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Open Journal of Fisheries Research
Vol. 06  No. 02 ( 2019 ), Article ID: 30727 , 10 pages
10.12677/OJFR.2019.62011

Development of Formula Diet and Current Situation of Culture Industry of Korean Rockfish Sebastes schlegeli

Baoshan Li, Jiying Wang*, Chengqiang Wang, Tiantian Hao

Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Restoration, Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai Shandong

Received: May 21st, 2019; accepted: Jun. 3rd, 2019; published: Jun. 12th, 2019

ABSTRACT

Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, which was famous for its delicious and nutritious meat, rapid growth and strong disease resistance, has become one of mainly cultured fish species in deep-water cages in northern China. With the development of industry and the adjustment of policy, it has been an urgent problem to be solved to develop the high quality and efficiency formula diet for this species. In order to provide reference for the development of industry, the requirements of main nutrients, the stress of water environment factors, the selection of suitable raw materials and functional feed additives in formula diet, and the use of formula diet were summarized in this paper. In addition, the existing problems of rockfish aquaculture industry, and the future development direction were also analyzed.

Keywords:Korean Rockfish Sebastes schlegeli, Formula Diet, Culture Industry

许氏平鮋配合饲料的研究进展 及产业发展现状

李宝山，王际英*，王成强，郝甜甜

山东省海洋资源与环境研究院，山东省海洋生态修复重点实验室，山东 烟台

收稿日期：2019年5月21日；录用日期：2019年6月3日；发布日期：2019年6月12日

摘 要

许氏平鮋营养丰富、肉质鲜美、生长迅速、抗病力强，是我国北方深水网箱养殖的主要鱼类之一。随着产业的发展和政策的调整，许氏平鮋优质高效专用配合饲料的开发成为亟待解决的问题。本文综述了许氏平鮋对主要营养素的需求、水环境因素对其的胁迫、配合饲料中适宜原料及功能性饲料添加剂的选择，并对配合饲料的使用技术做了总结，以期为产业的发展提供参考。此外，本文还分析了许氏平鮋养殖产业存在的问题，并展望了未来的发展方向。

关键词 :许氏平鮋，配合饲料，养殖

Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

许氏平鮋(Korean rockfish，Sebastes schlegeli)，又名黑鮶、黑头、黑寨，隶属于鲉形目(Scorpaeniformes)、鮋科(Sebastidae)、平鮋属(Sebastes)，是我国渤海、黄海、东海以及朝鲜半岛、日本、鄂霍次克海均有分布的一种近岸冷水肉食性鱼类。自然条件下许氏平鮋洄游范围小，一般栖息在岩礁附近水域，适宜人工鱼礁资源增殖和网箱养殖，目前已成为我国北方沿海重要的海水增殖放流及养殖鱼类之一。随着产业的发展，养殖投入品供应不足、养殖自身污染的问题日益凸显，开发优质高效的许氏平鮋专用配合饲料成为亟待解决的问题。营养需求、消化生理、原料开发和添加剂的筛选等是配合饲料开发的基础。关于许氏平鮋营养需求及饲料开发的研究起始于上世纪九十年代，且以韩国科学家报道为主。因此，本文综述了相关方面的研究进展，以期为我国许氏平鮋优质高效配合饲料的开发及增养殖产业的发展提供参考。

2. 许氏平鮋营养需求研究

由表1可见，目前关于许氏平鮋营养需求的研究相对较多，也较为全面。随着体重的增加，许氏平鮋对蛋白质的需求量下降 [1] [2] [3]。仔稚鱼阶段的蛋白质需求约占饲料的50%；养成阶段推荐饲料蛋白质含量为40%。提高饲料中的粗脂肪、能量含量能起到节约蛋白质的作用 [4] [5]。从文献分析，许氏平鮋对脂肪的需求并不高，饲料中6%的粗脂肪已能满足其需求 [6]。体重3.6 g的许氏平鮋幼鱼饲料中适宜的碳水化合物脂肪比为1.6，而166 g时适宜的碳水化合物脂肪为0.4~5.6，表明在其养成阶段，碳水化合物可以替代部分脂肪 [7]。许氏平鮋对饲料中赖氨酸、蛋氨酸的需求量分别为2.99%和1.37%饲料 [8] [9]，同时，饲料中添加适量的牛磺酸能促进胆汁酸的合成 [10]。饲料中必需脂肪酸含量应高于1.2% [11]，且EPA和DHA的适宜含量均为1%，DHA要优于EPA [12]。n-3HUFA对许氏平鮋有重要的生理意义，且含量应高于0.9% [13] [14] [15] [16]。β-胡萝卜素、虾青素、叶黄素、角黄素是许氏平鮋体内主要的类胡萝卜素，也是影响其体色的重要元素 [17]。许氏平鮋对饲料中维生素C及维生素E的需求量分别为106 mg/kg和45 mg/kg [18] [19] [20] [21]，不同形式的维生素C均可作为其体内维生素C的来源。Lee S M等给出了许氏平鮋配合饲料中各维生素推荐量 [22]。P、Ca、Zn、Mg等是许氏平鮋正常生长所必须的矿物元素 [23] [24]，

Table 1. Nutrients requirements of Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli

