Advances in Clinical Medicine
Vol.06 No.01(2016), Article ID:17158,5 pages
10.12677/ACM.2016.61010

Study on the Diagnostic Value of Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Qiusheng Bao, Yiqun Zhang

Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot Inner Mongolia

Received: Feb. 26th, 2016; accepted: Mar. 14th, 2016; published: Mar. 17th, 2016

Copyright © 2016 by authors and Hans Publishers Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ABSTRACT

As the increasingly improved quality of people’s life, coronary artery disease (CAD) has become one of the most dangerous cardiovascular diseases that threat against people’s health and life, the mankind’s first killer in the world. Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI) is the most common diagnosis method used in non-trauma-examination on CAD. MPI can pre-judge the degree and the range of Coronary Artery Disease, also give an accurate medical assessment on myocardial ischemia. As the development and mature technology use of MPI these years, there have been massive clinical data home and abroad about it in CAD risk grading, prevention, treatment protocols and prognostic evaluation. This review is to summarize the comprehensive information about MPI, giving reference in its clinical application.

Keywords:CAD, MPI, Coronary Arteriography, Coronary Artery Calcification Score

核素心肌灌注显像对冠心病的诊断价值

包秋胜,张轶群

内蒙古医科大学,内蒙古 呼和浩特

收稿日期:2016年2月26日;录用日期:2016年3月14日;发布日期:2016年3月17日

摘 要

随着人们生活水平的日益提高,冠心病(CAD)成为了最为威胁人们健康的心血管疾病,是全球公认的人类健康“头号杀手”之一。核素心肌灌注显像(MPI)是目前非有创检查中最常用的冠心病影像学诊断方法,它可以预判冠状动脉病变程度及范围,对心肌缺血状况也可以做出较准确的评估。随着近几年MPI的成熟,其在对冠心病的危险分级、各级预防、治疗方案及预后评估等方面积累了大量的临床资料,具有良好的参考意义。本综述旨在总结整理核素心肌灌注显像在冠心病诊断中应用的综合信息,为临床诊断治疗提供有价值的参考。

关键词 :冠心病,核素心肌灌注显象,冠状动脉造影,冠状动脉钙化积分

1. 引言

冠心病是最常见的动脉粥样硬化导致的器官病变性疾病,是目前严重危害人民健康与生命的“头号杀手”之一。其本质是心肌缺血,最常见的疾病类型为心绞痛,最严重的病型是心肌梗死和猝死两种。现代心脏病学研究的一个主要问题就是对急性心肌缺血损伤区心肌存活的评价 [1] 。存活心肌根据不同的结局可有心肌顿抑、心肌冬眠及伤残心肌三种类型 [2] 。因此,对存活心肌的检测是冠心病患者的早期治疗和预后的关键。核素心肌灌注显像(MPI)是目前临床主要反映心肌缺血的检查方法,在冠心病罪犯血管的确定、血运重建术前分层、胸痛的鉴别诊断、疗效评价均扮演了重要的作用 [3] 。在无创性检查方法中,放射性核素心肌灌注显像是国际已经公认的诊断冠心病最可靠的无创性检测方法 [4] ,它可以判断心肌缺血的部位、范围与程度,在冠心病的诊断、预后判断、治疗决策的选择以及疗效评估中的价值己经得到肯定 [5] ,与“金标准”冠状动脉造影(CAG)有较高的一致性。

2. 核素心肌灌注显像(MPI)与冠状动脉造影(CAG)的关系

冠状动脉造影(CAG)依然是目前诊断冠心病的“金标准”。但由于其操作过程有1.5%的并发症发生率及0.3%的死亡率且较昂贵的价格,使临床应用受到了一定的限制 [6] 。在美国每年行侵入性冠状动脉血管造影的患者,约40%~50%不能被诊断为CAD [7] 。Wennberg等 [8] 对新英格兰北部接受CAG的冠心病疑似患者进行分析,发现其中32%的CAG完全正常和15%的冠状动脉狭窄程度小于50%。因此,美国及欧洲的指南建议在检查前进行缺血试验 [9] 。临床荟萃分析显示,负荷心肌核素显像诊断心肌缺血的敏感性可达89% [10] ,且核素心肌灌注显像与冠状动脉造影结果存在较高的一致性。在我国,黄艳玲等 [11] 对2006年~2008年在齐齐哈尔市第一医院核医学科接受的46例核素心肌灌注显像及冠脉造影的患者进行了分析,进一步证实了两种检查方法的一致性。朱红静等 [12] 对河南省河南大学淮河医院收治的54例疑似冠心病的患者进行两种检查的比较,同样得出了一致性的结果。所以,心肌灌注显像在对疑诊或冠心病患者的诊断、治疗决策、预后判断以及危险度分层方面起着十分重要的作用,被认为是冠状动脉造影(CAG)的最佳“看门人” [13] 。

