Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol. 12  No. 08 ( 2022 ), Article ID: 54897 , 6 pages
10.12677/ACM.2022.1281100

急性跟腱断裂手术与非手术治疗的研究进展

周鸿1,牟越西1,王潭1,梁凯路2*

1重庆医科大学,重庆

2重庆医科大学附属第二医院骨科,重庆

收稿日期:2022年7月15日;录用日期:2022年8月11日;发布日期:2022年8月18日

摘要

目的:总结急性跟腱断裂手术与非手术的研究进展。方法:查阅近年来国内外关于急性跟腱断裂手术与非手术的临床随机对照研究和系统评价,并进行分析总结。结果:目前循证医学证据显示,在急性跟腱断裂治疗中,手术治疗相对于非手术治疗可显著降低跟腱再破裂的风险,缩短了患者恢复运动状态和返回工作岗位的时间,提高了术后患者满意率。但在其他并发症,如:感染、腓肠神经损伤、皮肤瘢痕和深静脉血栓形成等方面,手术治疗有着较高的发生率。结论:在急性跟腱断裂治疗方案中,手术治疗可显著降低跟腱再破裂的风险及缩短患者恢复时间,但在其他并发症方面手术治疗有着较高发生率,但可以通过微创手术来减少发生率。

关键词

急性跟腱断裂,手术治疗,非手术治疗,文献综述

Research Progress of Surgical and Non-Surgical Treatment of Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture

Hong Zhou1, Yuexi Mou1, Tan Wang1, Kailu Liang2*

1Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing

2Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing

Received: Jul. 15th, 2022; accepted: Aug. 11th, 2022; published: Aug. 18th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective: To summarize the research progress of acute Achilles tendon rupture surgery and non-surgery. Method: Checking the clinical randomized controlled studies and systematic reviews on acute Achilles tendon rupture surgery and non-surgery at home and abroad in recent years, then analyzing and summarizing. Results: The current evidence-based medical evidence shows that in the treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture, surgical treatment can significantly reduce the risk of re-rupture of the Achilles tendon compared with non-surgical treatment, and shorten the time for patients to return to sports and work, and improve the satisfaction rate of postoperative patients. However, surgical treatment has a higher incidence of other complications, such as infection, sural nerve injury, skin scarring, and deep vein thrombosis. Conclusion: In the treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture, surgical treatment can significantly reduce the risk of re-rupture of the Achilles tendon and shorten the recovery time of patients. However, surgical treatment has a higher incidence of other complications, which can be reduced by minimally invasive surgery.

Keywords:Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture, Surgical Treatment, Non-Surgical Treatment, Literature Review

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

急性跟腱断裂(acute achilles tendon rupture, AATR)是一种常见于中青年活跃人群的损伤。特别是在一些运动比赛中,如足球、网球、羽毛球、篮球等高能量运动比赛中 [1] [2]。在西方国家,AATR的发生率为30/10万人,而且其发生率还在不断增加。其中男性发病率约为女性患者发病率的2~8倍 [3] [4] [5] [6]。长期以来,国内外学者们一直在讨论对于急性跟腱断裂患者是选择手术治疗或者非手术治疗,也进行了大量关于AART手术与非手术治疗临床疗效的研究。Khan等通过纳入12项试验得出结论:与非手术治疗相比,急性跟腱断裂的开放性手术治疗可显著降低破裂风险,但其他并发症(包括伤口感染)的风险显著增加。后者可以通过经皮手术来减少。Ochen等纳入跟腱断裂手术治疗与非手术治疗的10项随机对照试验和19项观察性研究后认为与非手术治疗相比,跟腱断裂的手术治疗可降低再破裂的风险。然而,手术治疗与非手术治疗各治疗组之间的再破裂风险差异很小。手术治疗导致其他并发症的风险更高。所以急性跟腱断裂治疗的治疗方案最终选择应取决于患者特定因素。

