Hans Journal of Surgery
Vol.04 No.03(2015), Article ID:15622,4 pages
10.12677/HJS.2015.43004

Treatment of Old Anterior Shoulder Dislocation by Open Reduction and Bankart Lesion Repair (Affiliated the Analysis of a Case Series Including 6 Patients)

Yuxiang Kou1, Bariki Exaud Kajange2

1The 23rd Chinese Medical Team Aid on Orthopaedics, The 2nd People Hospital, Jining Shandong

2Orthopaedics of Dodoma Regional and Referral Hospital, Dodoma Tanzania

Email: elenphant.student@sina.com

Received: Jun. 20th, 2015; accepted: Jul. 6th, 2015; published: Jul. 9th, 2015

Copyright © 2015 by author and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ABSTRACT

Object: Open reduction with different fixation operations has been introduced for most chronic shoulder anterior dislocation. However, open reduction and simultaneous Bankart lesion repair without the joint fixation were used in our study. The aim was to evaluate the outcomes of our method. Methods: Six patients with chronic anterior dislocation of shoulder underwent open reduction and capsulolabral complex repair after an average delay of 11 weeks after injury. Early motion was allowed the day after surgery in the function position. Then the clinical and radiographic results were analyzed at a mean follow-up of 8 months according to Rowe and Zarin’s criteria. Results: The average Rowe and Zarin’s score was 83 points. Three out of six shoulders were graded as excellent, two as good and one as fair. All patients were able to complete their daily activities with either mild or no pain. Anterior active forward flexion loss averaged 20˚, external active rotation loss averaged 20˚ and internal active rotation loss averaged 2 vertebral body levels. Conclusion: The results show that the overall prognosis for this method of operation is more favorable than the previous methods and we recommend open reduction and capsulolabral complex repair for the treatment of old anterior shoulder dislocation.

Keywords:Chronic Shoulder Anterior Dislocationopen Reductionbankart Lesion Repair, Rowe and Zarin’s Score

开放复位并修复Bankart损伤治疗 陈旧性肩关节前脱位(附6例病例分析)

寇玉相1,Bariki Exaud Kajange2

1山东省第二人民医院骨科第23批援坦医疗队,山东 济宁

2坦桑尼亚多多马省医院骨科,坦桑尼亚 多多马

Email: elenphant.student@sina.com

收稿日期:2015年6月20日;录用日期:2015年7月6日;发布日期:2015年7月9日

摘 要

目的:大多数陈旧性肩关节前脱位大多采取切开复位同时不同方式内固定的方法治疗,我们在切开复位的同时对关节囊和关节盂加固修复而放弃贯穿关节间内固定以早期活动减少关节粘连和僵硬,本研究目的就是评估其疗效。方法:6例平均伤后11周的陈旧的肩关节前脱位的病人,给予手术切开复位并行盂唇-关节囊修复加强,术后肩关节外展功能位支架固定,随访8月后进行临床功能和影像学检查按Rowe和Zarin标准评估疗效。结果:全部病人按Rowe和Zarin标准评分,平均83分,3例评为优,2例良,1例一般。所有病例胜任日常活动,伴轻微疼痛或无疼痛,前举平均丧失20˚,外旋丧失20˚,内旋平均丧失2个椎体水平。结论:对陈旧性肩关节前脱位切开复位的同时盂唇-关节囊加固修复的手术方法可取得较好疗效,值得应用推广。

关键词 :陈旧性肩关节前脱位切开复位盂唇–关节囊加固修复,Rowe和Zarin评分

1. 引言

在中国,陈旧性肩关节前脱位临床比较少见,而本人在援助坦桑尼亚医疗实践中却遇到不少,与坦桑尼亚医疗工作者和患者认知及医疗条件落后有很大关系。肩关节脱位后没能及时复位,3周后形成陈旧性脱位,通常是外伤所致,由于年老体弱和肩周肌肉韧带松弛可能所需外力很小[1] [2] ,而对青年患者常是酗酒,癫痫发作,Parkinson病,多发伤所致[3] [4] 。脱位越久,复位后并发症越多。过去通常行手术切开复位和不同关节间内固定以防止再脱位的方法治疗,这些固定方法需要长期制动,而内固定又额外增加肱骨头和关节盂的损伤,容易导致关节粘连僵硬,但是早期肩关节运动虽然可以提高关节软骨的营养,减少对关节面的损伤,但增加了再脱位的风险[5] [6] 。在陈旧性肩关节前脱位行切开复位的同时修复相关的损伤加固[5] ,既保证了早期活动的安全,又避免了再脱位的风险。根据现实条件因地制宜进行了此研究,现报道如下:

