Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 01 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 48361 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.121087

基于肝动脉灌注化疗的肝细胞癌治疗进展

郭宇,刘作金

重庆医科大学附属第二医院肝胆外科,重庆

收稿日期:2021年12月24日;录用日期:2022年1月14日;发布日期:2022年1月26日

摘要

在亚洲,肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)发病率和死亡率居恶性肿瘤前列,很多患者发现肝癌时已是中晚期,失去手术机会。对于中晚期HCC,推荐的治疗方案包括肝动脉化疗栓塞(transarterial chemoembolization, TACE)、靶向药物治疗、免疫药物治疗等,而肝动脉灌注化疗(hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, HAIC)亦是晚期HCC治疗方案之一。另外,HAIC的药物选择多样,没有统一的标准方案,并且基于HAIC的联合治疗方法较多,将对此作一总结,以期为临床治疗提供指导与思路。

关键词

肝细胞癌,肝动脉灌注化疗,联合治疗

Progress in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy

Yu Guo, Zuojin Liu

Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing

Received: Dec. 24th, 2021; accepted: Jan. 14th, 2022; published: Jan. 26th, 2022

ABSTRACT

In Asia, the incidence and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) rank among the top of malignant tumors, and many patients lose the chance of surgery when their liver cancer is found at an advanced stage. For advanced HCC, the recommended treatment options include transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), targeted drug therapy and immunotherapy, etc. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) is also one of the treatment options for advanced HCC. In addition, HAIC has a variety of drug choices without a unified standard regimen, and there are many therapy methods based on HAIC. This paper will summarize these problems, in order to provide guidance and ideas for clinical treatment.

Keywords:Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy (HAIC), Combined Therapy

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

据报道,原发性肝癌是全球第六大最常见的癌症,也是全球第三大癌症死亡原因 [1],死亡率较前有所升高。在中国,肝癌发病率居恶性肿瘤第四位,死亡率居第三位 [2]。一般来说,原发性肝癌分为肝细胞癌、胆管细胞癌和其他少见类型,有相当一部分肝癌被诊断时已是中晚期,失去手术机会。大多数肝癌发生于晚期肝病患者,而慢性肝病包括由慢性乙型肝炎或丙型肝炎病毒感染、大量饮酒所致肝硬化以及黄曲霉素的暴露引起。此外,因为肝癌的易复发特性导致其长期预后也远不能让人满意 [3]。因此晚期肝癌治疗十分重要。在日本包括韩国等亚洲国家,HAIC在晚期肝癌应用中十分广泛,一些研究表明,HAIC与肝癌治疗的高应答率相关,但是整个研究的治疗反应并不一致,而且很少有证据表明HAIC对生存有好处 [4]。此外,HAIC的药物选择较多,包括5-FU、顺铂、阿霉素、表柔比星、奥沙利铂、丝裂霉素C、雷替曲塞等,目前尚无统一的最佳方案。近年来,分子靶向药物、免疫治疗以及其他治疗方式联合HAIC治疗肝癌正在进行研究当中,笔者将对HAIC的最新研究作一综述,旨在为临床治疗提供参考。

2. HAIC化疗方案

2.1. 单用顺铂

顺铂是第一个合成铂类抗癌药物 [5],它具有时间依赖性和浓度依赖性,是HAIC最常用药物之一,既往单独使用,也可联合其他药物使用。顺铂主要是通过在N-7位置与鸟嘌呤或腺嘌呤直接相互作用,与脱氧核糖核酸形成链内或链间共价键,致其断裂,从而发挥抗癌作用 [6]。Masaaki [7] 等进行了一项包含127例无肝外转移的HCC患者的回顾性研究,使用顺铂方案的HAIC组(n = 44)代替索拉非尼(n = 83)治疗对TACE无反应的患者,得出顺铂组中位总生存期(overall survival, OS)为11.2个月,索拉非尼组为10.2个月,HAIC治疗组的生存结果并不低于索拉非尼组,且因严重不良事件导致停药的病例更少(2.3% vs. 32.5%)。最近有顺铂细粉制剂被认为是新型抗癌药物,一项前瞻性多中心II期临床研究中,使用顺铂细粉和碘油混悬液治疗晚期肝癌患者得出,在第1个月和第3个月时,改良实体瘤疗效评价标准(modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, mRECIST)的初始和最佳缓解率分别为57%和23%,中位总生存期和无进展生存期分别为18个月和4个月,为中晚期肝癌患者提供了良好的治疗效果 [8]。