现将AART的手术与非手术治疗相关研究作一总结,为临床急性跟腱断裂治疗选择方法提供参考。

2. 非手术治疗

临床工作之中,非手术治疗总是倾向于提供给老年患者和功能需求降低的患者,或者有明显手术禁忌症的患者,如严重基础疾病、糖尿病患者、周围神经血管病变患者、免疫缺陷患者等。因为人体的跟腱具有一定的治愈性,早期临床工作中,医生们在选择AART非手术治疗方式往往选择石膏固定,这种方式需要将患肢以膝关节屈曲60˚,踝关节跖屈30˚方式固定6~8周。随着技术发展,功能支具也逐渐被用于代替石膏,但无论是石膏还是功能支具均存在一些问题,长期固定导致关节僵硬、肌肉萎缩、跟腱再断裂发生率高。但目前有部分研究表明,如果早期进行功能锻炼,上述这些并发症会显著减少。Garrick [7] 通过随访144名患者2年发现,非手术治疗患者伤后立即予以患肢足背部夹板固定,足跖屈20˚方式固定2周,期间允许患者拄拐行走。2周后移除夹板,改用穿鞋跟约30 mm高的鞋。伤后约6周时,逐渐开始加速功能康复计划,包括渐进式阻力、健身和日常活动范围锻炼。12周后则开始进行针对性的运动锻炼。通过这样的方式早期功能锻炼可以减少跟腱再发破裂风险,其风险与手术治疗患者相差不大。但对于早期锻炼是否有效仍存在一些争议。因此,总的来说,目前非手术治疗适用于功能要求不高或有手术禁忌症的患者。

3. 手术治疗

手术治疗的目的在于早期使断裂的跟腱断裂重新恢复在一起,并且固定牢靠,从而达到可以早期行功能锻炼目的,最终使跟腱愈合后力学及功能达到最大化,同时也能减少跟腱再破裂率。手术治疗包括传统开放手术治疗与微创手术治疗。开放手术作为治疗急性跟腱断裂经典术式,有着手术视野直观、操作相对简单、效果相对肯定等优点,但也有其缺点,如感染、切口不愈合、下肢深静脉血栓形成等 [3]。随着临床技术逐渐发展,经皮微创手术逐渐被用于临床中。有相当一部分高质量循证医学研究表明 [8] [9] [10] [11],微创手术相对于传统开放手术来说,跟腱再破裂率、腓肠神经损伤率及恢复运动的时间差异不大,最大优势在于减少了术后并发症(感染、伤口不愈合、深静脉血栓形成等)风险,提高患者术后满意度。

3.1. 传统开放术式

传统开放手术方式主要通过沿着跟腱外缘纵行切开6~8 cm,然后直视下采用不同缝合方式对跟腱断端进行缝合。作为传统开放手术中最经典缝合方式,Kessler缝合、Bunnell缝合以及Krackow缝合 [12] [13] 仍在目前跟腱手术中高频率使用,且衍生出一些改良缝合技术。如改良Kessler缝合法 [14]、gift box技术。对于断裂跟腱间隙在3 cm以上的病例,则需要行加强缝合 [15],如腓肠肌腱瓣翻转、腓肠肌腱瓣旋转等 [16] [17]。也有部分学者采用自体肌腱移植及同种异体肌腱移植来治疗跟腱缺损,均取得了一定效果 [18]。除此之外,还包括一些技术如半开放技术等。

3.2. 微创手术

腱皮缝合术 [19]、缝线导出器缝合术 [20]、跟腱导航器缝合术以及经皮微创手术。熊猫索桥技术作为经皮微创手术中一种,独创性地在腱腹交界处和跟骨形成类似索桥结构,以此来减少跟腱断端张力,同时不影响跟腱断端的血供。并且允许病人术后早期活动,为跟腱愈合提供积极的机械刺激。其生物力学强度也已被证实优于其他MIS缝合方法 [21] [22]。随着可视化技术发展,目前也有部分学者将超声及内镜技术引入微创缝合中,目的在于减少微创手术的盲目性和不确定性,在减少腓肠神经损伤、减少术中分离等方面具有一定效果 [23] [24] [25]。但目前对于内镜技术联合微创手术治疗跟腱断裂的相关临床研究较少,需要更多研究来验证临床效果。

