Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 13  No. 05 ( 2023 ), Article ID: 65320 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2023.1351073

原发性膀胱小细胞神经内分泌癌一例并 文献复习

冯福东,邱志磊*

青岛大学附属青岛市立医院泌尿外科,山东 青岛

收稿日期:2023年4月17日;录用日期:2023年5月9日;发布日期:2023年5月16日

摘要

目的:探讨膀胱小细胞癌临床表现和病理特征、诊断及治疗方法。方法:报道一例原发性膀胱小细胞癌的诊治经过,查阅文献对膀胱小细胞癌流行病学及临床表现、病理特征、诊断、治疗方法及预后进行探讨分析。结果:患者因无痛性肉眼血尿入院,行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术,术后病理确诊膀胱小细胞癌合并尿路上皮癌,拒绝根治性膀胱切除术,行膀胱光动力治疗 + 放疗 + 化疗,目前正在随访中。膀胱小细胞癌临床罕见,分化程度低、侵袭性强,易复发转移,预后较差,诊断主要依靠组织病理学检查,目前尚无标准的治疗方案,早发现早诊断早治疗是提高预后的关键。

关键词

膀胱小细胞癌,神经内分泌癌,病例报道

One Case of Primary Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Bladder and Literature Review

Fudong Feng, Zhilei Qiu*

Department of Urology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong

Received: Apr. 17th, 2023; accepted: May 9th, 2023; published: May 16th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective: To explore the clinical manifestations and case characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of small cell carcinoma of the bladder. Methods: The diagnosis and treatment process of a case of primary small cell carcinoma of the bladder was reported, and the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathological features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of small cell carcinoma of the bladder were discussed and analyzed by consulting the literature. Results: The patient was admitted to the hospital due to painless gross hematuria and underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor. After the postoperative pathological diagnosis of small cell carcinoma of the bladder combined with urothelial carcinoma, she refused radical cystectomy and underwent bladder photodynamic therapy + radiotherapy + chemotherapy. Currently, the patient is being followed up. Small cell carcinoma of the bladder is clinically rare, with low degree of differentiation, strong invasiveness, easy recurrence and metastasis, and poor prognosis. The diagnosis mainly depends on histopathological examination. At present, there is no standard treatment plan. Early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment are the key to improving prognosis.

Keywords:Small Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder, Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, Case Report

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 前言

膀胱小细胞癌(Small Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder, SCCB)自1981年首次报道,发病率约占所有原发膀胱肿瘤的0.5%~1%,目前尚不清楚其明确的病因和发病机制 [1] 。由于这种疾病的罕见性,目前没有前瞻性的研究来评估最佳的治疗方法。现结合一例原发性膀胱小细胞神经内分泌癌的临床资料,对该疾病的流行病学、发病机制、临床表现、病理特征、诊断、治疗方案进行综合分析。本研究经我院伦理委员会批准,研究对象签署知情同意书。

2. 病历资料

患者女性,75岁,因“肉眼血尿半月余,加重2天”入院。患者半月前无明显诱因出现间断全程无痛肉眼血尿,伴尿频,夜尿6~7次/夜,不伴血块、腰痛、发热、排尿困难等症状,未予诊治。2天前上述症状加重,于我院门诊就诊,行泌尿系彩色多普勒超声检查:膀胱左后壁不规则等回声团向腔内凸起,大小约2.5 × 2.1 cm,形态不规则,边界尚清,CDFI示内部血流信号丰富。既往史:“腔隙性脑梗死”病史2年,肺结节病史2年,胆囊结石病史5年,右侧下肢静脉曲张病史10余年,余无特殊。专科查体:双肾区无明显叩击痛,双输尿管走行区无明显压痛,膀胱区无膨隆,无压痛及反跳痛,尿道外口未见明显脓性分泌物。

入院后完善检查,盆腔CT增强(见图1):膀胱充盈良好,后壁见类圆形软组织密度灶,边界尚清,直径约17 mm,增强扫描后明显强化,后壁略增厚。子宫形态大小自然,双侧附件区未见明显异常,盆腔内未见明显肿大淋巴结。膀胱后壁异常强化灶,考虑膀胱癌。

手术治疗:行经尿道膀胱病损电切术,术中发现一处菜花样肿瘤,位于膀胱后壁,肿瘤周围卫星灶多处,肿瘤距离输尿管开口 > 3 cm,肿瘤为有蒂,蒂短,广基。生理盐水冲洗下,电切膀胱肿瘤至深肌层,将肿瘤完全切除,彻底电凝止血。将肿瘤基底部周围正常膀胱粘膜电凝一圈。Ellik冲洗膀胱,排空肿瘤组织块,用电切环将膀胱内剩余肿瘤组织块取出,再次检查膀胱肿瘤创面,未见出血。