2. 资料和方法:

2.1. 一般资料

2013.9~2014.4间共收治10例一侧肩关节陈旧性前脱位患者,其中4例闭合手法复位成功,其余6例行手术切开复位并盂唇-关节囊修复加固治疗。术后随访至少6月进行临床功能和影像检查。病人包括男3,女3,平均年龄44岁(16岁~60岁),均为外伤所致,4例右肩,2例左肩,脱位后时间平均11周,表1列出了病人的详细数据。脱位都经前后位平片诊断证实,且都有Hill-Sachs 损伤但占肱骨头少于40%,2例有肱骨大结节骨折。

2.2. 手术方法

手术采取平卧位,全麻,患肩垫高30˚,三角肌胸大肌间沟前入路,在锁骨下及肩峰下处切断三角肌,外翻肌瓣,拉开胸大肌,切除覆盖肱骨头的纤维组织及影响肱骨头复位的瘢痕组织,并轻轻反复旋转肱骨,充分松解肱骨上端,肱骨大结节的骨折片常位于肱骨头的外侧,或卡在肩盂附近,用骨膜剥离器撬开,用巾钳夹住,连同附于其上的外旋肌一起翻向外上侧,经骨隧道可吸收线缝合固定于原位;沿肱二头肌长头向上追溯到关节囊,在肩盂的内侧切开关节囊,清除关节内的瘢痕组织,并查清软骨和盂唇损伤情况以备修复,拉开肱二头肌长头肌腱。牵引臂部,并使之外展、内收和内旋,同时用手向肩盂推压肱骨头,使之复位。复位后,应轻柔地将肩关节作各方向的被动活动,直至达到正常范围为止,同时观察已复位的肱骨头是否容易脱位,所有病人盂唇-关节囊复合体修复用2号丝线固定于关节盂边缘,骨损伤处没有植骨,破裂的关节囊应重新仔细缝合,以加强前壁,缝合喙肱肌及肱二头肌短头,三角肌及皮肤,检查关节的稳定可靠,没有行跨肱骨头肩峰克氏针或螺钉内固定,术中应注意勿损伤自喙突下经过的腋动、静脉及臂丛神经,复位时忌用暴力,以防止病理性骨折。术后外展位支具固定患肢于Rowe 和Zarins位(外展45˚,前屈20˚,外旋25˚)。

2.3. 术后处理

术后行前后位平片检查已确定复位成功,刀口外科常规处理,每天早晚放松支具在医生的帮助下早期活动,前屈90˚,外展0˚,全肘关节活动,3周后逐渐增加前屈和外展的角度以减少关节内组织粘连,同时开始内旋锻炼。

2.4. 评估方法

所有病例随访6~12月,平均8月,采取Rowe和Zarin标准评分,满分100,该标准分疼痛和运动功能评估,采取健患侧对比计算活动度数丢失。

3. 结果

全部病人行Rowe和Zarin评分,平均83分,3例评为优,2例良,1例一般。所有病例前举平均丧失20˚,外旋丧失20˚,内旋平均丧失2个椎体水平。前举平均140˚,外旋40˚,内旋第9胸椎水平(表2)。

Table 1. Demographic data

表1. 患者数据

Table 2. Results

表2. 患者评估结果

所有病人都可胜任日常活动。1例存在半脱位,由于肩胛下肌腱松弛所致,但可完成日常活动伴轻微疼痛,评为一般。

4. 讨论

4.1. 与陈旧性肩关节前脱位相关的损伤

最常见的与陈旧性肩关节前脱位相伴随的损伤是Bankart和Hill-Sachs损伤,Bankart损伤指关节囊前方及关节盂唇的损伤,Hill-Sachs损伤指肱骨头后外侧的损伤,据报道其相关性达90%~97%,CT和MRI检查逐渐成为其诊断的黄金标准[7] [8] 。遗憾的是本研究由于条件所限未能进行相关检查。