2.2. FOLFOX方案

近年来已有研究证明,系统性的FOLFOX方案(奥沙利铂 + 5-氟尿嘧啶 + 亚叶酸钙)全身化疗对晚期HCC有效且安全 [9]。李伟等 [10] 对诊断为晚期肝细胞癌、无法行外科手术的患者进行了一项临床疗效研究,接受FOLFOX方案的HAIC组(n = 20)的患者,客观有效率和疾病控制率均高于行FOLFOX方案的常规静脉化疗组(n = 20)的患者(72% vs. 69%;60% vs. 53%),实验组临床疗效显著提升(P < 0.05)。HAIC组和对照组的中位随访时间分别为8.9个月和8.5个月,无进展生存时间(progression-free survival time,PFS)分别为9.5个月和8.7个月,OS为10.9个月和9.8个月,HAIC组的生存时间显著延长(P < 0.05),不良反应也是显著低于对照组。在一项前瞻性非随机II期研究中,He [11] 等对无法手术切除的HCC患者进行了接受FOLFOX方案的HAIC组(n = 38)和TACE治疗组(n = 41),相比之下,HAIC治疗组的部分缓解率及疾病控制率均高于TACE治疗组(54.1% vs. 9.8%, P < 0.001; 83.8% vs. 52.5%, P = 0.004)。HAIC治疗组及TACE治疗组的中位疾病进展时间分别为5.9个月和3.6个月。所以,FOLFOX方案的HAIC治疗晚期HCC患者可以为其带来获益,提高生存率,改善生活质量,不良反应轻 [12]。

2.3. 雷替曲塞

雷替曲塞是一种喹唑啉叶酸衍生物,是一种胸腺合成酶抑制剂,抑制细胞DNA的合成,发挥细胞毒性作用 [13],被国外指南列为结直肠癌的一线临床药物 [14]。因为其药物特性,在HCC或转移性肝癌中也有应用。Liu等 [15] 在37例不可切除肝癌中应用TACE后使用雷替曲塞联合奥沙利铂方案进行HAIC,在此研究中,该组中位总生存期为19个月,总有效率为54%,中位无进展生存期为12个月,优于5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil, 5-FU)、顺铂等方案,相比于单纯用雷替曲塞联合奥沙利铂行TACE更能延长患者生存时间,具有更高的疾病控制率,相比于其他方案也更安全。Guo等 [16] 作为第一个研究应用雷替曲塞联合治疗奥沙利铂的HAIC治疗结直肠癌肝转移的报道,相对于FOLFOX方案,两者具有相似的反应率和生存数据,可作为晚期结直肠癌肝转移的替代选择。也有将雷替曲塞联合洛铂作为灌注化疗方案显示出较好的临床疗效 [17]。但是雷替曲塞作为灌注化疗的方案,现在的研究报道较少,缺乏更多的临床数据,值得人们去更深入的研究。

2.4. 其他药物方案

有研究报道,应用顺铂联合5-FU治疗HCC并发门静脉癌栓形成显示出较好效果,中位无进展生存期为8.6个月,总生存期为27个月,总缓解率达75%,有部分病人门静脉癌栓消失并成功行手术切除治疗 [18]。应用干扰素(interferon, IFN)联合5-FU方案行HAIC治疗HCC也有较多报道。Kazuhiro Kasai等 [19] 应用聚乙二醇干扰素(pegylated interferon, PEG-IFN)联合5-FU治疗晚期HCC合并有门静脉癌栓患者,中位无进展生存期为10.9个月,中位生存期为6.8个月,早期客观缓解率为71.4%,对晚期HCC患者带来益处。也有研究报道,使用PEG-IFN联合5-FU治疗晚期肝内胆管癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, ICC)患者,结果显示对于晚期ICC患者是有用的治疗选择 [20]。在日本,较多患者使用低剂量5-FU联合顺铂治疗晚期HCC。一项回顾性研究显示,低剂量5-FU联合顺铂的方案可作为治疗晚期HCC的选择 [21],被认为是治疗晚期HCC最有前途的方法 [22]。