Figure 1. Enhanced CT of the pelvis shows round soft tissue density lesions on the posterior wall

图1. 盆腔增强CT示后壁类圆形软组织密度灶

术后病理报告:(膀胱肿瘤)灰白灰红碎组织一堆,合计3 × 2.5 × 0.6 cm,病理诊断(见图2):(膀胱)小细胞神经内分泌癌伴浸润性尿路上皮癌,癌组织侵达固有肌层。免疫组化结果(见图3):CK20 (−),Ki67 (80%),p53 (错义突变),p63 (−),GATA3 (+),CD138 (部分+),CK (+),Vim (−),CK7 (+),HER2 (0),CgA (+),Syn (+),CD56 (+),NSE (弱+),PSA (−)。

Figure 2. Immunohistochemistry of small cell carcinoma of the bladder showing small cells with sparse cytoplasm and hyperchromatic nuclei (hematoxylin and eosin ×200)

图2. 膀胱小细胞癌免疫组化示小细胞,胞浆稀疏,核深染(HE ×200)

Figure 3. Immunohistochemical staining shows expression of different cell markers

图3. 免疫组化染色显示不同细胞标记物的表达

告知患者病情,患者拒绝行根治性膀胱切除术,术后3周给予膀胱光动力治疗,术后1月给予患者VMAT放疗:PCTV1:全膀胱放疗,DT5040cGy/28f;PCTV2 (加量区):瘤旁区,DT1440cGy/28f。共36次。同时给予顺铂0.13gd1方案化疗,化疗3周期后,目前正在随访中。

3. 讨论

3.1. 流行病学

膀胱癌是泌尿系统第二常见的恶性肿瘤,发病占所有恶性肿瘤的5% [2] 。约90%的膀胱癌是尿路上皮癌,其次是鳞癌(5%~8%)和腺癌(1%~2%),非上皮恶性肿瘤很少见,主要包括小细胞癌和肉瘤等 [3] 。小细胞癌是一种高度恶性肿瘤,主要发生在肺和食管,肺外小细胞癌仅占所有小细胞癌的4%。膀胱小细胞癌在原发性膀胱恶性肿瘤中的占比小于1%,男女比例约3:1,平均发病年龄66.9岁 [4] 。79%的患者有吸烟史,吸烟可能是导致这种疾病的原因之一 [5] 。其它潜在危险因素包括膀胱结石、慢性膀胱炎症和对膀胱的操作等 [5] [6] 。

病生:膀胱小细胞癌的发病机制尚不清楚。大部分学者认为膀胱小细胞癌起源于尿路上皮中的多潜能干细胞 [7] 。第一,膀胱小细胞癌经常与其他组织类型恶性肿瘤成分共存,这一比例可达到60%~90%,小细胞癌最常与尿路上皮癌共存,偶尔可与腺癌和鳞状细胞癌共存 [8] 。第二,分子遗传学显示与膀胱小细胞癌共存的尿路上皮癌缺失几乎相同的等位基因,表明这些细胞具有相同的克隆起源 [9] 。另一种学说是神经内分泌干细胞学说,即膀胱小细胞癌起源于膀胱内的神经内分泌细胞的恶性转化。膀胱小细胞癌与膀胱副神经节瘤和神经纤维瘤一样,可能源于神经嵴的低分化粘膜下细胞 [4] [5] 。第三个假设是SCCB起源于其他恶性肿瘤的极端化生 [10] 。这种理论可以解释SCCB常见的混合组织模式,但一部分原发性SCCB与其他类型的细胞肿瘤无关。

3.2. 临床表现

膀胱小细胞癌的症状与尿路上皮癌的症状相似。无痛性肉眼血尿是最常见的症状,可出现在大于90%的患者 [8] 。其他常见症状包括排尿困难,尿路梗阻,盆腔疼痛和尿路感染等。一些患者还可能出现厌食、疲劳和体重减轻等全身症状。库欣综合征、高钙血症、感觉神经病变等副瘤综合征非常罕见 [11] 。

3.3. 病理特征

膀胱镜下膀胱小细胞癌与尿路从上皮癌无明显差异。Blomjous等 [12] 描述了18个肿瘤的大体形态。肿瘤为2~10 cm的实性肿块(平均5.5 cm),其特征是表面有溃疡、出血或合并坏死区域。SCCB最常发生在膀胱外侧壁(54%),其次是后壁(20%)、三角区(10%)、圆顶(8%)、和前壁(8%)。光镜下可见圆形蓝色细胞,肿瘤由相对均匀的小细胞组成,细胞质稀少,核呈圆形、梭形或多形性,深染,核仁不明显,核分裂像多见 [13] 。电镜下主要特征为胞浆内存在致密核神经分泌颗粒,直径30~300 nm。免疫组化显示NSE (Neuron-Specific Enolase)、Syn (Synaptophysin)、CgA (ChromograninA)、CD56等神经内分泌标记物有一种或多种阳性,以NSE最敏感,多为强阳性。

