Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 14  No. 02 ( 2024 ), Article ID: 80735 , 9 pages
10.12677/ACM.2024.142402

内地西藏籍大学生非酒精性脂肪性肝病现况 调查及危险因素分析

周娟1*,毋瑞朋2*,王宇鹤3,李莉4,杨伟5,牛春燕6,董鸿智7#

1西藏民族大学附属医院内科,陕西 咸阳

2西藏民族大学医学院,陕西 咸阳

3西藏民族大学附属医院检验科,陕西 咸阳

4西藏民族大学附属医院超声科,陕西 咸阳

5西藏民族大学附属医院急诊科,陕西 咸阳

6南京溧水区人民医院消化内科,江苏 南京

7西藏民族大学附属医院中医康复科,陕西 咸阳

收稿日期:2024年1月7日;录用日期:2024年2月1日;发布日期:2024年2月18日

摘要

目的:对内地西藏籍大学生的非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)现况进行调查并分析其危险因素,为高海拔地区青年人群NAFLD的进一步研究提供科学依据。方法:采用方便抽样,于2022年7月对参与调研的400名来内地求学的、西藏籍学生进行问卷调查、体格检查、腹部超声检查及血清学检查,运用SPSS 18.0软件对符合纳入标准的386名学生的相关数据进行分析总结。结果:1) 386名学生中,NAFLD 59例(15.3%),其中轻度脂肪肝51例(13.2%)、中度脂肪肝5例(1.2%),重度脂肪肝3例(0.8%),女性患病率(16.9%)高于男性(13.0%)。2) 在59名NAFLD学生中,体重正常7例(11.9%),有肥胖风险30例(50.8%),肥胖22例(37.3%)。3) NAFLD学生比非NAFLD学生的ALT [(20 ± 22.7) U/L vs (13.9 ± 22.7) U/L)]、腹围[(86.81 ± 9.29) cm vs (73.68 ± 6.79) cm]、腰臀比[(0.88 ± 0.05) vs (0.84 ± 0.06)]、BMI [(26.60 ± 3.78) kg/m2 vs (20.39 ± 2.56) kg/m2]、VAI [(1.98 ± 1.24) cm2/10cm vs (1.42 ± 0.75) cm2/10cm]均高于非NAFLD (P均<0.01)。4) 在对生活习惯分析时发现,男性中经常运动的人数(72%,占全部锻炼人数的52.7%)多于女性(46.2%,占全部锻炼人数的47.3%) (χ2 = 25.5, P = 0.000)、男性的每周锻炼的频次(3.03 ± 1.41)也多于(t = 2.9, P < 0.01)女性(2.48 ± 1.42);女性每天静坐的时间(4.31 ± 2.13)长于(t = −2.7, P < 0.01)男性(3.73 ± 1.96)。饮食方面:女性每周含糖饮料的摄入杯数(3.98 ± 2.67)多于(t = 6.46, P = 0.000)男性(2.26 ± 1.68);男性总体进食蔬菜的量小于女性(χ2 = 9.33, P = 0.025)。结论:1) 内地西藏籍大学生NAFLD的患病率处于国内较低、高校中较高水平;2) BMI、腹围、腰臀比和VAI的增大、ALT的升高可作为NAFLD的筛查指标;3) 久坐少动、运动量少、含糖饮料摄入多是本此次研究中女性患病率高于男性的主要危险因素。4) 非肥胖型NAFLD患病率接近肥胖型NAFLD的患病率,需引起重视。

关键词

内地西藏籍大学生,非酒精性脂肪性肝病,现况调查,危险因素

A Cross-Sectional Investigation for Prevalence and Risk Factors of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Tibetan College Students in Mainland

Juan Zhou1*, Ruipeng Wu2*, Yuhe Wang3, Li Li4, Wei Yang5, Chunyan Niu6, Hongzhi Dong7#

1Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang Shaanxi

2Medical College of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang Shaanxi

3Clinical Laboratory Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang Shaanxi

4Department of Ultrasonography, Affiliated Hospital of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang Shaanxi

5Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang Shaanxi

6Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Lishui People’s Hospital, Nanjing Jiangsu

