Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 02 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 61315 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.132244

肿瘤与男性不育症的相关性研究进展

张琨,陈鑫,赵玉浩,欧阳逍波,刘金星,刘利杰,张祥生*

河南大学人民医院(河南省人民医院)男科与能量医学科,河南 郑州

收稿日期:2023年1月9日;录用日期:2023年2月7日;发布日期:2023年2月14日

摘要

生育能力与肿瘤在过去总与女性联系密切,但最近的研究表明生育功能差的男性各种恶性肿瘤的风险较高,主要是泌尿生殖系统恶性肿瘤。生育功能和恶性肿瘤之间的联系是多因素的,但确切的机制解释仍不完全清楚,且有越来越多的数据支持使男性不育和恶性肿瘤的特定机制可能包括癌症的自身免疫、内分泌和压力的影响,以及组织发育不全、DNA修复错配和基因有关。随着年轻肿瘤患者生存率的提高,对生育力的保护变得更为重要,但肿瘤的产生及进展都可能导致男性生育功能不可逆的损伤,甚至不育,因此本文就肿瘤与男性生育功能的相关性进行综述,以提供理论依据。

关键词

肿瘤,精液质量,生育能力,男性不育,精液

Research Progress on the Correlation between Tumors and Male Reproductive Function

Kun Zhang, Xin Chen, Yuhao Zhao, Xiaobo Ouyang, Jinxing Liu, Lijie Liu, Xiangsheng Zhang*

Department of Andrology and Energy Medicine, Henan University People’s Hospital (Henan Provincial People’s Hospital), Zhengzhou Henan

Received: Jan. 9th, 2023; accepted: Feb. 7th, 2023; published: Feb. 14th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Fertility and tumors have always been closely associated with women in the past, but recent studies have shown that men with poor fertility are at higher risk of various malignancies, mainly genitourinary malignancies. The link between fertility and malignancy is multifactorial, but the exact mechanistic explanation is still not fully understood, and there is growing data to support specific mechanisms that contribute to male infertility and malignancy, which may include the effects of autoimmune, endocrine, and stress in cancer, as well as tissue hypoplasia, DNA repair mismatches, and gene involvement. With the improvement of the survival rate of young tumor patients, the protection of fertility becomes more important, but the emergence and progression of tumors may lead to irreversible damage to male fertility and even infertility, so this paper reviews the correlation between tumors and male fertility function to provide theoretical basis.

Keywords:Tumor, Semen Quality, Fertility, Male Infertility, Semen

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

近年来年轻男性癌症的发病率越来越高,仅在美国,每年就有7万多名年龄在15岁至39岁之间的青少年和青年患者被诊断癌症,其中15岁以下儿童的癌症发病率大约为每年1万例 [1] ,在一项820癌症患者的研究中显示,一半患癌的男性未来想要孩子,但其中超过四分之三的男性在被诊断出癌症时还没有孩子 [2] 。因此评估和保护肿瘤患者的生育能力变得越来越重要。男性生育功能的评估主要基于精液分析,包括精子数量、活力和精子形态运动功能以及畸形率。而肿瘤和精液质量之间的研究较少,鉴于肿瘤疾病的年轻化,及对于肿瘤对男性生育力的影响,本文对不同类型肿瘤与其生育力的相关性做一综述。

2. 睾丸癌与男性不育

睾丸癌和男性不育之间关系密切 [3] 。睾丸癌通常被认为是15~35岁的年轻男性中最常见的癌症,平均年龄为33岁,占男性所有恶性肿瘤的1% [4] 。不孕症和精液质量差的男性中,睾丸癌的发病率显著升高,罹患睾丸癌的风险比正常人高出60%,有研究表明睾丸癌患者的总精子浓度明显低于其他恶性肿瘤患者 [5] ,Ghasemi等对190名睾丸癌患者行精液常规分析,结果提示无精子症患者占比为10%,其中50%以上患者的精液浓度和形态都有不同程度出现异常 [6] 。另一项研究表明少精子症男性患睾丸癌的风险升高,活力、形态差或总运动计数排在百分位靠后的男性也被发现患睾丸癌的风险更高 [7] 。Raman [8] 等进行一项随访后发现精液分析异常的不育男性睾丸癌的发病率是正常人的20倍。Jayasena的研究显示男性不育症患者34%患有睾丸癌 [9] ,同样印度一项研究表明诊断癌症的男性在第一次行精液常规时发现运动较好的精子少,这表明生育能力严重受损,其中有睾丸癌的男性中比其他类型癌症更容易出现少精子症 [10] ,研究报告表明有一半的患者在睾丸切除术后出现精子浓度下降。甚至在手术前大约一半的睾丸癌患者精液质量较差 [11] 。