4. 循证医学证据

较高质量的系统评价和meta分析往往能为指导临床工作提供重要证据。Deng [26] 等完成一项关于急性跟腱断裂的治疗方式的I级系统评价,纳入了8项关于急性跟腱断裂手术治疗与非手术治疗对比的RCTs。其结果显示手术组总的跟腱再发断裂率显著低于非手术治疗组(p = 001),两组在下肢深静脉血栓形成发生率、运动恢复情况、踝关节活动范围(背伸、跖屈)、ATRS评分或体力活动量表方面无显著差异。Holm [27] 等通过完成一项包含7项RCTs的I级系统评价,得出结论:手术治疗与保守治疗之间的跟腱再发断裂率没有显着差异,但倾向于手术治疗。此外,其中一项研究发现,手术后软组织相关并发症的风险增加。在一项研究中,患者满意度和重返工作岗位的时间,手术相对于非手术有着显着差异,并且在一些研究中,手术后的功能结局也更好。这7项研究表明,手术患者的康复速度更快。但是他们通过分析后认为:手术和非手术治疗之间的结局指标差异可能受到其他一些因素影响,其中康复对于患者后期的功能影响较大。Ochen [27] 等的meta分析纳入了29项研究,其中包含10项RCTs和19项观察性研究。得出结论:与非手术治疗相比,跟腱断裂的手术治疗可降低跟腱再发断裂的风险。然而,再发断裂发生率低,两组之间的差异很小(风险差异1.6%)。手术治疗导致其他并发症的风险更高(风险差3.3%)。Reda [28] 等通过纳入9项研究进行meta分析后得出结论:手术技术降低了跟腱再发破裂的风险,但存在更高的并发症发生率,这可以通过使用微创技术来降低。Meulenkamp [29] 等的meta分析纳入19篇RCTs,纳入的研究是使用两种或多种干预措施(原始固定、功能性康复、开放性手术修复和微创手术修复)对急性跟腱断裂的治疗进行比较的RCTs。结果显示:原始固定治疗的跟腱再破裂风险高于开放手术;微创手术导致手术的并发症最少。She [30] 等对纳入了13项RCTs进行meta分析后得出结论:手术治疗组与非手术治疗组在跟腱再破裂、并发症发生率、下层肌腱粘连、腓肠神经损伤和浅表感染方面均有显著差异。手术治疗的跟腱再破裂率显著较低,而与非手术治疗相比,并发症发生率更高。Bhandari [31] 等通过对11篇研究进行meta分析后认为与非手术治疗相比,手术治疗可显著降低跟腱断裂的风险,但会增加感染的风险。Zhou [32] 等的meta分析纳入10项RCTs,结果显示:如果进行具有早期活动范围的功能性康复方案,则手术后或非手术治疗后跟腱再破裂的风险是相等的,但手术治疗后发生其他并发症的风险高于非手术治疗。Erickson [33] 等对重叠的meta分析进行系统评价后发现:与非手术治疗相比,跟腱断裂的手术治疗可降低跟腱再破裂率,但会增加轻微并发症的风险。同时,手术治疗可以使患者更早地恢复工作。Khan [3] 等对纳入的12项试验进行meta分析,结果显示:与非手术治疗相比,急性跟腱断裂的开放性手术治疗可显著降低跟腱再破裂风险,但其他并发症(包括伤口感染)的风险显著增加。后者可以通过经皮微创手术来减少。Zhang [34] 等对9项重叠meta分析进行研究后得出结论:当使用功能性康复时,非手术治疗在骨折发生率,运动范围,小腿周长和功能结局方面等同于手术治疗,同时降低其他并发症的发生率。在没有进行功能康复的情况下,非手术治疗存在更高的跟腱再发断裂率。Shi [35] 等meta分析纳入38项RCTs,纳入的研究中包含4种干预措施:开放修复(open repair, OR)、微创修复(minimally invasive repair, MIR)、非手术治疗(non-surgical treatment)结合传统标准康复(traditional standard rehabilitation, TSR)和加速功能康复(accelerated functional rehabilitation, AFR),结果显示:MIR可以修复破裂的跟腱,缩小肌腱间隙,并发症风险低。AFR优于TSR,且不会增加破裂的风险。MIR & AFR是急性跟腱断裂治疗的最佳治疗方案。Zhang [36] 等对纳入的4项RCTs进行meta分析后发现:与非手术相比,手术治疗可提高患者满意度,降低破裂率及感染率。但由于纳入样本量较少,因此结论存在一定局限性。Wilkins [37] 等通过完成一项包含7项RCTs的I级系统评价,得出结论:与非手术治疗相比,急性跟腱断裂的开放性手术修复可显著降低跟腱再破裂的风险。而感染、腓肠神经损伤、皮肤瘢痕和深静脉血栓形成等并发症,在非手术治疗中可以明显避免,在进行手术修复时发生率显着更高。

5. 总结

目前循证医学证据显示,在急性跟腱断裂治疗中,手术治疗相对于非手术治疗可显著降低跟腱再破裂的风险,缩短了患者恢复运动状态和返回工作岗位的时间,提高了术后患者满意率。但在其他并发症,如:感染、腓肠神经损伤、皮肤瘢痕和深静脉血栓形成等方面,手术治疗有着较高的发生率,但可以通过微创手术方式来减少这些发生率。但是在所有研究的这些RCTs中,患者早期活动、康复方式、负重方案不尽相同。且跟腱断裂的程度、手术方式和手术时机存在一定争议,因此需要更多研究来支持。