7Rehabilitation Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang Shaanxi

Received: Jan. 7th, 2024; accepted: Feb. 1st, 2024; published: Feb. 18th, 2024

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate prevalence and risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in inland Tibetan college students, to provide a scientific basis for further research of NAFLD in the youth population at high altitude. Methods: Convenience sampling was used to choose students. Questionnaire survey, physical examination, abdominal ultrasound examination and serological examination were conducted to 400 Tibetan students who studying in mainland in 2022 July. 386 complyed with the inclusion criteria individuals’ data were summarized and analyzed by SPSS 18.0 Software. Results: 1) 59 students (13.2%) were diagnosed as NAFLD in total 386 subjects, including, 51 mild NAFLD (13.2%), 5 moderate NAFLD (1.2%) and 3 severe NAFLD (0.8%). The prevalence of female higher (16.9%) than that of male (13.0%). 2) Among the 59 NAFLD students, 7 (11.9%) were normal weight, 30 (50.8%) were overload and 22 (37.3%) were obese. 3) The ALT [(20 ± 22.7) U/L vs (13.9 ± 22.7) U/L)], circumference of abdomen [(86.81 ± 9.29) cm vs (73.68 ± 6.79) cm], waist-to-hipratio [(0.88 ± 0.05) vs (0.84 ± 0.06)], BMI [(26.60 ± 3.78) kg/m2 vs (20.39 ± 2.56) kg/m2], VAI [(1.98 ± 1.24) cm2/10cm vs(1.42 ± 0.75) cm2/10cm] of NAFLD students were higher than non-NAFLD (P < 0.01). 4) In the analysis of lifestyle habits, it was found that men exercised more (72%, 52.7% among the total number of exercise people) than women (46.2%, 47.3% among the total number of exercise people) (χ2 = 25.5, P = 0.000), the frequency of weekly exercise of men (3.03 ± 1.41) was more than (t = 2.9, P < 0.01) that of women (2.48 ± 1.42), the siting time per day of women (4.31 ± 2.13) is longer than (3.73 ± 1.96) that of men (t = −2.7, P < 0.01). We also found that, women consumed sugary drinks per day (3.98 ± 2.67) than (t = 6.46, P = 0.000) men (2.26 ± 1.68), and men consumed less vegetables than women (χ2 = 9.33, P = 0.025). Conclusions: 1) The prevalence of NAFLD among Tibetan college students in the mainland is relatively lower than national average but higher than other universities in the other regions. 2) Higher ALT, BMI, WC, waist-to-hip ratio and VAI can be used as screening indicators for NAFLD. 3) Sedentary time, lack of aerobic exercise, insufficient intake of vegetables, and regular weekly intake of sugary drinks are the material cause of the higher prevalence in women than in men. 4) The incidence of non-obese NAFLD is close to that of obese NAFLD, which should be paid attention to.

Keywords:The Tibetan College Students in Mainland, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Cross-Sectional Investigation, Risk Factors

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)是脂肪在肝内过度堆积所导致的一种疾病,NAFLD常伴有肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、2型糖尿病等代谢性疾病,而这些合并症患病率的增加导致了NAFLD和NASH患病率在全球、全国甚至儿童中的平行增加 [1] [2] [3] ,全球NAFLD相关的晚期肝病、死亡率以及总体疾病负担也大幅增加 [4] 。专家们认为,代谢(功能障碍)相关的脂肪肝疾病(metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, MAFLD)被认为是一个更合适的术语 [5] [6] [7] 。目前,NAFLD影响着全球超过25%的人群健康,而在糖尿病患者中的发病率已高达64.5%,也已经成为中国最常见的肝脏疾病 [8] [9] [10] [11] ,不予以干预将对健康、经济和社会产生巨大影响 [12] 。预计到2030年,中国的NAFLD总人口将增加3.1458亿例,是全球NAFLD患病率增长最大的国家 [4] 。

西藏自治区位于青藏高原西南部,平均海拔在4000 m以上,目前尚缺乏有关NAFLD尤其是青年人群中NAFLD患病的现况研究。为弥补此处空白,我们在2022年7月中旬于西藏民族大学附属医院对部分该校求学西藏籍学生行相关检查,以了解该群体的发病现况、探寻危险因素,以为西藏自治区NAFLD的进一步研究提供流行病学研究依据,现将结果报告如下。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 研究对象