表1. 许氏平鮋的营养需求

且螯合矿物元素的效价优于无机矿物元素 [25]。此外，还有研究报道了Cu、Cd、壬基酚、二甲苯、氯氰菊酯对其的胁迫作用 [26] - [34]。

3. 许氏平鮋饲料开发

饲料原料及功能性饲料添加剂是优质高效配合饲料的重要组成部分。由表2可见，许氏平鮋对白鱼粉、鳀鱼粉、肉粉、玉米蛋白粉的表观消化率均较高 [35] [36]，不同种类的鱼粉均是适宜于许氏平鮋的优质蛋白原料 [37]，鱼皮粉、DDGs、豆粕、肉骨粉等可替代饲料中的部分鱼粉 [38] - [45]。补充晶体氨基酸后，豆粕可以更高比例的替代鱼粉 [41]。复合蛋白源可替代更多鱼粉 [42] [44]。α马铃薯淀粉更适宜作为饲料能量来源 [46]。在功能性饲料添加剂方面，研究表明：姜黄素、绿茶提取物、雪莲、蓝莓、羊栖菜、韭葱、蒲公英、枸杞、益生菌、中草药、类胰岛素生长因子、β-葡聚糖、海芥菜、芦荟等对许氏平鮋具有不同的生理作用，这与添加剂的活性成分有关 [47] - [58]。饲料中添加微生物植酸酶能提高P的利用率 [59]。

由表3可见，干颗粒饲料的使用效果与冰鲜鱼、湿颗粒饲料差异不显著，且颗粒饲料易保存运输、使用方便、营养全面、物质转化率高，可以应用于许氏平鮋的全程养殖中 [60] [61] [62] [63]。随着许氏平鮋体重的增加，日投喂次数和投喂量逐渐减少，由仔稚鱼期的日投喂5~6次，逐渐降低到幼鱼期的日投喂1次或2次 [64] - [69]。由于许氏平鮋存在自残现象，故日投喂量的控制非常重要。随着体重的增加，日投喂量也在逐渐降低，体重5 g时，投喂量为体重的4%左右，体重16克时，投喂量约为体重的3% [69] [70]。此外，非常重要的是日投喂频率和日投喂量与养殖水温密切相关 [64] - [70]。20℃是较为适宜的养殖温度，午夜到黎明是较为适宜的投喂时间 [71] ；低于15℃或高于24℃时，应减少投喂频率和投喂量；低于4℃或高于26℃或昼夜温差较大时，应禁止投喂 [72] [73]，且应做好增氧增水等防范准备。

4. 许氏平鮋养殖产业存在的问题及未来的发展方向

深远海网箱养殖是《全国渔业发展第十三个五年规划(2016~2020)》中重点提倡的海水养殖方式之一。许氏平鮋是较为适宜深远海网箱养殖的鱼种之一，且在我国有一定的养殖基础。苗种、模式、投入品、运输等是困扰目前许氏平鮋养殖产业发展的主要问题。长期以来，网箱养殖许氏平鮋种苗的来源主要以海捕为主，海捕苗种规格不齐、应激性高、养殖成活率较低，是限制产业发展的最大问题。近年来，许氏平鮋的繁育技术得到突破，可为产业提供部分优质苗种，但目前繁育技术仍存在一定问题，出苗量不能满足产业的需求。目前，我国许氏平鮋的养殖主要集中在山东烟台长岛海域，以深水网箱养殖模式为主；长岛附近海域水质优良，但年养殖适温时间较短，养殖周期较长，增加了养殖成本和养殖风险。如前文所述，目前我国许氏平鮋养殖过程中，尚主要以投喂鲜杂鱼为主，鲜杂鱼的投喂不仅不符合国家产业和环保政策，而且增加了疾病传播的风险；此外随着产业的发展，投入品的需求量会越来越大，仅仅依靠冰鲜鱼难以满足产业发展需求。许氏平鮋的鳍条非常坚硬，受到应激后迅速伸张，极易造成互相伤

Table 2. Raw materials and feed additives for Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli

表2. 饲料原料及功能性饲料添加剂

Table 3. Feeding husbandry for Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli

表3. 许氏平鮋配合饲料投喂策略

害，引起继发性感染死亡，增加了活鱼运输的难度。

因此，在产业的未来发展中，首先应继续研究提高许氏平鮋的繁育技术，为产业提供充足优质健康苗种。其次，应对许氏平鮋的种质进行优化，如增加许氏平鮋的抗高温或温差品性 [72] [73]。针对许氏平鮋特殊的生物节律，可适当发展接力养殖模式，即在海域水温不适宜的条件下，进行陆上养殖，海域水温合适时，进行海域养殖；或者在陆上进行保苗，待规格较大时进行海上网箱养殖；此外，许氏平鮋还适宜于海参的混养 [74]，适宜于发展生态养殖模式。投入品是养殖产业发展的重要保障，优质的投入品不仅可提高资源的循环利用效率，而且可以提高养殖产业的工业化水平，降低养殖成本，提高养殖效益；此外，发展许氏平鮋的自动投喂装置也势在必行。针对许氏平鮋活鱼运输较为困难的问题，可着重研究不同麻醉剂、不同运输方式及不同运输装置对运输成功率的影响，或者发展许氏平鮋的深加工产业。

基金项目

山东省2018年度农业重大应用技术创新项目(201803003)；烟台市重点研发计划(2017ZH066，2018ZHGY066)。

文章引用

李宝山,王际英,王成强,郝甜甜. 许氏平鮋配合饲料的研究进展及产业发展现状
Development of Formula Diet and Current Situation of Culture Industry of Korean Rockfish Sebastes schlegeli[J]. 水产研究, 2019, 06(02): 86-95. https://doi.org/10.12677/OJFR.2019.62011

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NOTES

*通讯作者。

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