文章引用

周 鸿,牟越西,王 潭,梁凯路. 急性跟腱断裂手术与非手术治疗的研究进展
Research Progress of Surgical and Non-Surgical Treatment of Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(08): 7621-7626. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.1281100

参考文献

  1. 1. Leppilahti, J., Puranen, J. and Orava, S. (1996) Incidence of Achilles Tendon Rupture. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 67, 277-279. https://doi.org/10.3109/17453679608994688

  2. 2. Gwynne-Jones, D.P., Sims, M. and Handcock, D. (2011) Epidemiology and Outcomes of Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture with Operative or Nonoperative Treatment Using an Identical Functional Bracing Protocol. Foot & Ankle International, 32, 337-343. https://doi.org/10.3113/FAI.2011.0337

  3. 3. Khan, R.J. and Carey Smith, R.L. (2010) Surgical Interventions for Treating Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, No. 9, Article ID: CD003674. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003674.pub4

  4. 4. Ochen, Y., Beks, R.B., Van Heijl, M., et al. (2019) Oper-ative Treatment versus Nonoperative Treatment of Achilles Tendon Ruptures: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMJ, 364, Article No. k5120. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k5120

  5. 5. Uquillas, C.A., Guss, M.S., Ryan, D.J., et al. (2015) Everything Achilles: Knowledge Update and Current Concepts in Management: AAOS Exhibit Selection. The Journal of Bone and Joint Sur-gery, 97, 1187-1195. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.O.00002

  6. 6. Yassin, M., Myatt, R., Thomas, W., et al. (2020) Does Size of Tendon Gap Affect Patient-Reported Outcome Following Achilles Tendon Rupture Treated with Functional Rehabilitation? The Bone & Joint Journal, 102-B, 1535-1541. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.102B11.BJJ-2020-0908.R1

  7. 7. Garrick, J.G. (2012) Does Accelerated Func-tional Rehabilitation after Surgery Improve Outcomes in Patients with Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures? Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 22, 379-380. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182603905

  8. 8. Alcelik, I., Diana, G., Craig, A., et al. (2017) Minimally In-vasive versus Open Surgery for Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. Acta Or-thopaedica Belgica, 83, 387-395.

  9. 9. Del Buono, A., Volpin, A. and Maffulli, N. (2014) Minimally Invasive versus Open Surgery for Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Systematic Review. British Medical Bulletin, 109, 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldt029

  10. 10. Li, Q., Wang, C., Huo, Y., et al. (2016) Minimally Invasive versus Open Surgery for Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Systematic Review of Overlapping Meta-Analyses. Journal of Ortho-paedic Surgery and Research, 11, Article No. 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-016-0401-2

  11. 11. Lohrer, H., Da-vid, S. and Nauck, T. (2016) Surgical Treatment for Achilles Tendinopathy—A Systematic Review. BMC Musculoskele-tal Disorders, 17, Article No. 207. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-016-1061-4

  12. 12. Kessler, I. and Nissim, F. (1969) Primary Repair without Immobilization of Flexor Tendon Division within the Digital Sheath. An Experimental and Clinical Study. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 40, 587-601. https://doi.org/10.3109/17453676908989524

  13. 13. Krackow, K.A., Thomas, S.C. and Jones, L.C. (1986) A New Stitch for Ligament-Tendon Fixation. Brief Note. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 68, 764-766. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-198668050-00020

  14. 14. Fu, C. and Qu, W. (2015) Acute Achilles Tendon Rup-ture: Mini-Incision Repair with Double-Tsuge Loop Suture vs. Open Repair with Modified Kessler Suture. Surgeon, 13, 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surge.2014.03.010

  15. 15. Yang, X., Meng, H., Quan, Q., et al. (2018) Manage-ment of Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures: A Review. Bone & Joint Research, 7, 561-569. https://doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.710.BJR-2018-0004.R2

  16. 16. Ozer, H., Selek, H.Y., Harput, G., et al. (2016) Achilles Tendon Open Repair Augmented with Distal Turndown Tendon Flap and Posterior Crural Fasciotomy. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 55, 1180-1184. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2016.07.005

  17. 17. Corradino, B., Di Lorenzo, S., Calamia, C., et al. (2015) Surgical Repair of Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture with an End-to-End Tendon Suture and Tendon Flap. Injury, 46, 1637-1640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2015.05.014

  18. 18. Huang, X., Huang, G., Ji, Y., et al. (2015) Augmented Repair of Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture Using an Allograft Tendon Weaving Technique. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 54, 1004-1009. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2014.12.029