2022年07月,采用方便抽样,对某大学医学院2019~2021级400名在内地求学的藏族学生进行体检,年龄16~23岁(20 ± 1.6岁)。纳入标准:① 符合NAFLD诊断标准(见1.2);② 体检资料齐全;③ 无慢性疾病,身体健康;④ 知情同意。排除标准:① 长期大量饮酒;② 慢性病毒性肝炎、脂肪代谢障碍、饥饿、药物性(如胺碘酮、糖皮质激素、抗逆转录病毒药物等)肝病、肝豆状核变性病史;③ 其他重大疾病;④ 资料不全或无法配合完成检查。排除2名慢性病毒性肝炎、12名资料不全的学生,最终纳入研究的有386人,其中男性161人(41.7%),年龄(20 ± 2.1)岁;女性225例(58.3%),年龄(20 ± 1.1)岁。

2.2. NAFLD的诊断

2.2.1. 纳入标准

NAFLD及肥胖的诊断标准NAFLD的诊断参照《非酒精性脂肪性肝病防治指南(2018更新版)》 [13] 。肥胖的分级参照国际肥胖工作组(International Obesity Task Force, IOTF)建议的亚洲人群肥胖标准 [14] 。

2.2.2. 影像学诊断标准

本研究选用腹部超声诊断脂肪肝,B型超声仍是目前临床应用广泛的工具,其根据肝前场回声增强、远场回声衰减以及肝内管道结构显示不清楚等特征诊断“脂肪肝” [13] ,检查由2名高年资主治医师完成。

2.3. 检测及检查指标

2.3.1. 实验室检测指标

谷丙转氨酶(ALT),谷草转氨酶(AST),甘油三酯(TC),总胆固醇(TG),高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C),尿酸(UA),空腹血糖(FBG)。

2.3.2. 人体学相关指标

体重,身高,腹围,臀围,腰臀比,体重指数(body mass index, BMI)。

2.3.3. 内脏脂肪指数(Visceral Adiposity Index, VAI)

计算公式:VAI (男) = WC (cm)/(39.68 + 1.88 × BMI) × TG/1.03 × 1.31/HDL-C,VAI (女) = WC (cm)/(36.58 + 1.89 × BMI) × TG/0.81 × 1.52/HDL-C (WC:腰围;BMI:体质指数;HDL-C:高密度脂蛋白) [15] 。

2.4. 脂肪肝调查问卷表

包括一般情况(年龄、性别、婚姻状况、专业)、籍贯、病史(慢性病史如高血压、糖尿病、高尿酸血症等;药物服用史及家族史)、个人喜好(吸烟、饮酒)、饮食习惯、运动史、久坐情况六大方面。

2.5. 统计学处理

采用采用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计分析,计量资料符合正态分布以 x ¯ ± s 表示,计数资料以百分率表示,率计算、两组率的比较采用卡方检验。正态分布的计量资料比较采用t检验,非正态分布的计量资料采用非参数检验,P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 超声检查结果

386名受检者中,共检出脂肪肝59例(15.3%),其中男性21例(占男性总数的13%),女性38例(占女性总数的16.9%),根据诊断标准,均诊断为NAFLD。在患病人群中,轻度脂肪肝者51例(86.4%,占总人数13.2%),中度脂肪肝者5例(8.5%,占总人数1.2%),重度脂肪肝者3例(5.1%,占总人数0.8%)。

3.2. 人体学指标

NAFLD学生的BMI (24.60 ± 3.7) kg/m2高于(t = −10.7, P = 0.000)非NAFLD学生的BMI (20.39 ± 2.56) kg/m2;NAFLD学生的腹围(86.81 ± 9.29)大于(t = −12.8, P = 0.000)非NAFLD学生的腹围(73.68 ± 6.79) cm;NAFLD学生的臀围(98.56 ± 7.82) cm 大于(t = −12.0, P = 0.000)非NAFLD学生的臀围(87.86 ± 5.96) cm;NAFLD学生的腰臀比(0.88 ± 0.05)大于(t = 5.12, P = 0.000)非NAFLD学生的腰臀比(0.84 ± 0.06) (见表1)。在59名NAFLD学生中,在59名NAFLD学生中,体重正常7例(11.9%),有肥胖风险30例(50.8%),肥胖22例(37.3%),其中I度肥胖20例(33.8%),II度肥胖2例(3.3%) (见表1)。

3.3. 实验室检查结果

NAFLD学生的ALT [(20.1 ± 22.7) U/L]较非NAFLD学生[(13.9 ± 12.8 U/L)]高(t = 2.94, P = 0.004),在NAFLD中ALT > 40 U/L的11例(18.6%) (见表1)。2.4内脏脂肪指数(visceral adiposity index, VAI) NAFLD学生的VAI (1.98 ± 1.24 cm2/10cm)高于(t = 4.66, P = 0.000)非NAFLD (1.42 ± 0.75cm2/10cm)组(见表1)。