既往研究显示:睾丸肿瘤患者精子数量、活力明显降低,正常形态精子数量也有下降,但与睾丸癌的病理学分型及不同组织来源的联系较低 [7] ,睾丸癌与男性不育的机制可能与激素异常,包括FSH、β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素、甲胎蛋白、雌二醇和LH升高,抑制素B降低和睾酮有关;既往有隐睾病史;癌症引起的全身功能障碍(分解代谢率增加和营养不良等);DNA损伤以及基因诱导的男性生殖细胞成熟分化;其他包括血液–睾丸屏障的中断,抗精子抗体的形成,或肿瘤细胞的淋巴转移有关;生活方式因素和心理方面,贯穿在生殖细胞肿瘤容易破坏精液产生和功能的整个过程 [12] [13] 。

3. 前列腺癌与男性不育

男性不育与前列腺癌的研究较少。前列腺癌是男性第二大最常见的癌症,2012年全球确诊人数估计为110万,占所有癌症的15%,与有生育能力的男性相比,不育男性的PSA值更高,40岁以下的不育男性总血清PSA > 1 ng/ml [14] 。评估生育与前列腺癌之间关系的最早出版物之一是2010 年的一项研究,该研究评估了大量接受生育力测试的男性,结果表明罹患前列腺癌的风险并未增加,但高级别前列腺癌的发病率增加,不育男性诊断高级别的前列腺癌的概率是正常男性的2.6倍 [15] 。同时一项回顾性分析评估了22,562名接受精液分析的男性,但并未发现男性不育症与前列腺癌之间存在关联,但其中瑞典的一项病例对照研究报告称,有男性不育史的男性患前列腺癌的几率较低 [16] ,Jorgensen、Ruhayel [16] [17] 等研究同样表示不育男性患前列腺癌的风险低于生育男性,但相反美国索赔数据评估不育男性的研究表明,男性不育相关的前列腺癌风险升高,可能预测未来的前列腺癌发病。男性在40岁时诊断出不孕症可能会导致他在60岁时患前列腺癌的风险增加, [17] 在此项研究中,前列腺癌发生率是对照组的两倍 [18] 。在一项对35,500名不育男性的研究中Aljebari等 [19] 表示,通过辅助生殖(如胞浆内精子注射(ICSI)或体外受精(IVF))的不育男性与可生育对照组相比,前列腺癌的风险显著增加。

前列腺癌与男性不育的机制尚不完全明确,甚至不同研究对于前列腺癌与生育之间的相互影响不同研究的结果呈现出相反的结果,确定这两种疾病过程之间的因果关系仍然一个难点。前列腺癌与男性不育目前已经提出了几种机制,包括已知与不育有关的Y染色体的微缺失的同一染色体上的基因有关 [20] ,另外有证据支持雄激素在前列腺癌的发生中也有关联 [21] [22] ,其余的机制包括脱氧核糖错配修复缺陷和雄激素受体、前列腺体积及环境因素 [23] [24] 。由于性腺功能异常,前列腺在发育的关键阶段可能会收到异常信号,这也可能导致恶性肿瘤风险升高 [20] 。

4. 其他肿瘤对生育力的影响

过往一些研究提供了大量关于泌尿生殖系统肿瘤和生育相关的证据。然而,关于其他类型癌症的信息很少而且结果不完全一致,除生殖泌尿系统外还有其他的恶性肿瘤也会对男性生育能力造成影响,例如血液系统中的霍奇金淋巴瘤和非霍奇金淋巴瘤。有研究发现患有造血系统恶性肿瘤患者的射精量下降,无论是否存在生殖道梗阻,其中五分之一的病例都患有无精子症 [25] 。Keene等人的研究指出,霍奇金淋巴瘤的精子活力最低,仅为五分之一。关于精液参数和癌症类型的研究之间也存在不一致。在此研究中,非霍奇金淋巴瘤的无精子症发生率明显高于霍奇金淋巴瘤。霍奇金淋巴瘤患者的精子浓度和总精子数量明显低于其他恶性肿瘤患者,这种影响可能归因于发热,因为发热会损害精子发生。霍奇金淋巴瘤患者精液质量较低的其他原因可能是上皮细胞的直接损伤以及细胞因子如IL-1、IL-2和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α 对下丘脑垂体轴的影响 [26] [27] 。

