Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 14  No. 01 ( 2024 ), Article ID: 79237 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2024.141088

伴有破骨细胞样巨细胞的胰腺未分化癌一例

于少华

山东大学齐鲁医院病理科,山东 济南

收稿日期:2023年12月15日;录用日期:2024年1月9日;发布日期:2024年1月16日

摘要

胰腺伴有破骨细胞样巨细胞的未分化癌(Undifferentiated Carcinoma with Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells, UCOGCs)是胰腺导管腺癌的罕见亚型,常无特异性的临床症状。该肿瘤进展迅速,患者诊断时多为晚期,预后不佳。本文提供一例胰腺UCOGCs,描述了其相关临床病理学特征,对相关文献报道进行了回顾,以提高病理医生对该肿瘤的认识。我们希望相关研究能够进一步改善此类患者的预后。

关键词

伴有破骨细胞样巨细胞的未分化癌,破骨细胞样巨细胞,胰腺导管腺癌,临床病理学特征,预后

A Case of Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Pancreas with Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells

Shaohua Yu

Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan Shandong

Received: Dec. 15th, 2023; accepted: Jan. 9th, 2024; published: Jan. 16th, 2024

ABSTRACT

Pancreatic Undifferentiated Carcinoma with Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells (UCOGCs) is a rare subtype of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with no specific clinical symptoms. The tumor progresses rapidly, and most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage with a poor prognosis. In this paper, we present a case of pancreatic UCOGCs, describe its related clinicopathological features, and review relevant literature reports to improve pathologists’ understanding of this tumor. We hope that further studies can further improve the prognosis of related patients.

Keywords:Undifferentiated Carcinoma with Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells, Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells, Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma, Clinicopathological Features, Prognosis

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 临床资料

患者,男,70岁,因上腹部胀痛半个月、皮肤巩膜黄染10天入院。患者半个月前饮酒后出现上腹部胀痛,伴食欲不振、恶心。就诊于当地医院后,被给予奥美拉唑口服治疗,患者症状无明显改善。10天前患者无明显诱因出现皮肤、巩膜黄染,小便深黄,大便发白。患者于当地行增强CT发现胰头部占位,影像学诊断考虑胰腺癌,病变导致低位胆道梗阻,肝内外胆管扩张及胰管扩张、胆囊增大;胰腺体尾部萎缩,胰管扩张,门静脉主干轻度受压,区域性门静脉高压并多发性侧支循环开放,遂来我院治疗。患者自发病以来15天内体重减少5 kg。

入院后,因患者梗阻性黄疸严重,肝胆外科先行穿刺引流解除因梗阻导致的胆汁淤积,同时行强化MR进行肿瘤评估,发现肿瘤已经累及门静脉,并形成门静脉栓子,为局部进展期肿瘤,不宜进行根治性手术。在加强营养支持、减轻黄疸、排除手术禁忌的情况下,肝胆外科对患者进行了胰腺肿瘤探查术。术中标本送冰冻病理检查,肉眼观肿物灰黄灰红质稍韧,形态不规则,体积为1 × 0.7 × 0.3 cm。镜下可见大量多核巨细胞,周围伴明显异型的梭形单核细胞,病理性核分裂像多见,冰冻诊断意见考虑为胰腺伴有破骨细胞样巨细胞的未分化癌(Undifferentiated Carcinoma with Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells, UCOGCs)。手术标本经过10%中性福尔马林固定、常规脱水机脱水、石蜡包埋后,进行3 um连续切片,经HE染色后,于显微镜下观察。该肿瘤主要由两种细胞类型组成,即破骨细胞样巨细胞(Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells, OGCs)和单核细胞(图1),破骨细胞样巨细胞的细胞核形态规则,圆形或卵圆形,核的数量十余个至数十个不等,无病理性核分裂像;单核细胞的异型性较大,染色质粗糙、颗粒状,并可见病理性核分裂像(图2)。

Figure 1. Tumors consist primarily of two cell types, OGCs and monocytes

图1. 肿瘤主要由两种细胞类型组成,破骨细胞样巨细胞和单核细胞

Figure 2. The monocytes are obviously heterotypic and pathological mitotic images can be observed

图2. 单核细胞异型明显,可见病理性核分裂像

Figure 3. CD68 was expressed positively in OGCs

图3. CD68在破骨细胞样巨细胞中阳性表达

Figure 4. H3F3A was negatively expressed

图4. H3F3A阴性表达

免疫组化结果:CD68多核巨细胞(+) (图3),EMA (+),Vimentin (+),CK (−),CK8/18 (+),H3F3A (−) (图4),Ki-67阳性率约30%。根据组织病理学和免疫组化的结果,明确了胰腺UCOGCs的诊断。

患者术后给予补液、抑酸、抑制胰腺分泌、止痛、抗凝等治疗。待病情平稳后准予出院。出院后遵医嘱继续口服保肝利胆药物,患者未行进一步治疗。

2. 讨论

胰腺癌已成为全球癌症相关死亡的第七大常见原因,尽管胰腺导管腺癌是最常见的胰腺癌,但胰腺UCOGCs是胰腺导管腺癌的一种罕见的侵袭性变异,发生率小于胰腺恶性肿瘤的1% [1] ,目前的病例报道常见于中老年,平均年龄为60~70岁,较胰腺导管腺癌患者发病年龄更加年轻,但无明显性别偏好 [2] [3] [4] 。