3.4. 诊断

由于大多数患者出现肉眼血尿,最初的临床评估包括病史和体格检查、上尿路检查(IVU ± 超声检查)和尿液细胞学检查,若可疑膀胱癌,随后进行膀胱镜检查和经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术(TURBT)。膀胱小细胞癌在临床表现、影像学检查、膀胱镜检查没有特异性,诊断主要取决于膀胱镜活检病变和术后组织病理学检查,如光镜细胞形态学、细胞超微结构电镜检查和免疫组织化学检查。一旦诊断出膀胱鳞状细胞癌,患者应做腹部和骨盆CT,骨扫描和胸部X光检查。出现神经系统症状或体征需要进行脑部CT检查。

3.5. 鉴别诊断

首先要排除转移性小细胞癌,通常起源于肺,需结合病史、影像学资料等加以鉴别。其次,由于膀胱小细胞癌的临床表现及影像学检查与其它膀胱恶性肿瘤无明显差异,要依靠病理及免疫组化染色与浸润性低分化尿路上皮癌、小细胞性黑色素瘤,滑膜肉瘤、恶性淋巴瘤等鉴别 [14] 。

3.6. 治疗

膀胱小细胞癌是临床上较为罕见的肿瘤,缺乏前瞻性的研究,没有标准的治疗方案,现有的治疗方案是从小细胞肺癌和膀胱尿路上皮癌的治疗中推断出来的。治疗方式包括手术、化疗和放疗。对于合并尿路上皮癌的患者,手术治疗是主要治疗方式。手术治疗包括根治性膀胱切除术、膀胱部分切除术和TURBT。膀胱小细胞癌进展快,诊断时通常存在转移,单纯手术治疗是不够的。Cheng等 [8] 报道了64例患者,认为单独行膀胱切除术的患者与未行膀胱切除术并接受联合治疗的患者相比,没有明显的生存差异。单纯接受膀胱切除术患者的1年和5年疾病特异性生存率分别为57%和16%;未行膀胱切除术患者的1年和5年疾病特异性生存率分别为55%和18% (P = 0.65)。膀胱小细胞癌对化疗敏感,通常用于局部切除前缩小原发肿瘤的新辅助治疗,或用于手术切除后的辅助治疗。膀胱小细胞癌最常用的化疗方案是基于铂的化疗(依托泊苷和顺铂)。依托泊苷100 mg/m2静脉注射3天,每3周重复1次;顺铂70~100 mg/m2静脉注射1天,每3周一个周期 [15] 。其他化疗方案包括环磷酰胺/阿奇霉素、紫杉醇、卡铂和伊立替康等。Mackey等 [16] 回顾了106例SCCB,发现根治性手术和基于顺铂的化疗是独立的预后因素。Sanjay等 [17] 发现接受新辅助化疗后根治性膀胱切除术的患者生存率最高,3年OS为53% (95% CI 19~79),而单独根治性手术组为39% (95% CI 17~60),根治性手术+辅助化疗组为14% (95% CI 1~43)。Siefker等 [18] 报告称,新辅助化疗可以减少术前分期,有利于手术切除,延长患者的生存时间。对于有骨转移的膀胱小细胞癌,建议放射治疗 [19] 。此外,经导管髂内动脉化疗可用于身体素质较差或无法切除的原发性肿瘤患者。

3.7. 预后

SCCB患者就诊时往往有肌层浸润。未接受治疗的患者中位生存期为4~5个月,而接受治疗的患者中位生存期为12~24个月 [4] 。Daniel等 [20] 回顾性分析了960例SCCB患者,中位总生存期为8.6个月。其中初诊无远处转移组13个月,初诊有远处转组5.3个月(P < 0.0001).。Choong等 [21] 回顾性研究了44例SCCB患者,总体中位生存期为1.7年,总体1年、3年和5年生存率分别为61.4%、27.3%和25.0%。最常见的转移部位为腹膜后淋巴结、肝、肺、骨和脑 [15] 。

4. 结论

膀胱小细胞癌临床罕见,分化程度低、侵袭性强,易复发转移,预后较差。大多数膀胱小细胞癌患者有血尿症状,在临床表现及影像学检查上无特异性,诊断依赖于组织学形态检查及免疫组化。根治性膀胱切除术联合新辅助化疗可以提高生存时间。SCCB和其他膀胱肿瘤在治疗方案上有明显区别,我们应该提高对该疾病的认识并仔细检查组织样本,以避免误诊、漏诊和延误治疗时机。

文章引用

冯福东,邱志磊. 原发性膀胱小细胞神经内分泌癌一例并文献复习
One Case of Primary Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Bladder and Literature Review[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(05): 7678-7683. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1351073

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  22. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

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