关于恶性肿瘤对精液参数影响的证据是有时候是相互矛盾的。Pallotti等 [25] 发现非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者在治疗开始前精子水平正常,Williams等 [28] 研究表明患有各种癌症的男性在治疗前精液参数和正常人未见明显差异。另一项研究表示不同癌症类型之间的精子浓度和活力存在显著差异,而精液体积和精子活力和形态学没有显著差异 [29] 。相反,Hanson等发现,与精子参数正常男性相比,高浓度精子男性患黑色素瘤的风险是正常男性的两倍。另几项研究表明,无论癌症类型如何,大多数癌症患者的精子质量,都会降低 [30] [31] 。Casteren等 [32] 研究提示在不同恶性肿瘤患者中,几乎三分之一的精液样本异常,大多数男性癌症患者精液质量受损的风险增加,此研究还发现,与其他癌症类型的男性相比,除生殖系统肿瘤外血液系统癌症患者的显著降低,不同的精液参数都有不同程度降低,但生殖细胞肿瘤患者下降参数更大,主要是精子浓度及精子活力 [32] [33] [34] 。

癌症对精液参数有害影响的病理生理学尚不完全清楚。在生殖细胞癌中,有人提出损伤与肿瘤及其激素分泌(如干扰精子发生的β-hCG)的影响有关 [35] ,血液系统癌症症伴随着长时间的发烧,可能会影响精子发生 [27] 。另一方面患有癌症疾病可能会导致压力,也可能影响精子发生。除了泌尿生殖系统癌症之外,男性不育症与其他类型癌症之间的相关报道相对较少。很少有文献将男性不育症与多种癌症联系起来,不孕症与癌症之间的因果关系仍不确定,可能跟一部分男性基因组与生殖有关,因此遗传异常可能会导致不利的生殖健康以及未来的恶性肿瘤;胎儿暴露或环境因素(例如吸烟)也可能使男性易受生育力低下,并可能导致未来患肺癌和膀胱癌等各种恶性肿瘤的风险增加 [15] 。

5. 肿瘤与家庭成员不育的关系

男性不育不仅对自己的健康会产生影响,越来越多的数据表明,精液质量差的男性,一级亲属的恶性肿瘤发病率也较高。一项研究评估了大量接受精液质量评估的男性,该研究评估了包括不同系统恶性肿瘤的发病率。结果表明,与有生育能力的对照男性的一级亲属相比,接受精液分析进行不孕症评估的男性一级亲属患睾丸癌的风险增加52%。但二级亲属的风险似乎没有升高。同样另一项研究提示,精液质量差的亲属,家庭内儿童患癌症的风险增加了两倍,急性淋巴细胞白血病的风险增加了三倍,最常见的三种癌症类型是急性淋巴细胞白病、脑癌和霍奇金淋巴瘤。但目前很少有研究评估不育男性家庭成员患恶性肿瘤的风险,鉴于现有数据中不育男性的一级和二级亲属患各种恶性肿瘤的风险升高的趋势,这似乎是未来研究的一个领域 [36] 。

6. 总结

越来越多的证据支持男性不育与肿瘤之间的联系 [18] [37] [38] [39] 。不同类型的肿瘤也会损害精子参数,尽管大多数参数仍在WHO的正常范围内,但仍有不同程度下降。但目前仍缺乏不同分期的肿瘤和分级与生育力相关的数据,基于不同类型肿瘤组织学和病理学分型样本量难以收集使得不能对每种肿瘤类型分别进行深入比较。睾丸和血液系统恶性肿瘤导致精液参数异常的病例相当多,另外不育也会导致黑色素瘤,膀胱癌,甲状腺癌,霍奇金淋巴瘤,非霍奇金淋巴瘤和白血病的发病率升高,但人们对不育男性患其他类型癌症的风险知之甚少 [40] [41] 。男性不育症是复杂的、多因素的,40%~50%的男性因素不育病例被归类为特发性或无法解释的,恶性肿瘤患者中精液质量受损的病因尚不清楚,假设的机制包括癌症的自身免疫、内分泌和压力诱导的影响,以及睾丸癌男性的睾丸发育不全可能有关。另外有超过1500个基因与精子的生成有关,任何这些基因的缺陷也可能与生殖系统和其他器官系统癌症的发展有关。同样导致男性不育和癌症的遗传缺陷也可能解释了不育男性家庭成员患癌症风险升高的原因。DNA错配修复缺陷也代表了一种有前途的新研究途径,可能将男性不育和肿瘤发生的机制联系起来,虽然在老鼠身上有明确的证据,但需要更多的研究来解释人类的相关关联,此外,环境毒素及化学物质的暴漏也可能会增加男性不育和肿瘤的风险 [23] [24] 。不育和肿瘤都会影响到个体的健康,因此进一步研究男性生育功能与肿瘤的关系以更好地评估男性健康以及为保护生育能力做准备。

文章引用

张 琨,陈 鑫,赵玉浩,欧阳逍波,刘金星,刘利杰,张祥生. 肿瘤与男性不育症的相关性研究进展
Research Progress on the Correlation between Tumors and Male Reproductive Function[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(02): 1764-1769. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.132244

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  42. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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