胰腺UCOGCs的临床症状通常是非典型的,常见症状包括腹痛、体重减轻,黄疸,当胰腺肿物增大后,可以从腹部触及肿块。目前已诊断的胰腺UCOGCs通常体积较大,在诊断时直径大部分可达5~10 cm,可伴有息肉样生长 [5] ,且大部分伴有出血坏死及囊性变,提示肿瘤组织进展迅速 [6] 。虽然在我们的病例中,患者的胰腺UCOGCs发生于胰头部,但大部分病例报道该肿瘤发生于胰体尾部,此外,在UCOGCs中很少观察到淋巴结受累 [7] 。

该肿瘤的组织学发生仍有争议,WHO (2019)消化系统肿瘤分类 [8] 中,胰腺未分化癌包括间变性癌、肉瘤样癌及癌肉瘤。胰腺UCOGCs与胰腺未分化癌并列为胰腺导管腺癌的特殊组织学类型。这种亚分类的变化提示胰腺UCOGCs的临床病理学特征及预后与胰腺未分化癌可能不同。

影像学检查目前对肿瘤的早发现、早诊断存在十分重要的意义。目前报道的胰腺UCOGCs影像学显示,大多数病变主要为囊性,边缘清晰,并伴有出血性及灶性坏死 [9] ,但这些特征在胰腺导管内乳头状粘液性肿瘤(IPMN)中也可以见到,并不特异 [9] 。在血清肿瘤生物标志物中,部分病例报道有血清CA199水平的升高 [4] ,但与胰腺导管腺癌相比更为少见。由于影像学及血清肿瘤标志物对临床诊断的帮助非常有限,之前的病例报道中,胰腺UCOGCs确诊时常在晚期 [6] [9] [10] ,显示胰腺UCOGCs的预后比未分化胰腺腺癌更差 [6] [11] ,然而,Togawa等人的研究发现,胰腺UCOGCs的预后随诊断时期的不同而差异很大,生存期从4个月到10年不等 [12] 。他们观察到根治性手术切除与生存期延长具有明显的相关性,手术切除后患者平均生存时间为19.6个月(约一年半);而未手术组的平均生存时间为6.5个月,提示早期发现、根治性切除对患者的预后有重要意义。随着影像学技术的发展以及现代社会人们体检意识的增强,多数病例可以在早期发现,在此情况下,队列研究表明,胰腺UCOGCs的预后优于普通胰腺导管腺癌 [13] 。对于接受根治性切除术的胰腺患者,较胰腺未分化癌患者具有显着的生存优势 [14] 。

UCOGCs的组织病理学和临床特征与胰腺导管腺癌不同 [1] 。在组织学上,UCOGCs包括两种主要细胞类型:OGCs和单核细胞。OGCs为无细胞学异型性的非肿瘤细胞,主要见于出血或坏死区附近,是UCOGCs的具有诊断意义的特征。然而,OGCs的起源是有争议的,一些细胞学研究认为OGCs是上皮起源的,来自于上皮间组织中的胰腺导管上皮化生 [5] 。但在免疫组织化学方面,OGCs对vimentin和CD68表达呈阳性,角蛋白和p53呈阴性 [15] ,Ki-67显示其不具备增殖活性 [16] ,更支持其间充质细胞来源可能。部分研究显示OGCs可能肿瘤细胞招募的单核/巨噬细胞融合而成 [17] 。单核细胞具有显著多形性、呈肉瘤样,可见病理性核分裂像,Ki-67显示其具有明显增殖活性,是胰腺UCOGCs中真正的肿瘤成分。肉瘤样的癌细胞通常不表达或仅灶性表达上皮标志物,而弥漫表达间叶源性标志物。最近的分子研究表明,单核细胞中存在KRAS癌基因突变,这是胰腺导管腺癌的典型表现 [18] 。还发现了上皮成分内的E-钙粘蛋白表达和未分化肿瘤细胞内表达的丧失,这是未分化胰腺癌的典型特征 [19] 。

胰腺UCOGCs因其罕见性,常在手术前常被误诊为胰腺导管腺癌。在胰腺癌中,90%的病理表现是导管腺癌,与未分化癌一样,导管腺癌起源于导管细胞,囊性变和坏死在胰腺导管腺癌中很少见。此外,导管腺癌的特征是神经侵犯,伴有胰腺萎缩和胰管扩张。

迄今为止,UCOGCs还没有标准的治疗方案,首选的治疗仍是手术切除 [20] ,实现手术切缘阴性是该疾病手术治疗的基石。胰腺UCOGCs患者诊断时往往肿瘤体积较大,无法实现根治性切除或已经发生远处转移,因此预后不理想,预测生存期很短 [21] 。在我们的案例中,患者已经失去了手术切除肿瘤的机会,因此预后不佳。

3. 结论

胰腺UCOGCs是一种极其罕见的侵袭性肿瘤,具有多种临床特征和有争议的发病机制,有必要进行进一步的大型队列的研究,以阐明肿瘤的发病机制,以达到早期诊断和早期干预的目的,对胰腺UCOGCs患者的生存至关重要。

文章引用

于少华. 伴有破骨细胞样巨细胞的胰腺未分化癌一例
A Case of Undifferentiated Carcinoma of the Pancreas with Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(01): 634-639. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141088

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