4.2. 陈旧性肩关节前脱位治疗的方法选择

陈旧性肩关节前脱位可在全麻下试行闭合手法复位,Alireza Rouhani等进行了尝试,成功率47% [9] ,本人亦进行了尝试,成功率较低(40%),与患者脱位时间有很大关系,需在医患良好沟通的情况下试行。绝大多数作者推荐手术治疗,常见如植骨重建或关节成形术。Gavriilidis报道一组脱位平均14月12例病人且伴有严重的肱骨头退变,行肩关节成形术,在肩关节活动幅度,疼痛和病人满意度方面取得良好的中期疗效[10] 。Diklic和coworkers报道一组13伴有25%~50%肱骨头病变的例陈旧性肩关节后脱位病人,行自体骨移植关节重建术取得较好疗效[11] 。Perniceni和Augereau报道3例肩关节前脱位漏诊病例采取Gosset技术在喙突和关节盂间移植肋骨以加强肩关节前复合体[12] ,取得成功。Gregory J. Galano报道了一例成功在肩关节镜下复位后行关节囊关节盂唇修复的病例[13] 。植骨重建或关节成形术,但操作复杂,要求医疗条较高,适用于Hill-Sach损伤大于40%而且骨块分离的情形。大部分报道都推荐复位后直接行贯穿肩关节的内固定的方法。Neviaser推荐用螺钉固定3~4周[1] ,Wilson和Mckeever则推荐肩峰肱骨间使用钢针固定[2] ,Rockwood 和Green亦推荐肱骨头和关节盂间使用钢针固定14天[3] 。Goga报道一组10例切开复位跨肩峰肱骨克氏针固定4周,按Rowe and Zarin系统评分,结果3例优,5例良,2例一般[14] 。我们这组病例,Hill-Sach损伤少于40%而且骨块没有分离,脱位时间亦短,未见明显骨退变。根据我们的研究行盂唇-关节囊复合体修复加强较使用金属物内固定的方法疗效更好。Postacchini等报道4例行此术的肩关节脱位的病人取得良好疗效[15] 。1982年Rowe和Zarins首次提出支撑患肢于功能位方法,他们建议对于肩关节前脱位维持患肢向前至身体冠状位而后脱位维持患肢后至身体冠状位。在他们报道的一组平均陈旧性肩关节前脱位12周的7例病例,手术复位后使用该方法未出现再脱位,疗效2例为优,3例为良,2例一般,平均78分 [16] 。盂唇-关节囊修复加固后可允许肩关节在安全范围内早期活动而不必担心再脱位,术后第二天开始活动,前屈90˚外旋0˚是安全范围。Mansat等报道一组5例平均陈旧性肩关节前脱位14月的病例,全部行开放复位和盂唇-关节囊修复术,随访后Rowe评分75分[17] ,较之我们的研究偏低,或与病例脱位时间较长有关。虽然没有文献报道陈旧性脱位手术复位后骨关节炎发生率,我们认为早期骨关节炎发生亦是合理地,其原因是早期活动造成的而不是未使用内固定。

4.3. 影响本方法研究的因素

由于临床上陈旧性肩关节前脱位病例较少,文献报道即使较大病例亦常在10例左右,另外随访期不长亦可导致结果的不确定,对于骨关节退变的发生更需要更为长期的随访观察。但本方法较之其他方法取得的疗效,不需要内固定的条件,尤其对肩关节镜的开展据有借鉴意义,还是值得推广应用。

文章引用

寇玉相,Bariki Exaud Kajange, (2015) 开放复位并修复Bankart损伤治疗陈旧性肩关节前脱位(附6例病例分析)
Treatment of Old Anterior Shoulder Dislocation by Open Reduction and Bankart Lesion Repair (Affiliated the Analysis of a Case Series Including 6 Patients). 外科,03,21-25. doi: 10.12677/HJS.2015.43004

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