  19. 19. Ding, W.G., Li, H., Zhu, Y.P., et al. (2014) Comparison between Tenocutaneous Suture and Kessler Suture Techniques in Treating Acute Closed Achilles Tendon Rupture. Foot and Ankle Surgery, 20, 105-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2013.12.007

  20. 20. Keller, A., Ortiz, C., Wagner, E., et al. (2014) Mini-Open Tenorrha-phy of Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures: Medium-Term Follow-Up of 100 Cases. The American Journal of Sports Med-icine, 42, 731-736. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513511418

  21. 21. Yin, L., Wu, Y., Ren, C., et al. (2018) Treatment of Acute Achil-les Tendon Rupture with the Panda Rope Bridge Technique. Injury, 49, 726-729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2018.01.011

  22. 22. Wang, T., Mu, Y., Diao, Y., et al. (2021) Biomechanical Com-parison of Panda Rope Bridge Technique and Other Minimally Invasive Achilles Tendon Repair Techniques in Vitro. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 9, Article ID: 23259671211008436. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671211008436

  23. 23. Chiu, C.H., Yeh, W.L., Tsai, M.C., et al. (2013) Endosco-py-Assisted Percutaneous Repair of Acute Achilles Tendon Tears. Foot & Ankle International, 34, 1168-1176. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100713484005

  24. 24. Soubeyrand, M., Serra-Tosio, G., Campagna, R., et al. (2010) In-traoperative Ultrasonography during Percutaneous Achilles Tendon Repair. Foot & Ankle International, 31, 1069-1074. https://doi.org/10.3113/FAI.2010.1069

  25. 25. Lacoste, S., Féron, J.M. and Cherrier, B. (2014) Percutaneous Tenolig® Repair under Intra-Operative Ultrasonography Guidance in Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research, 100, 925-930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2014.09.018

  26. 26. Deng, S., Sun, Z., Zhang, C., et al. (2017) Surgical Treatment ver-sus Conservative Management for Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Ran-domized Controlled Trials. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 56, 1236-1243. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2017.05.036

  27. 27. Holm, C., Kjaer, M. and Eliasson, P. (2015) Achilles Tendon Rup-ture—Treatment and Complications: A Systematic Review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25, e1-e10. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12209

  28. 28. Reda, Y., Farouk, A., Abdelmonem, I., et al. (2020) Surgical ver-sus Non-Surgical Treatment for Acute Achilles’ Tendon Rupture. A Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-Analysis. Foot and Ankle Surgery, 26, 280-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2019.03.010

  29. 29. Meulenkamp, B., Stacey, D., Fergusson, D., et al. (2018) Protocol for Treatment of Achilles Tendon Ruptures; A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analysis. Systematic Reviews, 7, Article No. 247. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-018-0912-5

  30. 30. She, G., Teng, Q., Li, J., et al. (2021) Comparing Surgical and Conservative Treatment on Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Frontiers in Surgery, 8, Article ID: 607743. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2021.607743

  31. 31. Bhandari, M., Guyatt, G.H., Siddiqui, F., et al. (2002) Treatment of Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures: A Systematic Overview and Meta Analysis. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Re-search, 400, 190-200. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-200207000-00024

  32. 32. Zhou, K., Song, L., Zhang, P., et al. (2018) Surgical Versus Non-Surgical Methods for Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 57, 1191-1199. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2018.05.007

  33. 33. Erickson, B.J., Mascarenhas, R., Saltzman, B.M., et al. (2015) Is Operative Treatment of Achilles Tendon Ruptures Superior to Nonoperative Treatment? A Systematic Review of Over-lapping Meta-Analyses. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 3, Article ID: 2325967115579188. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967115579188

  34. 34. Zhang, H., Tang, H., He, Q., et al. (2015) Surgical versus Con-servative Intervention for Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture: A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review of Overlapping Meta-Analyses. Medicine, 94, Article No. e1951. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000001951

  35. 35. Shi, F., Wu, S., Cai, W., et al. (2021) Multiple Comparisons of the Efficacy and Safety for Six Treatments in Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture Patients: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Foot and Ankle Surgery, 27, 468-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2020.07.004

  36. 36. Zhang, Y.J., Zhang, C., Wang, Q., et al. (2018) Augmented versus Nonaugmented Repair of Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 46, 1767-1772. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517702872

  37. 37. Wilkins, R. and Bisson, L.J. (2012) Operative versus Nonopera-tive Management of Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures: A Quantitative Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Tri-als. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 40, 2154-2160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512453293

  38. NOTES

    *通讯作者。

期刊菜单