随访的重要标志物。血清CA19-9肿瘤标志物在肺癌诊断中具有准确、简便、创伤小的优点,但其对化疗疗效的预后价值却不甚明了,是近年来研究的热点和难点领域。探讨CA19-9与非小细胞肺癌之间的关系,以及CA19-9在肺癌中表达的生物学作用及预后价值,将丰富临床医生对NSCLC的认识,从而为NSCLC的个体化治疗提供依据,具有一定的临床应用价值。

文章引用

热哈提·阿曼交尔,刘春玲. CA19-9与非小细胞肺癌预后的相关性
Association of CA19-9 with Prognosis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(01): 585-590. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141081

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  49. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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