Table 1. Comparison of related indicators between NAFLD students and non-NAFLD students

表1. NAFLD学生与非NAFLD学生相关指标对比

3.4. 问卷调查

1) 386名学生中,饮食习惯:喜食甜食72例(18.7%)、喜食荤食64例(16.6%)、喜食咸食12例(3.1%)、喜食素食58例(15%)、喜高蛋白饮食者9例(2.3%),喜食面食者181例(44.3%);每周进食水果量:不吃或很少吃者89例(23.1%),进食量 < 0.5斤者168例(43.5%),进食量0.5斤~1.0斤者99例(25.6%),进食量1.0斤~2.0斤者30例(7.8%);每周不吃或很少吃肥肉者231例(59.8%),半斤以下127例(32.9%),半斤到2斤28例(7.3%);每日摄入蔬菜量 < 0.2斤者62例(16%)、0.2斤~0.5斤者205例(53.1%)、0.5~1斤者97例(25.1%)、1斤以上者22例(5.6/5);每周进食海鲜量:不吃或很少吃者334例(86.5%)、0.5斤以下者40例(10.4%)、进食量0.5斤~1.0斤者12例(3.1%);进食量 > 1.0斤者2例(2.4%);学生平均每天静坐时常为4.07 ± 2.08小时,每天静坐时间最长时间 ≥ 3小时者97例(25.2%),每周频次(2.53 ± 2.02)次/周;运动:不经常锻炼的学生166例(占总人数43%)、经常锻炼的学生220例(占总人数57%),其中每周锻炼时间 < 180分钟者133例(60.5%,占总人数34.5%),锻炼时间>180分钟者87例(39.5%,占总人数22.5%);无习惯性摄入含糖饮料者16例(4.1%),每周习惯性摄入含糖饮料者370名(95.9%)且平均每周含糖饮料饮用摄入杯数为(3.157 ± 2.25),上述结果在NAFLD学生与NAFLD学生中均无明显统计学差异(P均>0.05)。

2) 在对男女同学生活习惯的分析中发现,男性中经常运动的人数(72%,占全部锻炼人数的52.7%)多于女性(46.2%,占全部锻炼人数的473.%) (χ2 = 25.5, P = 0.000)、男性的每周锻炼的频次(3.03 ± 1.41)也多于(t = 2.9, P < 0.01)女性(2.48 ± 1.42);女性每天静坐的时间(4.31 ± 2.13)长于(t = −2.7, P < 0.01)男性(3.73 ± 1.96)。饮食方面:女性每周含糖饮料的摄入杯数(3.98 ± 2.67)多于(t = 6.46, P = 0.000)男性(2.26 ± 1.68);男性总体进食蔬菜的量小于女性(χ2 = 9.33, P = 0.025),以上均具有统计学意义(见表2)。

4. 讨论

随着全球人口老龄化,近几十年来NAFLD的发病率激增。NAFLD是一种多因素疾病,病程从单纯性脂肪肝、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH) 到肝硬化和肝细胞癌(Hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC) [16] [17] 。西藏自治区具有海拔高、氧气稀薄、空气干燥、温度低等特点,在高海拔地区成长的高校学生NAFLD患病率可能与其他地区不同,但是此类研究尚缺乏。某大学是西藏自治区在内地的唯一一所高等学校,在此学校求学的、来自于西藏的藏族学生多,在内地西藏籍学生群中具有代表性。本研究采用方便采样的方法,选择400名学生参与调研,在最终纳入的386名同学中,NAFLD的发病率为15.3%,低于全国年轻人患病率总体水平(28.7%) [4] ,但是高于其他地区大学生NAFLD患病率 [18] [19] [20] ,这一结果与祁生贵等 [21] 的对青海地区成人NAFLD调查结果中的“高海拔地区NAFLD的患病率高于低海拔地区、藏族人群患病率高于其他民族患病率”结果类似,考虑可能与慢性缺氧、进食肉类多、时长饮用甜茶、饮食中蔬菜及水果摄入量不足有关。在上述因素中,研究显示,慢性缺氧会诱导脂肪代谢障碍引起NAFLD [22] ,在高海拔地区生活时间的长短、高海拔地区的饮食结构、高海拔地区人群NAFLD基因易感性等在NAFLD中的作用目前尚缺乏资料说明,需进一步研究证实。