3. 联合HAIC的治疗方案

3.1. 联合分子靶向药物

索拉非尼是一款非常经典的口服分子靶向药物,首次被证明对HCC有效 [23],被我国纳入HCC治疗医保范围。索拉非尼是一种多激酶抑制剂,通过抑制丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶以及血管内皮生长因子受体2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, VEGFR2)、VEGFR3、血小板衍生生长因子受体(platelet-derived growth factor receptor, PDGFR)阻断肿瘤细胞增殖和血管生成 [24]。在SHARP试验后,索拉非尼已成为BCLC C期HCC患者的标准治疗方法 [25]。一项随机、开放标记的临床试验中评估了FOLFOX方案的HAIC联合索拉非尼治疗晚期HCC合并门静脉癌栓的患者,结果显示,接受联合治疗(n = 125)的患者生存明显优于单用索拉非尼(n = 122)的患者,联合治疗组与单用索拉非尼的患者中位总生存时间分别为13.37个月和7.13个月,联合治疗组的有效率更高(40.8% vs. 2.47%),中位无进展时间更长(7.03个月vs. 2.6个月),但是3~4级不良反应包括中性粒细胞减少、血小板减少、呕吐更为常见 [26]。一项回顾性研究显示,在Child-Pugh A级的肝硬化合并门静脉癌栓的晚期HCC患者行索拉非尼联合HAIC的治疗方案中,对比单独行HAIC的患者,可能提高肿瘤反应率和患者生存时间 [27]。

3.2. 联合免疫抑制剂

程序性死亡细胞蛋白1 (programmed death cell protein 1, PD1)是一种广泛表达于多种免疫细胞类型的细胞表面蛋白,主要表达于CD8+T细胞、CD+T细胞、B细胞、自然杀伤细胞等 [28]。它在T细胞激活后上调,当它与靶细胞上的程序性死亡受体–配体1 (programmed cell death 1 ligand, PD-L1)或PD-L2结合时,会抑制效应T细胞的反应,因此,阻断其作用是免疫治疗的一个有吸引力的目标。几年前,PD1抑制剂纳武利尤单抗获得美国食品及药品管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)批准,是第一个用于HCC的索拉非尼治疗失败后的二线用药 [29]。一项单中心回顾性研究显示,相对于仑伐替尼联合PD1抑制剂(n = 25),HAIC联合PD1抑制剂加仑伐替尼(n = 45)与更好的治疗反应和生存获益相关,结果显示:两者总有效率分别为16% vs. 40% (P = 0.038),疾病控制率分别为44% vs. 77.6% (P < 0.001),中位总生存期分别为8.6个月和15.9个月(P = 0.0015),中位无进展生存期分别为5.4个月和8.8个月(P = 0.032),是一种潜在的晚期HCC新治疗选择 [30]。另一项单中心回顾性研究显示,HAIC联合PD1治疗方案(n = 81)相对于单用HAIC (n = 148)治疗BCLC B期或C期存在差异,结果显示两组中位总生存期分别为18个月和14.6个月(P = 0.018),中位无进展生存期分别为10个月和5.6个月(P = 0.006),在总体反应中,疾病控制率分别为83%和66% (P = 0.006),肝内反应分别为85%和74% (P = 0.045),两组间的不良反应无显著差异,可以作为治疗晚期HCC的新的治疗方式 [31]。

4. 小结与展望

HAIC在晚期肝癌,特别是合并有门静脉癌栓时可以为患者带来新的治疗方式,将给患者带来生存获益的希望,也可以作为其他治疗无效或不能耐受时的新选择。HAIC目前存在以下问题:最佳的化疗方案及其标准化、缺乏大规模临床试验数据、联合HAIC的治疗方案的选择等。尽管近年来开始出现联合HAIC的治疗方案的临床研究,如联合索拉非尼、仑伐替尼、免疫抑制剂、TACE、射频消融等,但样本量、临床数据、研究规模均较小,值得人们进一步去探索。

文章引用

郭 宇,刘作金. 基于肝动脉灌注化疗的肝细胞癌治疗进展
Progress in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(01): 587-592. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.121087

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