SPECT心肌灌注显像可作为是否进行冠状动脉造影的依据。虽然PET被公认为检测存活心肌的金标准 [14] ,但由于其价格、药源、复杂技术等原因,很难成为常规的检查。SPECT心肌灌注显像能对存活心肌做出准确的判断 [15] ,其能够定量分析缺血心肌范围、程度和可逆性及定量计算局部功能参数,并且在价格,技术需求等方面均比PET优越。所以,SPECT在临床上得到了广泛的应用,在冠心病的诊断和治疗起着决定性的作用,Nallamothu等 [16] 同时研究了SPECT心肌灌注显像结果对早期冠状动脉造影和冠状动脉血管重建治疗的影响,发现SPECT心肌灌注显像结果正常和异常的患者中,接受冠状动脉造影的比例分别为3%和36%。Miller等 [17] 的研究,也得到了相近的结论。

由上述可知,核素心肌灌注显像可作为CAG的筛查方法,Brown等 [18] 随访了234例心肌灌注显像后的患者,其中50例于显像后做了冠状动脉造影,47例被证实冠状动脉管腔有≥50%的狭窄发生,在6~16个月的随访中无1例出现心脏事件,所以MPI评估为低危的患者无需再做CAG检查,MPI评估为高危的患者则需要进一步的CAG检查 [19] 。

3. MPI与CACS的联合应用在冠心病中的诊断价值

冠状动脉钙化(coronary artery calcification, CAC)是动脉粥样硬化发展到一定阶段的特异性病变,且CAC与粥样硬化所致的冠状动脉狭窄密切相关 [20] 。相关研究已经证实,CAC是冠状动脉粥样硬化的特异性标志 [21] ,所以,冠状动脉钙化积分(CACS)对发现冠状动脉粥样硬化的存在、了解斑块分布及CAD诊断有重要临床意义 [22] 。近年来,CACS逐渐并逐渐成为临床评估冠心病的参考标准之一 [23] 。美国心脏协会认为,如冠状动脉钙化积分 < 10,则冠心病发生率很低。积分为11~400,则表明有冠状动脉狭窄存在,临床需加以重视。当积分超过400时,则说明肯定有冠心病的存在,且有高危险。在国内,邵燕惠等 [24] 将钙化积分值与造影作对比,发现当积分 > 400与冠状动脉造影狭窄有很高的相符率,同时指出CACS可作为众多诊断CHD的参数之一,具有一定的诊断价值,但需与其他因素相结合具体分析。

MPI能够反映冠脉的血流动力学意义和功能意义,CACS衡量的是冠脉钙化的面积和程度,为冠心病的诊断提供了解剖学改变的依据。所以结合二者对CAD的诊断高于二者的单独诊断,Gaemperli等 [25] 研究证实了这一点。Tiziano等 [26] 的研究表明将CACS与MPI两方面的病理生理信息结合形成了互补信息。张雷等 [27] 研究结果显示:当CACS 1~10分时,静息门控MPI结果与CACS 0分组差异无统计学意义;而当CACS > 10分后,静息门控MPI结果中左心室PFR、LVEF以及QPS积分、室壁运动积分和左心室增厚积分值与CACS 0分组差异有统计学意义;当CACS > 100分后,静息门控MPI结果中左心室EDV、ESV值与CACS 0分组差异有统计学意义。这与巴雅等 [28] 和Feldman等 [29] 的研究结果相符。

综上所述,核素心肌灌注显像以其对冠心病来说不容忽视的诊断地位,已被广泛的应用于临床,并且成为了心脏病学重要组成部分之一。MPI可以与其他多种检查方法相结合,来提高对冠心病诊断率,并以其对CAD的危险层度及预后做出合理的判断,可成为冠心病“金标准”检查方法的筛选检查手段,为CAD的预测疗效和远期预后提供可靠的客观化依据。

文章引用

包秋胜,张轶群. 核素心肌灌注显像对冠心病的诊断价值
Study on the Diagnostic Value of Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)[J]. 临床医学进展, 2016, 06(01): 50-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2016.61010

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