Table 2. Comparison of factors related to living habits of male and female students

表2. 男同学、女同学生活习惯相关因素对比表

研究显示,在更年期之前女性NAFLD的患病率低于男性 [23] ,我们的研究中女性患病率(16.9%)稍高于男性(13.0%),但差异较小,这可能与我们样本量少有关。在对他们的生活及饮食习惯调查发现,女性活动量较男性少,但久坐时间、甜食及含糖饮料的摄入的频率或量均高于男性,说明运动量少、久坐、含糖食物摄入是女同学患病率高于男同学的主要原因。研究表明,久坐不动的生活方式是导致NAFLD的重要原因 [24] ,其机理是导致肝脏代谢能力过剩,进一步造成肝脏脂质积累、慢性坏死性炎症、线粒体/内质网应激增强,继而导致NAFLD的发生,严重时发生NASH [25] ,这也是生活方式干预作为NAFLD治疗基石的重要原因 [26] [27] 。含糖饮食的摄入是近年来发现的导致NAFLD的原因之一,我们的结果与这些研究结果一致 [13] [20] [28] 。值得注意的是,在我们的调查中,有95.6%的同学每周均有摄入含糖饮料的习惯,研究发现,饮食中的果糖、蔗糖或高果糖玉米糖浆易诱发炎症、诱发脂肪肝,随着暴露时间的延长疾病变会进一步进展,且果糖的给予也会导致其他代谢综合征包括高血压、血清甘油三酯和胰岛素抵抗 [28] [29] [30] 。这意味着,我们需要提早干预,对学生进行相关知识普及迫在眉睫。

本研究的所有NAFLD学生中,有11.9%的学生体重正常、其余学生超重或肥胖,这与既往研究结果相近 [31] 。虽然肥胖在NAFLD中起着最关键的作用,但大约10%~20%的非超重或肥胖的NAFLD患者为“瘦型NAFLD”。与肥胖型人NAFLD患者相比,瘦型NAFLD患者糖尿病、高血压、高甘油三酯血症、中枢性肥胖和代谢综合征的患病率较低,但晚期纤维化评分、心血管发病率和全因死亡率较高 [31] [32] ,这可能是我们在未来健康教育中需重点普及的。我们的研究还观察到,NAFLD学生的ALT较非NAFLD学生的高,但需要注意的是,在所有学生中,转氨酶升高者人数并不多,所以不能单独以ALT升高作为排除NAFLD的标准。我们的结果还显示NAFLD学生的腹围、腰臀比、BMI、VAI均大于非NAFLD,提示这些指标可作为预测NAFLD的因子,这与其他研究结果类似 [15] [33] [34] [35] 。然而,由于本次检出中度和重度NAFLD患者数极少、样本量少,我们无法证实上述指标对脂肪肝程度的预测作用。

本次研究以在内地求学的西藏藏族大学生为研究对象,发现藏族大学生NAFLD的患病率高于其他高校学生,应当引起医疗机构人员、学校老师及学生群体的广泛关注,应积极开展知识宣教、生活习惯及饮食习惯干预。然而,此次研究样本量较少、问卷内容宽泛,在饮食习惯方面未进行进一步细致化划分,未能更清晰地掌握学生的饮食结构,这也是我们团队在接下来研究过程中需进一步完善的内容。未来研究中,我们将进一步扩大样本量、进一步细化研究内容,通过基础研究、临床研究等多方面不断探索高海拔地区人群NAFLD发病的机制及危险因素,以为该病的进一步预防提供科研证据。

基金项目

1) 西藏自治区科技计划–厅校联合基金项目:XZ2019ZRG-30(Z);2) 西藏自治区自然科学基金项目: XZ202201ZR0055G。

利益冲突声明

本文不存在任何利益冲突。

文章引用

周 娟,毋瑞朋,王宇鹤,李 莉,杨 伟,牛春燕,董鸿智. 内地西藏籍大学生非酒精性脂肪性肝病现况调查及危险因素分析
A Cross-Sectional Investigation for Prevalence and Risk Factors of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Tibetan College Students in Mainland[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(02): 2843-2851. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142402

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  36. NOTES

    *共同第一作者。

    #通讯作者。

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